September 11, 1888.

NOTES:

[1] Nova Patrum bibliotheca, p. vi.: In Pontificum reapse epistolis tota ecclesiæ administratio cognoscitur.

[2] See p. [351] below; also Church and State, pp. 198-200, for the full statement of this passage.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I. (XLIII.).
The Holy See and the Wandering of the Nations.
PAGE
Introduction. Connection with Volume V. St. Leo's action,[1]
Denial of the Primacy as acknowledged at Chalcedonsuicidal on the part of those who believe in the Church,[3]
Subject of this volume as compared with the fifth,[5]
The second wonder in human history,[6]
The acknowledgment of the Primacy and the politicalpowerlessness of the city of Rome coeval,[6]
The three hundred years from Genseric to Astolphus,[9]
St. Leo in Rome after Genseric,[10]
Political condition of Rome. Avitus emperor, 455-6,[13]
Majorian emperor, 457-461,[14]
Death of Pope Leo; changes seen by him in his life,[15]
Hilarus Pope and Libius Severus emperor, 461-465,[16]
The over-lordship of Byzantium admitted in the choice ofthe Greek Anthemius as emperor, 467,[18]
Sidonius Apollinaris an eye-witness of Rome's splendour,subjection to Byzantium, and unchanged habits in 467,[19]
Anthemius murdered and Rome plundered by Ricimer, 472,[20]
Olybrius emperor, 472; Ricimer and Olybrius die of the plague,[20]
Glycerius emperor, 473; Nepos, 474; Romulus Augustulus, 475,[21]
The senate declares to the eastern emperor that an emperorof the West is needless,[22]
The twenty-one years' death-agony of imperial Rome,[23]
State of the western provinces since the death of Theodosius I.,[24]
The first and the second victory of the Church,[25]
The effect produced by the wandering of the nations,[26]
The Visigoth and Ostrogoth migrations,[27]
Gaul overrun by Teuton invaders,[28]
Arianism propagated by the Goths among the other tribes,[29]
Burgundian kingdom of Lyons. Spain overrun,[30]
The Vandals in North Africa and their persecution of Catholics,[31]
The Hunnish inroads,[33]
All the western provinces under Teuton governments,[35]
Odoacer and Theodorick,[36]
Odoacer succeeded by Theodorick after the capture of Ravenna,[38]
The character of Theodorick's reign,[39]
His fairness towards the Roman Church and Pontiff,[40]
The contrast between Theodorick and Clovis,[42]
The dictum of Ataulph on the Roman empire,[43]
Ataulph and Theodorick represent the better judgments of the invaders,[44]
The outlook of Pope Simplicius at Rome over the western provinces,[45]
And over the eastern empire,[46]
Basiliscus and Zeno the first theologising emperors,[47]
How the races descending on the empire had become Arian,[49]
The point of time when the Church was in danger of losingall which she had gained,[50]
How the division of the empire called out the Primacy,[51]
How the extinction of the western empire does so yet more,[53]
How the Pope was the sole fixed point in a transitional world,[54]
Guizot's testimony,[55]
What St. Jerome, St. Augustine, and St. Leo did not foresee, which we behold,[57]
CHAPTER II. (XLIV.).
Cæsar fell down.
Great changes in the Roman State following the time of St. Leo,[59]
Nature of the succession in the Cæsarean throne, and thenin the Byzantine,[61]
Personal changes in the Popes and eastern emperors,[62]
Gennadius succeeds Anatolius, and Acacius succeeds Gennadiusin the see of Constantinople,[64]
Acacius resists the Encyclikon of Basiliscus,[65]
Letter of Pope Simplicius to the emperor Zeno,[66]
Advancement of Acacius by Zeno,[69]
Acacius induces Zeno to publish a formulary of doctrine,[70]
John Talaia, elected patriarch of Alexandria, appeals forsupport to Pope Simplicius,[70]
Pope Felix sends an embassy to the emperor,[71]
His letter to Zeno,[72]
His letter to Acacius,[73]
His legates arrested, imprisoned, robbed, and seduced,[74]
Pope Felix synodically deposes Acacius,[75]
Enumerates his misdeeds in the sentence,[76]
Synodal decrees in Italy signed by the Pope alone,[78]
Letter of Pope Felix to Zeno setting forth the condemnation of Acacius,[79]
The condition of the Pope when he thus wrote,[81]
How Acacius received the Pope's condemnation,[83]
The position which Acacius thereupon took up,[84]
The greatness of the bishop of Constantinople identifiedwith the greatness of his city,[84]
The humiliations of Rome witnessed by Acacius,[86]
How the Pope, under these humiliations, spoke to Acaciusand to the emperor,[88]
The Pope on the one side, Acacius on the other, representan absolute contradiction,[89]
Eudoxius and Valens matched by Acacius and Zeno,[92]
Death of Acacius, and estimate of him by three contemporaries,[93]
Fravita, succeeding Acacius, seeks the Pope's recognition,[93]
Letters of the emperor and Fravita to the Pope, and his answers,[94]
The position taken by Acacius not maintained by Zeno and Fravita,[96]
Nor by Euphemius, who succeeds Fravita,[96]
Euphemius suspects and resists the new emperor Anastasius,[97]
Condition of the Empire and the Church at the accession ofPope Gelasius in 492,[98]
The "libellus synodicus" on the emperor Anastasius,[100]
With whom the four Popes—Gelasius, Anastasius, Symmachus,and Hormisdas—have to deal,[101]
Euphemius, writing to the Pope, acknowledges him to besuccessor of St. Peter,[103]
Gelasius replies to Euphemius, insisting on the repudiation of Acacius,[104]
Absolute obedience of the Illyrian bishops professed to the Apostolic See,[105]
Gelasius shows that the canons make the First See supreme judge of all,[106]
Says that the bishop of Constantinople holds no rank among bishops,[107]
Praises bishops who have resisted the wrongdoings of temporal rulers,[108]
The Holy See, in virtue of its Principate, confirms every Council,[109]
Gelasius in 494 defines to the emperor the domain of the Two Powers,[110]
And the subordination of the temporal ruler in spiritual things,[111]
The words of Gelasius have become the law of the Church,[113]
The emperor Anastasius deposes Euphemius by the Resident Council,[114]
Pope Gelasius, in a council of seventy bishops at Rome,sets forth the divine institution of the Primacy,[115]
And the order of the three Patriarchal Sees,[115]
And three General Councils—the Nicene, Ephesine, and Chalcedonic,[115]
Denies to the see of Constantinople any rank beyond thatof an ordinary bishop, and omits the Council of 381,[116]
Death of Pope Gelasius and character of his pontificate,[118]
His own description of the time in which he lived,[118]
CHAPTER III. (XLV.).
Peter stood up.
Pope Anastasius: his letter to the emperor Anastasius,[120]
He makes the Pope's position in the Church parallel withthat of the emperor in the world,[121]
He writes to Clovis on his conversion,[122]
St. Gregory of Tours notes the prosperity of Catholic kingdomsand the decline of Arian in the West,[123]
Letter of St. Avitus, bishop of Vienne, to Clovis on his baptism,[124]
He recognises the vast importance of the professing theCatholic faith by Clovis,[125]
And the duty of Clovis to propagate the faith in peoples around,[126]
How the words of St. Avitus to Clovis were fulfilled in history,[127]
The election of Pope Symmachus traversed by the emperor's agent,[128]
His letter termed "Apologetica" to the eastern emperor,[129]
The imperial and papal power compared,[131]
The papal and the sovereign power the double permanenthead of human society,[133]
Emperors wont to acknowledge Popes on their accession,[134]
Inferences to be deduced from this letter,[135]
The answer of the emperor Anastasius is to stir up a freshschism at Rome,[136]
The Synodus Palmaris, without judging the Pope, declareshim free from all charge,[137]
Letter of the bishop of Vienne to the Roman senate uponthis Council,[139]
The cause of the Bishop of Rome is not that of one bishop,but of the Episcopate itself,[140]
Words of Ennodius, bishop of Pavia, embodied in the actof the Roman Council of 503,[142]
Result of the attack of the emperor on the Pope is the recordingin black and white that the First See is judged by no man,[143]
The eastern Church under the emperor Anastasius,[143]
He deposes Macedonius as well as Euphemius,[144]
Both these bishops of Byzantium failed to resist his despotism,[147]
Eastern bishops address Pope Symmachus to succour them,[148]
Pope Hormisdas succeeds Symmachus in 514,[149]
His instruction to the legates sent to Constantinople,[150]
The bishop of Constantinople presents all bishops to the emperor,[157]
The conditions for reunion made by Pope Hormisdas,[158]
The treacherous conduct of the emperor,[159]
Hormisdas describes Greek diplomacy,[160]
The Syrian Archimandrites supplicate the Pope for help,[161]
Sudden death of the emperor Anastasius,[162]
The emperor Justin's election and antecedents,[162]
He notifies his accession to the Pope,[163]
The Pope holds a council and sends an embassy to Constantinople,[164]
The bishop, clergy, and emperor accept the terms of the Pope,[165]
The formulary of union signed by them,[167]
The report of the legates to the Pope,[169]
The emperor Justin's letter to the Pope,[170]
Character of the period 455-519,[171]
Political state of the East and West most perilous to the Church,[172]
The Popes under Odoacer and Theodorick,[173]
How Acacius took advantage of the political situation,[174]
The meaning and range of his attempt,[175]
The Pope from 476 onwards rests solely upon his Apostolate,[176]
The seven Popes who succeed St. Leo,[179]
The seven bishops who succeed Anatolius at Constantinople,[180]
The eastern emperors in this time,[182]
The state of the eastern patriarchates, Alexandria and Antioch,[184]
The waning of secular Rome reveals the power of the Pontificate,[185]
The Popes alone preserved the East from the Eutychean heresy,[185]
The position of St. Leo maintained by the seven following Popes,[186]
The submission to Hormisdas an act of the "undivided" Church,[187]
The adverse circumstances which developed the Pope's Principate,[188]
CHAPTER IV. (XLVI.).
Justinian.
Sequel in Justinian of the submission to Pope Hormisdas,[189]
His acknowledgment of the Primacy to Pope John II. in 533,[190]
Reply of Pope John II. confirming the confession sent tohim by Justinian,[191]
The Pandects of Justinian issued in the same year,[192]
Close interweaving of ecclesiastical and temporal interests,[193]
Interference with the freedom of the papal election by thetemporal ruler,[194]
Letter of Cassiodorus as Prætorian prefect to Pope John II.,[195]
Justinian all his reign acknowledged the Primacy of the Pope,[196]
His character, purposes, and actions,[196]
Succeeds his uncle the emperor Justin I.,[198]
Great political changes coeval with his succession,[199]
He reconquers Northern Africa by Belisarius,[199]
The Catholic bishops of Africa meet again in General Council,[200]
They send an embassy to consult Pope John II.,[201]
Pope Agapetus notes their reference to the Apostolic Principate,[202]
Great renown of Justinian at the reconquest of Africa,[203]
Pope Agapetus at Constantinople deposes its bishop,[204]
Justinian begins the Gothic War. Belisarius enters Rome,[205]
He is welcomed as restorer of the empire,[206]
The empress Theodora deposes Pope Silverius by Belisarius,[207]
First siege of Rome by Vitiges,[210]
The mausoleum of Hadrian stripped of its statues,[211]
Vitiges, having lost half his army, raises the siege,[213]
Belisarius, having reconquered Italy, is recalled for the war with Persia,[214]
Totila, elected Gothic king, renews the war,[214]
Visits St. Benedict at Monte Cassino, and is warned by him,[215]
Second siege of Rome by Totila,[216]
Rome taken by Totila in 546,[216]
Third capture of Rome by Belisarius, in 547,[217]
Fourth capture of Rome by Totila, in 549,[218]
Totila defeated and killed by Narses at Taginas,[219]
Fifth capture of Rome by Narses, in 552,[220]
End of the Gothic war, in 555,[221]
Its effect on the civil condition of the Pope, Italy, and Rome,[222]
The sufferings of Rome from assailants and defenders,[223]
The new test of papal authority applied by these events,[225]
Vigilius, having become legitimate Pope, is sent for by Justinian,[226]
Church proceedings at Constantinople after the death of Pope Agapetus,[227]
The patriarch Mennas, in conjunction with the emperor,consecrates at Constantinople a patriarch of Alexandria,[228]
The Origenistic struggle in the eastern empire,[229]
Justinian theologising,[230]
The whole East urged to consent to his edict on doctrine,[231]
Pope Vigilius, summoned by Justinian, enters Constantinople,[232]
After long conferences with emperor and bishops he issues a Judgment,[234]
The Pope and emperor agree upon holding a General Council,[235]
The emperor's despotism, and the bishops crouching before it,[236]
The Pope takes sanctuary, and is torn away from the altar,[237]
Flies to the church at Chalcedon,[238]
The bishops relent, and the Pope returns to Constantinople,[239]
Eutychius, succeeding Mennas, proposes a council underpresidency of the Pope,[239]
The emperor causes it to meet under Eutychius without the Pope,[240]
Proceedings of the Council. The Pope declines their invitation,[241]
Close of the Council, without the Pope's presence,[242]
The Pope issues a Constitution apart from the Council,[242]
Also a condemnation of the Three Chapters without mentionof the Council,[243]
The Pope on his way back to Rome dies at Syracuse,[244]
The patriarch Eutychius, refusing to sign a doctrinal decreeof Justinian, is deposed by the Resident Council,[244]
Justinian issues his Pragmatic Sanction for government of Italy,[245]
State of things following in Italy,[246]
Justinian's conception of the relation between Church and State,[248]
He gives to the decrees of Councils and to the canons the force of law,[250]
Three leading principles in these enactments,[251]
The State completely recognises the Church's whole constitution,[251]
The episcopal idea thoroughly realised,[253]
Concurrent action of the laws of Church and State herein,[254]
Justinian further associated bishops with the civil government,[255]
The part given to them in civil administration,[256]
A system of mutual supervision in bishops and governors,[257]
The branches of civil matters specially put under bishops,[259]
The completeness and the cordiality of the alliance with the Church,[261]
Which differentiates Justinian's attitude from that of modern governments,[262]
In what Justinian was a true maintainer of the imperial idea,[264]
The dark blot which lies upon Justinian,[267]
How he passed from the line of defence to that of interference and mastery,[269]
The result, spiritual and temporal, of Justinian's reign,[270]
CHAPTER V. (XLVII.).
St. Gregory the Great.
The state of Rome as a city after the prefecture of Narses,[272]
Contrast of Nova Roma,[274]
The Rome of the Church a new city,[275]
St. Gregory's antecedents as prefect, monk, nuncio, anddeacon of the Roman Church,[276]
Elected Pope against his will. His description of his work,[278]
And of the time's calamity,[279]
The utter misery of Rome expressed in the words of Ezechiel,[281]
Contrast between the language used of Rome by St. Leo and St. Gregory,[283]
St. Gregory closes his preaching in St. Peter's, overcome with sorrow,[284]
The works of St. Gregory out of this Rome,[285]
The Lombard descent on Italy,[287]
Rome ransomed from the Lombards, and Monte Cassino destroyed,[290]
The Primacy untouched by the temporal calamities of Rome,[292]
Its unique prerogative brought out by unequalled sufferings,[293]
The new city of Rome lived only by the Primacy,[294]
St. Gregory's account of the Primacy to the empress Constantina,[295]
He identifies his own authority with that of St. Peter,[296]
Writes to the emperor Mauritius that the union of the TwoPowers would secure the empire against barbarians,[297]
Claims to the emperor St. Peter's charge over the whole Church,[298]
John the Foster's assumed title on injury to the whole Church,[299]
What St. Gregory infers from the three patriarchal sees being all sees of Peter,[301]
Contrast drawn by St. Gregory between the Pope'sPrincipate and John the Faster's assumed title,[302]
The fatal falsehood which this title presupposed,[303]
The opposing truth in the Principate made de Fide by the Vatican Council,[306]
St. Leo against Anatolius, and St. Gregory against John theFaster, occupy like positions,[307]
St. Gregory's title, "Servant of the servants of God," expressesthe maxim of his government,[308]
The fourteen books of St. Gregory's letters range over everysubject in the whole Church,[309]
The special relation between the sees of St. Peter and St. Mark,[311]
Asserts his supremacy to the Lombard queen Theodelinda,[311]
St. Gregory appoints the bishop of Arles to be over themetropolitans of Gaul,[312]
The venture of St. Gregory in attempting the conversion of England,[313]
St. Augustine commended to queen Brunechild and consecratedby the bishop of Arles, and the English Church made by Gregory,[315]
Work of St. Gregory in the Spanish Church,[316]
He relates the martyrdom of St. Hermenegild,[316]
His letters to St. Leander of Seville,[317]
Conversion of king Rechared,[318]
St. Gregory's letter of congratulation to him,[318]
Letter of king Rechared informing the Pope of his conversion,[321]
Gibbon's account of the government which was the resultof Rechared's conversion,[322]
The important principles thus consecrated by the Church,[324]
Overthrow of the Arian kingdoms in Africa, Spain, Gaul andItaly, between Pope Felix III. and Pope Gregory I.,[325]
The equal failure of Genseric, Euric, Gondebald, and Theodorick,[327]
The part in this which the Catholic bishops had,[329]
The Spanish monarchy first of many formed by the Church,[331]
Superiority of this government to the Byzantine absolutism,[332]
St. Gregory as fourth doctor of the western Church,[334]
St. Gregory as a chief artificer in the Church's second victory,[335]
Summary of St. Gregory's action as metropolitan patriarch and Pope,[337]
Councils held by him in Rome: protection of monks,[338]
His management of the Patrimonium Petri,[340]
His success with schismatics and heretics,[341]
The Primacy from St. Leo to St. Gregory,[342]
The continued rise of the bishop of Constantinople,[343-5]
The political degradation and danger of Rome,[345]
Long disaster reveals still more the purely spiritual foundationof the Primacy,[346]
Testimony given by the disappearance of the Arian governmentsand the conversion of Franks and Saxons,[347]
The patriarchate of Constantinople imposed by civil law,[348]
The Nicene constitution in the East impaired by despotismand heresy,[349]
The persistent defence of this constitution by the Popes,[350]
The Petra Apostolica in the sixty Popes preceding Gregory,[352]
As discerned by Hurter in the time of Pope Innocent III.,[353]
As in the time from Pope Innocent III. to Leo XIII.,[355]
The continuous Primacy from St. Peter to St. Gregory,[355]
As Rome diminishes the Primacy advances,[356]
The times in which it was exercised by St. Gregory,[358]
The opposing forces which unite to sustain the Petra Apostolica,[359]
Index,[361]

THE HOLY SEE AND THE WANDERING OF THE NATIONS.

CHAPTER I.