The worst of dealing with this sheep-parasite is that it will not succumb to ordinary doses of salines like the stomach strongyle; moreover, the little leech-like wounds will probably bleed after the parasites have been compelled to abandon their hold. Prevention is better than cure. Accordingly, I sought to explain the origin of these creatures, and in what possible ways the germs of the various species could be destroyed, or at least limited in numbers.
As to the drugs and inhalations to be employed, it would be difficult to advise any more effective than those commonly in vogue, the great thing being to effect changes of pasture and ground, to look to the purity of the water-supply, and to supply the best kinds of nourishment after active treatment. The diseased animals should, from the very first, be separated from their companions, because the amount of germ distribution is thereby greatly lessened. They should be at once drenched or treated by inhalation (as the parasitic nature of the attack requires), and the enclosure in which the animals have been temporarily housed should be thoroughly scoured with boiling-hot water impregnated with salt.
The nomenclature of the parasitic diseases of animals is excessively vague. Thus, apropos to the case above recorded, I may mention that an American veterinary practitioner appeared to be much shocked that I should have had the temerity to speak of four distinct kinds of lamb-disease. It is in this way that practical men often commit serious mistakes by rolling together disorders that are totally distinct. If it were true that epizoöty in lambs is exclusively due to Strongylus filaria, then professionals might aptly speak of the parasitic bronchitis of young sheep as lamb-disease; but we now know that several other helminths prove terribly fatal to lambs, occasioning death in totally different ways. In one set of cases the animals are asphyxiated; in another set they become fatally anæmic; and in a third set they perish from the severity of nervous reflex irritations. Lastly, it may be remarked that, in view of the successful management of the parasitic disorders of animals, the veterinary practitioner must necessarily be guided by the same general principles as the physician. For myself, I may say that I have hitherto designedly withheld many practical hints which a long experience with human patients suggested, not wishing to appear to dictate to those who are constantly seeing animals. However, since (contrary to my own wishes) it has happened that both professional men and agriculturists have not only invited me to give opinions, but have, at various times, asked me to prescribe, it seems there can have been no impropriety in publishing my views on this subject. Certainly I have had no professional motives to serve.
Of the few non-strongyloid nematodes, one of the commonest is Trichocephalus affinis. I have obtained this worm from the giraffe, and the parasite may be said to infest all ruminating animals, not excluding even the camels and llamas. As before remarked, the whipworm has been known to produce severe symptoms in man, and it occasions “scour” in the sheep. The eyes of cattle are occasionally infested by Filaria lacrymalis and F. papillosa. The last named is the common eye-worm of the horse. On Feb. 27th, 1875, Dr Edward L. Moss, of H.M.S. “Alert,” brought me three examples of a nematode which I referred to Filaria terebra. Dr Moss obtained these parasites in 1874, during the time that he had charge of the Naval Hospital at Esquimalt, Vancouver’s Island. They occupied the abdominal cavity of the black-tailed deer (Cervus columbianus). The worms were mostly found lying amongst the coils of the small intestine. They were not attached to the peritoneal membrane. Dr Moss had shot seventeen deer in all, the males and females being in about equal proportion; nevertheless, not one of the bucks showed any trace of the presence of these entozoa. This absence of parasites in the male deer is noteworthy. Hitherto the worm appears to have been observed in the red deer (C. elaphus), and by Natterer in three species of American roe (C. rufus, C. simplicicornis, and C. nambi). Two of the worms measured each about 21/3″ in length, the third exceeding 3″. They displayed in profile two prominent oral papillæ. Probably there were four of these processes, such as Dujardin described in his Filaria cervina, which, according to Diesing, is a synonym. They all possessed spirally twisted tails.
Amongst the arachnidan parasites of ruminants having entozoal habits are Pentastoma denticulatum and P. constrictum. The former larval worm is excessively common in cattle, sheep, deer, and antelopes. According to Rhind, the adult worm (P. tænioides) also infests the sheep. The P. constrictum has hitherto only been found in the giraffe. On the 10th February, 1859, I obtained numerous examples (P. denticulatum) from a bubale (Antilope bubalis) which died at the Zoological Society’s Gardens. The greater number occupied the surface of the lungs and intestines; some few, however, were enclosed in cysts beneath the pleura. In the spring of 1860 I also procured several specimens from the abdomen of a cape guevi (Cephalopus pygmæus).
The ectozoa of ruminants have received much attention, but I can merely indicate the known forms. Following Mégnin’s classification we have three well-marked varieties of the acarine genus Sarcoptes (S. scabiei, var. ovis, var. capræ, and var. cameli), two varieties of Psoroptes (P. longirostris, var. bovis and ovis), and Chorioptes spathiferus. This last is the true mange mite of the ox (or Symbiotes bovis of Gerlach). A variety of the follicle mite infests the sheep (Demodex folliculorum, var. ovis). Numerous species of tick (Ixodidæ) have been more or less fully described. Of these we have the Carapartos of the Portuguese (Ixodes bovis), attacking cattle; the I. reduvius, attacking sheep; the I. plumbeus, said to attack lambs; the I. albipictus and I. unipictus, found on the moose-deer. Probably this species also attacks cattle. A most horrible arachnidan is found on camels. I allude to Galeodes araneoides belonging to the Solpugidæ. This parasite will bite severely any person who attempts to dislodge it from the bearer. Turning to the insects, we find ruminants liable to be annoyed alike by flies (Diptera), fleas (Aphaniptera), and lice (Hemiptera). Various species of four different families of flies are apt to prove troublesome. Of the Œstridæ, attacking the ox, we have Hypoderma bovis, whose larvæ form tumours or warbles on the back; also H. lineata, Dermatobia noxialis, and Cephenomyia bovis (mihi). The larvæ of the latter reside at the root of the tongue and adjacent parts. In the sheep we have Œstrus ovis, Œ. purpureus, and Hypoderma lineata. Various species also attack goats and antelopes. Dr Kirk presented me with specimens of Œstrus from the frontal sinuses of a harte-beest or caama, and they have also been obtained from the sassabe, the saiga or colus, from the gnoo, and from the brindled gnoo, kokoon or gorgon. Mr Charles Danford presented me with several bots from an ibex. One or more species of Hypoderma have likewise been removed from the gazelle and other antelopes. The deer tribe are much attacked by bots. In the red deer we have Hyp. actæon and H. diana, a species also infesting the elk. The throat-grubs are Ceph. rufibarbis and Pharyngomyia picta; another species, also occurring in the fallow deer, Ceph. ulrichii, infests the elk, and C. stimulator the roe, the last-named deer being also infested by Hyp. diana. A throat-fly infests the reindeer, which is also frequently attacked by Hyp. tarandi. Specimens of the latter worm have been obtained by Dr Murie at the Zoological Gardens. The Hunterian Museum also contains these and other species of bots, presented by myself in Mr Andrew Murray’s name. A subcutaneous bot has been found in the musk-deer. A throat-bot (C. maculata) infests the dromedary.
In regard to the so-called free dipterous parasites and other noxious insects that attack ruminants, their name is legion. One of the worst is the tsetse (Glossina morsitans), immortalised by Livingstone. Of the Muscidæ we have the ox-fly (Musca bovina), the sheep-fly (M. cæsar), and the executioner (M. carnifex). Of the Tabanidæ we have T. bovinus and T. autumnalis, Chrysops cæcutiens, and the allied Asilus crabroniformis (Asilidæ). Amongst the specially noxious insects must also be placed Stomoxys calcitrans and Rhagio columbaschensis. This fly proves fearfully destructive to cattle in Hungary and Servia. Lastly, I can only further mention the common Melophagus ovinus. This is nothing more than a gigantic louse, which from long use agriculturists and veterinarians persist in calling the sheep-tick. It belongs to the Hippoboscidæ, the members of which family only attack quadrupeds and birds. As regards the lice (Anoplura), I have to mention Hæmatopinus vituli of the calf, H. eurysternus of cattle, and H. stenopsis of the goat; also Trichodectes scalaris, T. sphærocephalus, and T. capræ. These infest the ox, sheep, and goat, respectively.
For some account of the protozoal parasites (Psorospermiæ, &c.) infesting the flesh of ruminants I must refer the reader to Book I, Section IV, [Part VI] of this treatise.
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