The Bark Canoes and Skin Boats of North America

by Tappan Adney; Howard Irving Chapelle

• Abitibi, Lake, Post (Hudson's Bay Company), [151]
• Abitibi River, [132]
• Abnaki (Indians), [12]
• canoe, [88]-89;
• dimensions, [89], [114]-115
• Admiralty Collection of Draughts, [12], [13]
• Adney, Edwin Tappan, [4]-5, [57], [100];
• papers, [4], [5], [6];
• parents, [4];
• wife, [4];
• work and career, [4]-5
• Adney, Glenn (son of E. T. A.), [4]
• Adney, H. H. (father of E. T. A.), [4]
• Adney, Minnie Bell Sharp (wife of E. T. A.), [4]
• Adney, Ruth Shaw (mother of E. T. A.), [4]
• Adney papers, [4], [5], [6]
• Alaska, [5], [181], [182]
• Alaskan canoe, [55]
• Alaskan kayak, [154], [190], [191], [192], [195], [196]
• Alaskan umiak, [182], [183], [187] ff.
• Albany boat, [13]
• Alberta, [132]
• Aleutian Islands, [181], [183], [194] ff.
• Aleutian kayak, [195] ff.
• Algonkian Family, [99]
• Algonkin (Indians), [99], [107], [113];
• canoe, [113]-122
• America (44-gun ship, RN), [65]
• American Neptune (periodical), [74]
• American Museum of Natural History, [89], [195], [204]
• Androscoggin (Indians), [88]
• Anson, Lord, [12]
• Art Students' League of New York, [4]
• ash, white, [17];
• black, [17];
• splitting qualities, [17]
• Asiatic kayak, [192], [195]
• Assiniboine (Indian tribe), [132]
• Athabaska, Lake, [132], [155]
• Athabascan Indians, [154], [156]
• awl, bone, [19];
• steel (canoe), [21]
• axe, steel, [20], [21];
• cedar, [21]
• Baffin Island, [82], [189], [191], [192], [204], [206], [208];
• umiak, [189], [190];
• kayak, [204] ff.
• baidarka (Russian kayak), [175]
• bang plate, [208]
• bark, basswood, [15]
• birch, [9], [55], [60], [63], [96], [120], [132], [147], [148], [154];
• description, [14]-15;
• selection and preparation, [24]-26;
• handling, [29]-31;
• use in building canoes, [41]-51
• butternut, [213]
• chestnut, [15], [213]
• cottonwood, [15]
• elm, [15], [212] ff.
• hickory, [15], [213], [217]
• spruce, [15], [17], [24], [132], [158], [212], [213], [216]
• white pine, [213]
• bark cover, piecing, [42], [43], [45], [55];
• Micmac, [63];
• Beothuk, [98];
• Algonkin, [120];
• Western Cree, [132], [133];
• fur-trade, [147], [148];
• kayak-form, [162]
• Barrière, Lake, [107], [146]
• basket (pack), in fur trade, [143]
• basswood, bark, [15]
• bateau, [13]
• bateau-shape canoe, [159]-161
• batten (in skin boat construction), [186], [188] ff., [195] ff., [199], [204] ff., [208]
• Beard, Daniel, [4]
• Beaver (Indians), [154];
• kayak-form canoe, [159]
• Beothuk (Indian tribe), [6], [94]-98
• canoe, [94], [95];
• dimensions, [94], [98];
• form, [96];
• keel, [96], [97], [98];
• reconstruction of, [96] ff.
• Bering Sea, [195]
• Bering Strait, [182], [189], [199]
• bifid bow, [196], [197]
• big river canoe, [58], [65]
• birch bark, [9], [55], [60], [63], [96], [120], [132], [147], [148], [154];
• description, [14]-15;
• selection and preparation, [24]-26;
• handling, [29]-31;
• use in building canoes, [41]-51
• bladder, skin (float), [194]
• Boas, Franz, [189], [204]
• boat, Arctic skin, [174]-212;
• Viking, [187];
• temporary skin, [219]-220;
• bull, [220]
• Bogoras, Vladimir, [183]
• bola (hunting), [194]
• bone fittings, kayak, [193], [204], [208], [211]
• Bonshere River, Ontario, [113]
• bottom-frame, kayak-form canoe, [160] ff.
• bow drill, [19], [20]
• breakwater, canoe, [162], [166], [167];
• kayak, [196]
• British Columbia, [5];
• kayak-form canoe, [165];
• sturgeon-nose canoe, [168]
• bucksaw, [23]
• building bed, locating, [37];
• preparation of, [37];
• stakes, [40], [41], [45] ff., [146], [148];
• repair to, [41];
• of plank, [56], [146], [147];
• Micmac, [62], [63];
• Malecite, [72], [73], [74];
• St. Francis, [91], [92];
• Beothuk, [96], [97];
• Eastern Cree, [101];
• Algonkin, [116];
• Ojibway, [127];
• Western Cree, [132];
• fur-trade, [146], [147];
• narrow-bottom, [158];
• kayak-form, [161];
• sturgeon-nose, [173];
• temporary canoe, [216], [219]
• building frame, [26], [37], [54] ff.;
• Eastern Cree, [101];
• Algonkin, [115], [116];
• Ojibway, [127];
• Western Cree, [132];
• fur-trade, [140], [141], [146], [147];
• narrow-bottom, [158];
• kayak-form, [161];
• sturgeon-nose, [173]
• bull-boat, [220]
• butternut bark, [213]
• camber (rocker of bottom), [28], [37], [38], [41] (see also rocker)
• canoe, birch bark, Adney on, [4] ff.;
• scale models of, [4], [5];
• plans of, [5], [6];
• speed of, [7], [29], [137];
• origin of name, [13];
• requirements for, [27];
• types, [27];
• forms discussed, [27]-36 ff., [59] (see also under tribal types);
• tribal classification, [27] ff. (see under tribal names);
• effects of bark characteristics on, [29] ff.;
• construction discussed, [36]-57 (see also under tribal types);
• compared with Eskimo skin boat, [193]
• elm bark, [212], [219]
• hickory bark, [213], [217]
• skin, [219]-221;
• moosehide, [72], [219];
• temporary, [219]-221
• spruce bark, [132], [158], [212], [213], [216]
• temporary, [219]-221
• canoe awl, [21]
• canoe birch (see under bark)
• canoe brigade, [152]
• canoe building, Trois Rivières factory, [13], [135], [136];
• for fur trade, [135], [136], [146] ff.; [148] ff.;
• at Hudson's Bay Company Posts, [151]
• canoe ends, details of construction, [34], [35], [36];
• Micmac, [58], [59];
• Malecite, [70], [76], [77], [155], [156];
• Chipewyan, [156], [157];
• Dogrib, [156], [157];
• slave, [157], [158];
• kayak-form, [158], [159];
• sturgeon-nose, [168]
• canoe loading, fur-trade, [144], [145], [152], [153]
• canoe portaging, [122], [151], [152]
• canoe roads, [138]
• canoe sails (see sails)
• canoe shoes, Malecite, [79], [80]
• canoe types,
• Abnaki, [88]-89
• Alaskan, [55]
• Algonkin, [113]-122
• Beaver, [159]
• Beothuk, [94]-98
• Big River, [58], [65]
• bateau-shape, [159]-161
• British Columbia, [165], [168]
• Chipewyan, [155]-158
• Cree, Central, [34];
• Eastern, [101]-106;
• Western, [132]-134, [155]
• crooked, [99], [100], [106]
• Dogrib, [155]-158
• express, [137], [141]
• fur-trade (see under fur-trade)
• hunting (Micmac), [58], [65], [70]
• kayak-form (see under kayak-form)
• light, [137], [141]
• long nose, [125], [130], [132]
• Loucheux, [161], [166]
• Mackenzie Basin, [159], [161], [162]
• Montagnais, [34], [99], [100], [106]
• Malecite, [34], [36]-57, [70]-93, [114], [115], [219], [221]
• Micmac, [12], [27], [34], [58]-69
• Nahane, [159]
• narrow-bottom, [113], [114], [135], [154]-158
• Northwest, [154], [155]-157 (narrow-bottom);
• [158]-168 (kayak-form)
• Ojibway, [122]-131
• one-piece, [212]
• open-water, [58], [64], [65]
• Passamaquoddy, [74], [75], [82], [83]
• Peterborough, [65]
• porpoise hunting, [74], [75]
• portage, [58], [65], [123]
• Restigouche, [65]
• river (Malecite), [70]-79
• St. Francis, [88]-93, [114], [115]
• skiff-canoe, [65]
• Slave, [155]-158
• straight-bottom, [100], [101], [106], [155]
• sturgeon-nose, [154], [168]-173
• temporary, [212]-219
• Têtes de Boule, [34], [107]-112, [116], [122]
• V-bottom, [74] ff., [89], [96], [98], [100], [107], [113]
• war, [10], [58], [65], [70]
• wide-bottom, [54]
• woods, [58], [65]
• Western Cree, [72], [132]-134, [155]
• Yukon River, [159], [164], [165], [166], [190]
• canot (canoe), [13];
• du maître (see fur-trade canoe), [99], [106], [135];
• du nord (see fur-trade canoe), [151], [153];
• léger (see light canoe), [137]
• Cape York, [208]
• Carib Indians, [13]
• Caribou Eskimo kayak, [204]
• caribou-skin boat, [220]
• Cartier, Jacques, [7], [68]
• Cartwright, Lieut. John, [94], [95]
• cedar, northern white, roots, [16];
• splitting qualities, [17], [18]
• Celts, [176]
• Champlain, Samuel de, [7], [10], [213]
• Champlain, Lake, [7]
• Chatham dockyard, [12]
• chestnut bark, [15], [213]
• chine, [164], [166], [184], [187], [188], [195], [202], [204], [205], [206]
• Chippewa (Chippeway; Indian tribe), [122]
• Chipewyan (Indian tribe), [154], [155]
• canoe, [155]-158;
• ends, [156], [157];
• spreading gunwales, [158];
• dimensions, [158];
• kayak-form, [166], [167]
• chisel, [23]
• Christopherson, L. A. (Hudson's Bay Company Factor), [145], [146];
• on fur-trade canoe construction, [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151]
• Chukchi umiak, [182], [183], [188];
• kayak, [195]
• cockpit, kayak, [175], [176], [192], [195] ff., [197], [199], [200], [204], [205], [208], [211]
• Coffin, Samuel, [95]
• Collins, Henry B. (Bureau of American Ethnology), [174]
• Colliers (magazine), [4]
• construction methods, Malecite, [36]-57, [72]-74;
• Micmac, [58], [59]-64;
• St. Francis, [90]-93;
• Beothuk, [96]-98;
• Eastern Cree, [104]-106;
• Têtes de Boule, [108]-112;
• Algonkin, [115]-122;
• Ojibway, [125], [127] ff.;
• Western Cree, [132], [133];
• fur-trade, [146]-151;
• narrow-bottom, [155] ff.;
• kayak-form, [160] ff.;
• sturgeon-nose, [168]-172;
• umiak, [176] ff., [182], [184]-187;
• kayak, [192]-194;
• temporary canoes, [212]-218;
• temporary skin boats, [218]-220
• Copper Eskimo kayak, [204]
• Coppermine River, [155]
• coracle, [176]
• Coronation Gulf, [193], [204]
• Coronation Gulf kayak, [204]
• cottonwood bark, [15]
• Cowassek (Coosuc; Indian tribe), [88]
• Crantz, David (missionary), [190], [223]
• Cree Indians, central, [34];
• eastern, [99], [101]-106;
• western, [132]-134, [155]
• crew, fur-trade canoe, [145]
• crimping bark (in canoe building), [29], [30], [212], [214], [216], [217]
• crooked canoe, [99], [100], [106]
• crooked knife (tool), [21], [23]
• curragh, [176], [178];
• waterproofing skins for, [176];
• compared with umiak and kayak, [178]
• Coosuc (Indian tribe), [88]
• dart (for hunting), [194]
• deck, kayak-form canoe, [159], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167];
• kayak, [176], [195] ff., [199], [202], [204], [211]
• decorations, [53];
• Micmac, [67], [68];
• Malecite, [82] ff.;
• St. Francis, [90], [91];
• Têtes de Boule, [112];
• Algonkin, [122];
• fur-trade, [146], [150], [151];
• kayak-form, [163];
• kayak, [197], [199]
• Dènè (Indian tribe), [162]
• Denys, Nicolas, [57], [68], [69]
• Dibble, Lt. Col. Herbert, [75]
• dimensions, canoe (see under tribal type); old canoes, [7] ff.
• Dogrib Indians, [154], [155];
• canoe, [155]-158
• drill (tool), [19]
• dugout, [10], [213]
• eastern canoe construction, [54]
• Eastern Cree Indians, [99], [100], [101]-106
• canoe, [101]-106;
• dimensions, [106]
• Eastport (Maine), [75]
• Egede, Hans (missionary), [190]
• elm bark, [8], [15], [212], [213], [214], [215]
• Encyclopedia Arctica, [6]
• ends (canoe), [31], [32], [55], [56], [70], [72], [76], [77], [155] ff., [168], [217]
• engine, outboard gasoline, [175], [187]
• Eskimo, [154], [159], [175], [176], [182], [190], [191], [195]
• Eskimo roll, [194], [223]-227
• Eskimo skin boat (see kayak, umiak)
• Espenberg, Cape, kayak, [200]
• express canoe, [137], [141]
• Fort Chimo, [99], [100]
• Foxe Basin, [182], [204]
• frames (ribs), [19], [32];
• number of, [51];
• making and bending, [51];
• fitting, [51], [52], [56];
• temporary, [51], [52];
• Micmac, [60], [62];
• Malecite, [73], [77];
• St. Francis, [90], [91], [92];
• Eastern Cree, [104], [105], [106];
• Têtes de Boule, [110], [112];
• Algonkin, [122];
• Ojibway, [130];
• Western Cree, [132];
• fur-trade, [148], [149];
• narrow-bottom, [158];
• kayak-form, [160], [162] ff.;
• sturgeon-nose, [168], [172];
• umiak, [184] ff., [189], [190];
• kayak, [192], [194] ff., [202], [204] ff., [211];
• rough construction of, [213];
• for temporary bark canoe, [218];
• for temporary skin canoe, [219]
• Franquet, Colonel (French military engineer-in-chief), [13]
• froe (steel tool), [20], [21]
• "frog" (headboard support), [35], [61]
• fur trade, canoe cargoes in, [142], [145], [147], [152], [153];
• handling furs, [142];
• pack loads, [142] ff.;
• bundles and boxes, [142], [143];
• brigades, [152], [153]
• fur-trade canoe, [5], [10] ff., [36], [37], [99], [112], [113], [118], [119], [122], [130], [135]-153, [156];
• described, [135], [153];
• names applied to, [135], [147], [150];
• forms and categories, [136];
• dimensions of, [138], [141], [142];
• construction methods, [146] ff.;
• gunwales, [136], [148], [150];
• sheathing, [149];
• stem-pieces, [150];
• headboards, [150];
• paint, [150], [151]
• Fury Strait, [204]
• Gay, John, [94], [96]
• Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, [94]
• gimlet (tool), [21]
• Golden Lake Algonkin Reserve (Canada), [113]
• gores (bark canoes), [30], [31], [41], [42], [48], [50];
• spacing, [57];
• Micmac, [60];
• Eastern Cree, [101];
• Têtes de Boule, [108];
• Algonkin, [117];
• fur-trade, [148];
• in umiak, skin cover, [186]
• Grand Victoria Lake, [107], [146]
• great canoe (see fur-trade canoe), [135]
• Great Lakes, [5], [8], [10], [12]
• Great Slave Lake, [155]
• Greenland, [176], [181], [187], [191], [194]
• Greenland kayak, [190] ff., [195], [202], [205];
• [206] (northern coast, Polar coast), [208] (southern coast), [211] (modern)
• Greenland roll, [223] ff.
• Greenland umiak, [182], [190]
• Gulf of Boothia, [204]
• gum, [17];
• spruce, [17], [24], [25];
• tempering, [24], [25];
• repairs with, [25], [26];
• paying seams with, [50], [53]
• gunwale, making, [19], [38];
• profile of, [28], [29];
• plan view of, [29];
• forms of, [31];
• ends of, [31], [38];
• inner, [31];
• outer, [31], [47] ff., [55], [60], [72], [73], [118], [119], [150], [155], [156], [169];
• lashing, [31] ff., [44], [45], [48], [60], [108], [109], [120], [149], [155], [156], [159], [169] (see also under lashing);
• securing bark to, [31], [33];
• setting up, [37];
• use as building frame, [37], [38], [40], [41];
• size of, [38];
• variations in construction of, [55];
• Micmac, [60], [61];
• hogged, [55], [59], [62], [63];
• Malecite, [72] ff.;
• St. Francis, [89];
• Beothuk, [97], [98];
• Eastern Cree, [101];
• Têtes de Boule, [108], [112];
• spreading, [117], [118], [127], [148], [158];
• Algonkin, [116], [117], [118], [119];
• Ojibway, [127];
• Western Cree, [132];
• fur-trade, [136], [148], [150];
• narrow-bottom, [155], [156];
• kayak-form, [159], [160], [164] ff.;
• sturgeon-nose, [168], [169], [172];
• umiak, [182], [184] ff., [190];
• kayak, [192] ff., [202], [204], [205], [206], [208], [211];
• temporary canoe, [212], [213], [216], [219], [220]
• gunwale cap, making and fitting, [52], [53];
• Micmac, [60], [61];
• Malecite, [73];
• Eastern Cree, [104];
• Têtes de Boule, [108], [109];
• Algonkin, [118], [119];
• fur-trade, [136], [150];
• narrow-bottom, [155];
• sturgeon-nose, [172]
• handgrip, [197], [199], [200]
• Hare (Indian tribe), [154]
• Harper's Weekly, [4]
• Harper's Young People Magazine, [4]
• harpoon (hunting weapon), [194]
• headboard, [35], [36];
• support, [35], [61];
• making and fitting, [52];
• Micmac, [61];
• Malecite, [74], [78], [79];
• St. Francis, [89];
• Eastern Cree, [101];
• Têtes de Boule, [109], [110];
• Algonkin, [113], [119];
• Ojibway, [123], [125], [127];
• fur-trade, [150];
• narrow-bottom, [155], [157];
• umiak, [182], [184], [186], [189], [190];
• post used as, [217]
• Hearne, Samuel (explorer), [155], [164]
• Heath, John, [174], [175], [194], [199], [223]
• Hecla Strait, [204]
• Henry, Jr., Alexander, [13]
• hickory bark, [15], [213]
• Hill, Frederick (Director, Mariners' Museum), [4]
• hogged bottom (center upcurved lengthwise), [30], [161], [162], [164], [165], [168]
• hogged gunwale, [55], [59], [62], [63]
• hogging brace, umiak, [188]
• hot water, use of in bending wood, [20], [117]
• Howley, James Patrick, [95], [96]
• Hudson Bay, [5], [181], [182], [189], [191]
• Hudson Strait, [182], [191], [202], [205]
• Hudson's Bay Company, [4], [13], [99], [107], [136], [144], [151]
• hunting canoe, Micmac, [58], [65], [70];
• kayak-form, [165]
• hunting screen, kayak, [195]
• Huron Indians, [132]
• Huron, Lake, [113]
• Indian migrations, [5], [27] (see also under tribal names)
• ice, skin-boats in, [180]
• Illinois Indians, [132]
• Irish, [176];
• curragh, [176], [178]
• "Iroquois canoe," in fur trade, [136] (see fur-trade canoe)
• Iroquois Indians, [7], [10], [99], [114]
• canoe (temporary), [213]-219
• jack pine roots (for canoe lashings), [16]
• jacket, watertight, [199], [211]
• James Bay, [99], [132]
• Japanese sampan, [191], [192], [205], [211]
• Jochelson, Waldemar, [182]
• Joliet, Louis, [8]
• kayak, [174], [176], [190]-211;
• multi-chine hull, [175], [191], [199];
• cockpit, [175], [176], [192], [195] ff., [199], [200], [205], [208], [211];
• deck, [176], [192], [195] ff., [199], [204], [211];
• structure, [178], [180];
• keelson, [178], [192], [195], [200], [204], [206], [211];
• gunwales, [178], [192] ff., [202], [204], [205], [206], [208], [211];
• geographic distribution, [190], [191];
• v-bottom, [190] ff., [195], [202], [206], [208], [211];
• risers, [190];
• flat bottom, [190] ff., [204] ff.;
• Alaskan, [190] ff., [195], [196];
• distribution, [190], [191];
• design, [191], [192];
• handling and use, [191], [194], [195], [199];
• portaging, [191], [199];
• construction, [192]-194;
• keel, [192];
• frames, [192], [194] ff., [202], [204] ff., [211];
• bone fittings, [193], [204], [208], [211];
• seat, [194];
• skin cover, [194];
• paddle, [194], [195], [197], [202], [204], [205];
• as catamaran, [194];
• righting, [194], [223]-227;
• hunting screen, [195];
• thwarts, [195] ff., [199], [208];
• Koryak, [195];
• Kodiak Island, [195], [196];
• breakwater, [196];
• decorations, [197], [199];
• Aleutian, [196], [197];
• Unalaska, [196], [197];
• two-passenger, [197];
• three-passenger, [197];
• Nunivak Island, [197], [199];
• King Island, [199], [200];
• Cape Krusenstern, [200];
• Cape Espenberg, [200];
• Point Barrow, [200];
• Norton Sound, [200];
• Mackenzie Delta, [200], [202];
• Kotzebue Sound, [200];
• sheer, [200], [204] ff., [208], [211];
• Copper Eskimo, [204];
• Coronation Gulf, [204];
• Caribou, [204];
• Netsilik, [204];
• Baffin Island, [204], [205];
• Labrador, [205], [206];
• rocker (camber) of bottom, [205], [206], [211];
• Greenland, [206], [208], [211];
• flare, [206];
• rake of ends, [208]
• kayak-form canoe, [154], [158]-168;
• Sekani, [159];
• Nahane, [159];
• bateau-shaped, [159];
• rake of ends, [159], [164];
• Loucheux, [161], [166];
• bottom frame of, [160] ff.;
• paddler's seat, [163];
• hunting, [165];
• British Columbia, [165];
• family, [165], [166];
• keel, [166];
• Chipewyan, [166], [167]
• keel, Beothuk canoe, [96], [97], [98];
• kayak-form canoe, [166];
• kayak, [192]
• keelson, umiak, [184], [186], [188];
• kayak, [192], [195], [200], [202], [204], [206], [211]
• keg (in fur trade), [142]
• Kennebec Indians, [70]
• King Island kayak, [194], [199], [200]
• King Island umiak, [187]
• Kipewa Post (Hudson's Bay Company), [151]
• knife, stone, [19];
• crooked, [21], [23]
• Kodiak Island, [181], [192]
• Kodiak Island kayak, [195], [196], [197], [199]
• Koryak umiak, [182], [189]
• Koryak kayak, [192], [195]
• Kotzebue Sound, [188], [200];
• kayak, [200]
• Krusenstern, Cape, [200], [204]
• Krusenstern kayak, [200], [204]
• Kutenai (Kootenay) Indians, [168], [172]
• Labrador, [99], [191], [192], [205], [206]
• Labrador kayak, [205], [206]
• Laet, Joann de, [94]
• LaFiteau, [12], [215]
• LaHontan, Baron de, [8], [10], [215]
• larch, splitting qualities, [17]
• La Salle, Robert Cavalier de, [8]
• lashing, canoe gunwale, [31] ff., [44], [45], [48];
• Micmac, [60];
• Têtes de Boule, [108], [109];
• Algonkin, [120];
• fur-trade, [149];
• narrow-bottom, [155], [156];
• kayak-form, [159], [160]-166;
• sturgeon-nose, [169]
• lashing skin cover, [186], [188], [190] (see also sewing, stitching)
• lathing (see sheathing)
• light (express) canoe, [137], [141]
• London Chronicle, [4]
• long-nose canoe, [125], [130], [132]
• longitudinal strength (see gunwale, keelson chine, keel, stringers, etc.)
• Loucheux Indians, [154];
• kayak-form canoe, [161], [166]
• MacKenzie, Alexander, [13]
• MacKenzie Basin canoe, [159], [161], [162]
• Mackenzie River, [154], [181], [191]
• Mackenzie River kayak, [202], [204]
• maître canot (see fur-trade canoe), [99], [106], [122], [135], [138], [151], [153]
• Malecite Indians, [4], [10];
• composition of tribe, [70];
• canoe, [114], [115];
• sheathing, [34];
• construction, [36]-57;
• bark covers over gunwale ends, [48];
• described, [70]-88;
• ends, [70], [76], [77];
• of spruce bark, [72];
• temporary (skin), [219], [221];
• dimensions of, [73] ff., [78], [79]
• Manitoba, [99], [132]
• maple, hard, splitting qualities, [17]
• Marquette, Father Jacques, [8]
• Mariners' Museum (Newport News, Va.), [4], [5], [187]
• mast, Micmac, [65], [66], [67];
• tripod, [182]
• Matachewan Post (Hudson's Bay Company), [151]
• Matagama Post (Hudson's Bay Company), [151]
• maul, [19], [23]
• McGill University Museum, [4]
• measurement, of canoes, early, [7], [8], [9];
• units of (French), [8], [36];
• Indian, [36], [37], [50], [51], [92], [93]
• Melville Peninsula, [204]
• Memphremagog, Lake, [88]
• Menominee Indians, [122], [123]
• Micmac Indians, [10], [12], [58]
• canoe, [12], [27];
• sheathing, [34];
• described, [58]-69;
• ends, [58], [59];
• form, [59];
• construction, [62], [63];
• range, [65]
• migrations, Indian, [5];
• effect on canoes, [27]
• Missinaibi River, [132]
• Missinaibi Post (Hudson's Bay Company), [151]
• Mohigan Indians, [88]
• Montagnais Indian canoe, [34], [99], [100], [106]
• Montreal, [8], [10], [13]
• Moose Factory (Hudson's Bay Company Post), [132]
• moosehide canoe, [72], [219]
• multi-chine hull, kayak, [154], [175], [191], [199]
• nabiska (rabeska; see fur-trade canoe), [122], [135]
• nadowé chiman (see fur-trade canoe), [136]
• Nahane Indian kayak-form canoe, [159]
• nail, in canoe construction, [66], [69], [117]
• narrow-bottom canoe, [113], [114], [135], [154]-158;
• Northwest, [155], [157];
• spruce bark, [158]
• Nascapee Indians, [99], [100]
• National Maritime Museum (Greenwich, England), [12]
• Netsilik kayak, [204]
• New Bedford whaleboat, [187]
• Nipigon, Lake, [123]
• North Alaskan whaling umiak, [187], [188]
• North Bay (Ontario), [125]
• north canoe (see fur-trade canoe), [135]
• North West Company, [136], [138], [143], [152]
• North West narrow-bottom canoe (see narrow-bottom), [155]-157
• Norton Sound kayak, [200]
• Nunivak Island kayak, [192], [197], [199], [200]
• Oar, umiak, [182], [183], [187] ff.
• Ojibway Indians, [122]
• canoe, sheathing, [34];
• construction, [122]-131, [171]
• Oka, Lake, [113]
• one-piece bark canoe, [212]
• open-water canoe, [58];
• sails, [64];
• dimensions, [65]
• Ossipee Indians, [88]
• Ottawa River, [12], [113]
• Outing Magazine, [4]
• outwale (see gunwale)
• owner's mark, [83], [84], [85]
• overhang, in ends of kayak-form canoe, [159]
• paddle, material and manufacture, [53];
• Micmac, [66], [67], [69];
• Malecite, [80], [81], [82];
• Beothuk, [96];
• Eastern Cree, [116];
• Têtes de Boules, [112];
• Algonkin, [122];
• Ojibway, [130];
• Western Cree, [133];
• fur-trade, [152];
• kayak-form, [163];
• umiak, [182], [183], [187] ff.;
• kayak, [195]
• paddle guard, Micmac, [64]
• paddler's seat, kayak-form canoe, [163];
• kayak, [194]
• paint (on canoes), Malecite, [77];
• fur-trade, [150], [151]
• Passamaquoddy Indians, [70]
• canoe, [74], [75], [82], [83]
• Peabody Museum (Salem, Mass.), [5], [74], [168]
• peg, outwale, [48], [117];
• keel, [96]
• Peterborough canoe, [65]
• Pennacook Indians, [88]
• Penobscot Bay, [7]
• Penobscot Indians, [70]
• Pepysian Library, [176]
• Pequawket Indians, [88]
• Perrot, Nicholas, [215]
• Pillagers (Indian tribe), [122]
• pine, white, bark, [213]
• plane, smoothing (tool), [21]
• planking (see sheathing)
• Plains Indians, [220]
• Point Barrow (village), [187]
• Point Barrow kayak, [200], [204]
• Point Hope (village), [188]
• Pond Inlet, [206]
• porpoise-hunting canoe, [74], [75]
• portage canoe, [58], [65], [123] (Ojibway)
• portaging, canoe, [122], [151], [152];
• Umiak, [188];
• kayak, [191], [199]
• Poterie, Bacqueville de la, [12], [215]
• prah, Malay, [189]
• Pribilof Islands, [196]
• Prince William Sound, [196]
• quill decoration, Micmac, [68]
• rabeska (see fur-trade canoe), [122], [135]
• rake of ends, kayak-form canoe, [159], [164];
• umiak, [182], [187], [190];
• kayak, [208]
• ram-form, [34], [168]
• Ramezay, chateau de, [78]
• rawhide, sewing with, [132], [158] (see sewing; stitching; lashing)
• Red Paint People (Indian tribe), [94]
• Repulse Bay, [204]
• Restigouche canoe, [65]
• ribs (see frames)
• risers, umiak, [182], [187] ff.,
• kayak, [190]
• river canoe, Malecite, [70]-79
• Rivière du Loup, [78]
• rocker (camber; convex lengthwise curve of keel), [28], [37], [38], [41];
• effect of gores on, [57];
• Micmac, [59], [63]:
• Labrador, [99], [100];
• Eastern Cree, [101];
• Algonkin, [113];
• Ojibway, [125];
• Western Cree, [132];
• fur-trade, [136];
• Northwest, [155];
• kayak-form, [159], [164];
• umiak, [182], [184], [188], [189];
• kayak, [205], [206], [211];
• elm-bark canoe, [214]
• roots, for sewing, [15], [16];
• varieties used, [16];
• splitting and peeling, [20]
• Ross, Sir James Clark, [208]
• rudder, umiak, [187], [189]
• Russian influence on skin boat design, [175], [189], [192], [197]
• Saginaw (Michigan), [123]
• Saguenay River, [99]
• sails, canoe, Micmac, [65], [66], [67];
• Passamaquoddy, [75];
• Malecite, [75];
• Eastern Cree, [106];
• fur-trade, [152];
• narrow-bottom, [158];
• blanket (Iroquois), [219];
• umiak, [175], [182], [183], [187], [189]
• kayak, [195]
• umiak, [175], [182], [183], [187], [189], [190]
• St. Croix River, [70]
• St. Francis Abnaki Indians, [88]
• canoe, [88]-93;
• dimensions, [89], [114], [115]
• St. John Lake, [99]
• St. John River, [70]
• St. Joseph Lake, [132]
• St. Lawrence Island, [197]
• St. Lawrence River, [5], [13], [70], [78]
• St. Matthew (Alaska), [196]
• St. Maurice River, [107]
• St. Michaels kayak, [200]
• Salish Indians, [168], [172]
• Saltreaux (Indian tribe), [122]
• sampan, [191], [192], [205], [211]
• scale-model canoe, [4], [5]
• Schenectady boat, [13]
• scow, [13]
• scraper (tool), [19]
• sea otter hunting, [197]
• seal, bearded, [188], [195]
• Sekani Indians, kayak-form canoe, [159]
• setting up canoe (on building bed), [37], [38], [40], [44], [45]
• Seton, Ernest Thompson, [4]
• sewing (stitching, lashing), [15], [29], [30];
• on building bed, [42], [43], [44], [45], [48], [49], [50];
• Micmac, [63];
• Malecite, [79];
• St. Francis Abnaki, [91];
• Eastern Cree, [101];
• Têtes de Boule, [108], [109];
• Algonkin, [120];
• rawhide, [132], [158];
• narrow-bottom, [158];
• kayak-form, [162];
• sturgeon-nose, [168];
• skin cover, [186], [188], [190];
• kayak, [193], [194], [196];
• temporary canoe, [220]
• Sharp, Minnie Bell (Mrs. Edwin Tappan Adney), [4]
• Sharpie (boat type), [191], [206], [208]
• shaving horse (tool), [22]
• sheathing, [19], [73], [77];
• fitting of, [32] ff., [51], [52];
• Malecite, [50], [51], [75];
• Micmac, [63], [64];
• St. Francis, [90];
• Eastern Cree, [105];
• Têtes de Boule, [110];
• Algonkin, [121], [122];
• fur-trade, [149];
• narrow-bottom, [158];
• sturgeon-nose, [168], [172];
• temporary canoe, [218], [220]
• sheer (rise in lengthwise line of gunwale), [47], [52], [56];
• hogged, [55], [62], [63];
• Micmac, [59];
• Malecite, [70];
• Beothuk, [94], [96] ff.;
• Algonkin, [114], [117];
• fur-trade, [136], [148];
• Northwest, [155], [156];
• kayak-form, [159], [164], [165], [166], [167];
• umiak, [182], [183], [187], [189], [190];
• kayak, [200], [204] ff., [208], [211]
• shelter, Malecite canoe as, [71], [72]
• Sioux (Dakotas), [122], [130], [133]
• skiff-canoe (3-board), [65]
• skin boat arctic, [174]-211;
• seagoing, [174], [175];
• voyages, [176];
• shape and size, [176];
• in ice, [180];
• loading, [180], [181];
• umiak, [181]-189;
• kayak, [190]-211;
• compared with bark canoe, [193], [221];
• temporary, [219], [221];
• caribou skin, [220]
• skin cover, umiak, [176], [178], [186], [188];
• kayak, [192] ff., [197], [199], [200], [204];
• for temporary canoe, [219]
• skin canoe, temporary, construction of, [219]-221
• Siberia, [181]
• Slave Indians, [154], [155];
• canoe, [155]-158
• sledge, for transporting umiak, [188];
• for transporting Nunivak Island kayak, [199]
• Sokoki Indians, [88]
• Southampton Island, [191], [204]
• Spars, Micmac, [65], [66], [67]
• Spruce, black, bark, [15], [17], [24], [212], [213];
• roots for sewing, [15], [16];
• splitting qualities, [17], [19];
• in kayaks, [192]
• red, [17]
• spruce-bark canoe, Malecite, [72];
• Western Cree, [132];
• narrow-bottom, [158]
• spruce gum, [17];
• preparation, [24];
• tempering, [24], [25]
• stakes, building bed, [40], [41], [45] ff., [146], [148]
• stanchion, [195]
• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, v, [174]
• stem-piece, [34], [35], [36];
• construction, [48], [49];
• root as, [55], [132];
• Micmac, [60];
• Eastern Cree, [101], [104];
• Têtes de Boule, [109];
• Algonkin, [113], [114], [119]
• Ojibway, [123], [125], [127];
• plank, [125], [155], [156], [160], [164];
• Western Cree, [132];
• fur-trade, [150];
• narrow-bottom, [156], [157];
• kayak-form, [164];
• sturgeon-nose, [168], [169];
• temporary skin canoe, [218]
• stitching bark cover, [43], [44];
• temporary canoe, [220] (see also sewing, lashing)
• stone tools, [17]-20;
• use of, [18];
• cutting edge, [18]
• straight-bottom canoe, [100], [101], [106], [155]
• Strut (headboard brace), [123], [150]
• sturgeon-nose canoe, [154], [168]-173;
• British Columbia, [168];
• ends, [168];
• size, [172], [173]
• Superior, Lake, [113], [122], [123], [125]
• Taconnet Indians, [88]
• tamarack (hackmatack), in canoe construction, [16]
• Tanana Indians, [154]
• tapering wooden members, [19], [118]
• tarpaulin (in fur trade), [142], [143]
• Temiscaming, Lake, [147]
• temporary canoe, [212]-219
• Têtes de Boule Indians, [107]
• canoe, [107]-112, [116], [122];
• sheathing, [34];
• described, [107]-112;
• dimensions, [107];
• construction, [108] ff., [112]
• Teton Indians, [133]
• thong braces, umiak, [186], [187], [190]
• throwing stick, [194]
• thwarts, [19], [38], [40];
• fitting of ends, [32], [56];
• location, [32], [37], [40];
• supporting on building bed, [46], [47];
• Micmac, [61], [62];
• St. Francis, [90];
• Eastern Cree, [101];
• Têtes de Boule, [110];
• Algonkin, [117], [121];
• Ojibway, [127];
• Western Cree, [132];
• fur-trade, [147], [150];
• narrow-bottom, [158];
• kayak-form, [160], [162], [166], [167];
• sturgeon-nose, [169];
• umiak, [182], [187];
• kayak, [195] ff., [199], [208];
• rough construction of, [213], [216];
• temporary skin canoe, [219]
• Timagami (Ontario), Lake, [125], [131], [151]
• tomahawk, [21]
• tongs, wooden, [20]
• topsail, umiak, [183]
• Tonti, Chevalier Henri de, [8]
• tools, primitive, [17]-20;
• modern, [20]-24
• tree felling, [18]
• treenail, [190], [192]
• Trois Rivières, [13]
• tumble-home (incurving of upper sides of canoe), Micmac, [60];
• Malecite, [73], [75], [78]
• tump line, [122], [143]
• Two Mountains, Lake of, [113]
• Umiak, Eskimo, [174], [181]-190;
• qualities, [175], [176], [178];
• use, [175], [176];
• design, [176], [178], [182]-183;
• compared with curragh, [176], [178];
• skin cover, [176], [178], [186], [188];
• construction, [176], [178], [180], [182], [183]-187, [188];
• oars and paddles, [182], [183], [187] ff.;
• headboards, [182], [184], [186], [189], [190];
• flare of sides, [182], [183], [188];
• sheer, [182], [183], [187], [189], [190];
• rake of ends, [182], [187], [190];
• rocker of bottom (camber), [182], [184], [188], [189];
• thwarts, [182], [187];
• risers, [182], [187] ff.;
• v-bottom, [182], [184], [189];
• gunwales, [182], [184] ff., [190];
• Alaskan, [182], [183], [187] ff.;
• Chukchi (Asiatic), [182], [183], [188];
• Koryak, [182], [189];
• Greenland, [182], [189];
• frames (ribs), [184] ff., [189], [190];
• keelson, [184], [186], [188];
• thong brace, [186], [187], [190];
• rudder, [187], [189];
• whaling, [187], [188];
• King Island, [187];
• hogging brace, [188];
• portaging, [188];
• Baffin Island, [189], [190]
• Unalaska kayak, [196]
• United States Fish Commission, [202]
• United States National Museum, [183], [188], [189], [197], [199], [204]
• V-bottom canoe, Malecite, [74], [75], [76], [77];
• St. Francis, [89];
• Beothuk, [96], [98], [100];
• Têtes de Boule, [107];
• Algonkin, [113]
• kayak, [190] ff., [195], [202], [206], [208], [211]
• umiak, [182], [184], [189]
• V-Form (see V-bottom)
• Viking boat, [187]
• voyageur, [143];
• loads carried by, [143], [144];
• number required for a canoe, [145];
• paddle requirement, [152]
• wabinaki chiman (Algonkin canoe), [114], [119], [131]
• walrus skin, for umiak, [183];
• for kayak, [194]
• war canoe, [10];
• Micmac, [58], [65];
• Malecite, [70]
• war party, Malecite, [71];
• traveling, [212];
• Iroquois, [214]
• Waswanipi, Lake, Post (Hudson's Bay Company), [151]
• water, Indian methods of boiling, [20]
• weapons, for kayaks, [194], [211]
• weather cloth, [183]
• wedge, [38], [156]
• Western Cree Indians, [132], [155];
• canoe, [72], [132]-134, [155]
• Wewenoc Indians, [88]
• Weymouth, Captain George, [7]
• whaleboat, [187]
• whaling umiak, [187], [188]
• Whitbourne, Captain Richard, [94]
• White Fish People (Indian tribe), [107]
• wide-bottom canoe, [54]
• willow, [17]
• Winnipeg, Lake, [132]
• wood (for kayaks), [192], [200], [204]
• wood bending, by hot water, [20];
• over a fire, [69]
• wood splitting, [17], [18], [19]
• woods canoe, [58], [65]
• Woodstock, New Brunswick, [4], [75]
• wulegessis, [72], [73], [77], [82], [90], [120], [121]
• York boat, [220]
• Yukon Indians, [190]
• Yukon River canoe, [159];
• kayak-form, [164], [165], [166], [190]

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1973 O—491-230

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TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

Silently corrected simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors.

Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed.