Scardona, situate upon the river[1970], at a distance of twelve miles from the sea, forms the boundary of Liburnia and the beginning of Dalmatia. Next to this place comes the ancient country of the Autariatares and the fortress of Tariona, the Promontory of Diomedes[1971], or, as others call it, the peninsula of Hyllis, 100 miles[1972] in circuit. Then comes Tragurium, a place with the rights of Roman citizens, and celebrated for its marble, Sicum, a place to which Claudius, the emperor lately deified, sent a colony of his veterans, and Salona[1973], a colony, situate 112 miles from Iadera. To this place resort for legal purposes, having the laws dispensed according to their divisions into decuries or tithings, the Dalmatæ, forming 342 decuries, the Deurici 22, the Ditiones 239, the Mazæi 269, and the Sardiates 52. In this region are Burnum[1974], Andetrium[1975], and Tribulium, fortresses ennobled by the battles of the Roman people. To the same jurisdiction also belong the Issæi[1976], the Colentini, the Separi, and the Epetini, nations inhabiting the islands. After these come the fortresses of Peguntium[1977] and of Rataneum, with the colony of Narona[1978], the seat of the third jurisdiction, distant from Salona eighty-two miles, and situate upon a river of the same name, at a distance of twenty miles from the sea. M. Varro states that eighty-nine states used to resort thither, but now nearly the only ones that are known are the Cerauni[1979] with 24 decuries, the Daorizi with 17, the Dæsitiates with 103, the Docleatæ with 33, the Deretini with 14, the Deremistæ with 30, the Dindari with 33, the Glinditiones with 44, the Melcomani with 24, the Naresii with 102, the Scirtarii with 72, the Siculotæ with 24, and the Vardæi, once the scourges of Italy, with no more than 20 decuries. In addition to these, this district was possessed by the Ozuæi, the Partheni, the Hemasini, the Arthitæ, and the Armistæ. The colony of Epidaurum[1980] is distant from the river Naron 100 miles. After Epidaurum come the following towns, with the rights of Roman citizens:—Rhizinium[1981], Acruvium[1982], Butua, Olcinium, formerly called Colchinium, having been founded by the Colchians; the river Drilo[1983], and, upon it, Scodra[1984], a town with the rights of Roman citizens, situate at a distance of eighteen miles from the sea; besides in former times many Greek towns and once powerful states, of which all remembrance is fast fading away. For in this region there were formerly the Labeatæ, the Enderini[1985], the Sasæi, the Grabæi[1986], properly called Illyrii, the Taulantii[1987], and the Pyræi. The Promontory of Nymphæum on the sea-coast still retains its name[1988]; and there is Lissum, a town enjoying the rights of Roman citizens, at a distance from Epidaurum of 100 miles.
(23.) At Lissum begins the province of Macedonia[1989], the nations of the Parthini[1990], and behind them the Dassaretæ[1991]. The mountains of Candavia[1992] are seventy-eight miles from Dyrrhachium. On the coast lies Denda, a town with the rights of Roman citizens, the colony of Epidamnum[1993], which, on account of its inauspicious name, was by the Romans called Dyrrhachium, the river Aöus[1994], by some called Æas, and Apollonia[1995], formerly a colony of the Corinthians, at a distance of four miles from the sea, in the vicinity of which the celebrated Nymphæum[1996] is inhabited by the barbarous Amantes[1997] and Buliones. Upon the coast too is the town of Oricum[1998], founded by the Colchians. At this spot begins Epirus, with the Acroceraunian[1999] mountains, by which we have previously mentioned[2000] this Gulf of Europe as bounded. Oricum is distant from the Promontory of Salentinum in Italy eighty[2001] miles.
CHAP. 27. (24.)—THE NORICI.
In the rear of the Carni and the Iapydes, along the course of the great river Ister[2002], the Rhæti touch upon the Norici[2003]: their towns are Virunum[2004], Celeia, Teurnia, Aguntum[2005], Vianiomina[2006], Claudia[2007], and Flavium Solvense[2008]. Adjoining to the Norici is Lake Peiso[2009], and the deserts of the Boii[2010]; they are however now inhabited by the people of Sabaria[2011], a colony of the now deified emperor Claudius, and the town of Scarabantia Julia[2012].
CHAP. 28. (25.)—PANNONIA.
Next to them comes acorn-bearing Pannonia[2013], along which the chain of the Alps, gradually lessening as it runs through the middle of Illyricum from north to south, forms a gentle slope on the right hand and the left. The portion which looks towards the Adriatic Sea is called Dalmatia and Illyricum, above mentioned, while Pannonia stretches away towards the north, and has the Danube for its extreme boundary. In it are the colonies of Æmona[2014] and Siscia. The following rivers, both known to fame and adapted for commerce, flow into the Danube; the Draus[2015], which rushes from Noricum with great impetuosity, and the Savus[2016], which flows with a more gentle current from the Carnic Alps, there being a space between them of 120 miles. The Draus runs through the Serretes, the Serrapilli[2017], the Iasi, and the Andizetes; the Savus through the Colapiani[2018] and the Breuci; these are the principal peoples. Besides them there are the Arivates, the Azali, the Amantini, the Belgites, the Catari, the Cornacates, the Eravisci, the Hercuniates[2019], the Latovici, the Oseriates, the Varciani, and, in front of Mount Claudius, the Scordisci, behind it the Taurisci. In the Savus there is the island of Metubarris[2020], the greatest of all the islands formed by rivers. Besides the above, there are these other rivers worthy of mention:—the Colapis[2021], which flows into the Savus near Siscia, where, dividing its channel, it forms the island which is called Segestica[2022]; and the river Bacuntius[2023], which flows into the Savus at the town of Sirmium, where we find the state of the Sirmienses and the Amantini. Forty-five miles thence is Taurunum[2024], where the Savus flows into the Danube; above which spot the Valdanus[2025] and the Urpanus, themselves far from ignoble rivers, join that stream.
CHAP. 29. (26.)—MŒSIA.
Joining up to Pannonia is the province called Mœsia[2026], which runs, with the course of the Danube, as far as the Euxine. It commences at the confluence[2027] previously mentioned. In it are the Dardani, the Celegeri, the Triballi, the Timachi, the Mœsi, the Thracians, and the Scythians who border on the Euxine. The more famous among its rivers are the Margis[2028], which rises in the territory of the Dardani, the Pingus, the Timachus, the Œscus which rises in Mount Rhodope, and, rising in Mount Hæmus, the Utus[2029], the Asamus, and the Ieterus.
The breadth of Illyricum[2030] at its widest part is 325 miles, and its length from the river Arsia to the river Drinius 530; from the Drinius to the Promontory of Acroceraunia Agrippa states to be 175 miles, and he says that the entire circuit of the Italian and Illyrian Gulf is 1700 miles. In this Gulf, according to the limits which we have drawn, are two seas, the Ionian[2031] in the first part, and the Adriatic, which runs more inland and is called the Upper Sea.