[3102] He was little aware, Fée says, that all ligneous plants have a radiating pith, distinct from the central one.

[3103] See B. xvi. c. [72].

[3104] Oliver de Serres distinguishes only three—the low, middling, and tall vines.

[3105] See B. xiv. c. [4].

[3106] See B. xiv. c. [4].

[3107] “Jugum.” The cross-piece running along the top of the stay at right angles; a rail or trail.

[3108] “Compluviatæ quadruplici.” Four cross-pieces running at right angles to the prop or stay. See B. xvi. c. [68].

[3109] When these trenches and furrows are employed by the moderns, they are made to run as much as possible from east to west. Most of the rules here mentioned by Pliny are still adopted in France.

[3110] Fée regards this precept as a puerility.

[3111] See B. xviii. c. 77.