The Natural History of Pliny, Volume 4 (of 6)

by the Elder Pliny

BOOK XVIII.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF GRAIN.
Chap.		Page
1.	Taste of the ancients for agriculture	[1]
2.	When the first wreaths of corn were used at Rome	[3]
3.	The jugerum of land	[4]
4.	How often and on what occasions corn has sold at a remarkablylow price	[7]
5.	Illustrious men who have written upon agriculture	[9]
6.	Points to be observed in buying land	[11]
7.	The proper arrangements for a farm-house	[13]
8.	Maxims of the ancients on agriculture	[16]
9.	The different kinds of grain	[19]
10.	The history of the various kinds of grain	[ib.]
11.	Spelt	[24]
12.	Wheat	[25]
13.	Barley: rice	[27]
14.	Polenta	[28]
15.	Ptisan	[29]
16.	Tragum	[ib.]
17.	Amylum	[ib.]
18.	The nature of barley	[30]
19.	Arinca, and other kinds of grain that are grown in the East	[31]
20.	Winter wheat. Similago, or fine flour	[32]
21.	The fruitfulness of Africa in wheat	[35]
22.	Sesame. Erysimum or irio. Horminum	[36]
23.	The mode of grinding corn	[ib.]
24.	Millet	[38]
25.	Panic	[ib.]
26.	The various kinds of leaven	[ib.]
27.	The method of making bread: origin of the art	[39]
28.	When bakers were first introduced at Rome	[40]
29.	Alica	[41]
30.	The leguminous plants: the bean	[43]
31.	Lentils. Pease	[46]
32.	The several kinds of chick-pease	[ib.]
33.	The kidney-bean	[47]
34.	The rape	[ib.]
35.	The turnip	[48]
36.	The lupine	[49]
37.	The vetch	[51]
38.	The fitch	[ib.]
39.	Silicia	[ib.]
40.	Secale or asia	[52]
41.	Farrago: the cracca	[ib.]
42.	Ocinum: ervilia	[ib.]
43.	Lucerne	[53]
44.	The diseases of grain: the oat	[54]
45.	The best remedies for the diseases of grain	[57]
46.	The crops that should be sown in the different soils	[59]
47.	The different systems of cultivation employed by various nations	[60]
48.	The various kinds of ploughs	[62]
49.	The mode of ploughing	[ib.]
50.	The methods of harrowing, stubbing, and hoeing, employed foreach description of grain. The use of the harrow	[66]
51.	Extreme fertility of soil	[67]
52.	The method of sowing more than once in the year	[68]
53.	The manuring of land	[ib.]
54.	How to ascertain the quality of seed	[69]
55.	What quantity of each kind of grain is requisite for sowing ajugerum	[71]
56.	The proper times for sowing	[72]
57.	Arrangement of the stars according to the terrestrial days andnights	[74]
58.	The rising and setting of the stars	[77]
59.	The epochs of the seasons	[78]
60.	The proper time for winter sowing	[79]
61.	When to sow the leguminous plants and the poppy	[81]
62.	Work to be done in the country in each month respectively	[ib.]
63.	Work to be done at the winter solstice	[82]
64.	Work to be done between the winter solstice and the prevalenceof the west winds	[83]
65.	Work to be done between the prevalence of the west winds andthe vernal equinox	[84]
66.	Work to be done after the vernal equinox	[86]
67.	Work to be done after the rising of the Vergiliæ: hay-making	[88]
68.	The summer solstice	[92]
69.	Causes of sterility	[97]
70.	Remedies against these noxious influences	[101]
71.	Work to be done after the summer solstice	[102]
72.	The harvest	[103]
73.	The methods of storing corn	[104]
74.	The vintage, and the works of autumn	[107]
75.	The revolutions of the moon	[111]
76.	The theory of the winds	[113]
77.	The laying out of lands according to the points of the wind	[114]
78.	Prognostics derived from the sun	[117]
79.	Prognostics derived from the moon	[119]
80.	Prognostics derived from the stars	[120]
81.	Prognostics derived from thunder	[121]
82.	Prognostics derived from clouds	[ib.]
83.	Prognostics derived from mists	[122]
84.	Prognostics derived from fire kindled by man	[ib.]
85.	Prognostics derived from water	[ib.]
86.	Prognostics derived from tempests	[123]
87.	Prognostics derived from aquatic animals and birds	[ib.]
88.	Prognostics derived from quadrupeds	[124]
89.	Prognostics derived from plants	[125]
90.	Prognostics derived from food	[ib.]
BOOK XIX.
THE NATURE AND CULTIVATION OF FLAX, AND AN ACCOUNT OF VARIOUSGARDEN PLANTS.
1.	The nature of flax—marvellous facts relative thereto	[129]
2.	How flax is sown: twenty-seven principal varieties of it	[131]
3.	The mode of preparing flax	[135]
4.	Linen made of asbestos	[136]
5.	At what period linen was first dyed	[138]
6.	At what period coloured awnings were first employed in thetheatres	[ib.]
7.	The nature of spartum	[139]
8.	The mode of preparing spartum	[140]
9.	At what period spartum was first employed	[141]
10.	The bulb eriophorus	[ib.]
11.	Plants which spring up and grow without a root—plants whichgrow, but cannot be reproduced from seed	[142]
12.	Misy; iton; and geranion	[143]
13.	Particulars connected with the truffle	[144]
14.	The pezica	[ib.]
15.	Laserpitium, laser, and maspetum	[ib.]
16.	Magydaris	[147]
17.	Madder	[148]
18.	The radicula	[ib.]
19.	The pleasures of the garden	[149]
20.	The laying out of garden ground	[154]
21.	Plants other than grain and shrubs	[155]
22.	The natural history of twenty different kinds of plants grown ingardens—the proper methods to be followed in sowing themrespectively	[ib.]
23.	Vegetables of a cartilaginous nature—cucumbers. Pepones	[156]
24.	Gourds	[158]
25.	Rape. Turnips	[161]
26.	Radishes	[162]
27.	Parsnips	[165]
28.	The skirret	[166]
29.	Elecampane	[167]
30.	Bulbs, squills, and arum	[168]
31.	The roots, flowers, and leaves of all these plants. Garden plantswhich lose their leaves	[170]
32.	Varieties of the onion	[171]
33.	The leek	[173]
34.	Garlic	[174]
35.	The number of days required for the respective plants to maketheir appearance above ground	[177]
36.	The nature of the various seeds	[178]
37.	Plants of which there is but a single kind. Plants of which thereare several kinds	[179]
38.	The nature and varieties of twenty-three garden plants. Thelettuce; its different varieties	[180]
39.	Endive	[182]
40.	Beet: four varieties of it	[183]
41.	Cabbages; the several varieties of them	[185]
42.	Wild and cultivated asparagus	[188]
43.	Thistles	[190]
44.	Other plants that are sown in the garden: ocimum; rocket;and nasturtium	[191]
45.	Rue	[ib.]
46.	Parsley	[192]
47.	Mint	[ib.]
48.	Olusatrum	[193]
49.	The caraway	[194]
50.	Lovage	[ib.]
51.	Dittander	[195]
52.	Gith	[ib.]
53.	The poppy	[196]
54.	Other plants which require to be sown at the autumnal equinox	[197]
55.	Wild thyme; sisymbrium	[ib.]
56.	Four kinds of ferulaceous plants. Hemp	[198]
57.	The maladies of garden plants	[199]
58.	The proper remedies for these maladies. How ants are best destroyed.The best remedies against caterpillars and flies	[200]
59.	What plants are benefitted by salt water	[201]
60.	The proper method of watering gardens	[ib.]
61.	The juices and flavours of garden herbs	[202]
62.	Piperitis, libanotis, and smyrnium	[203]
BOOK XX.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE GARDEN PLANTS.
1.	Introduction	[206]
2.	The wild cucumber: twenty-six remedies	[207]
3.	Elaterium: twenty-seven remedies	[208]
4.	The anguine or erratic cucumber: five remedies	[209]
5.	The cultivated cucumber: nine remedies	[210]
6.	Pepones: eleven remedies	[211]
7.	The gourd: seventeen remedies. The somphus: one remedy	[212]
8.	The colocynthis: ten remedies	[ib.]
9.	Rape: nine remedies	[213]
10.	Wild rape: one remedy	[214]
11.	Turnips; those known as bunion and bunias: five remedies	[ib.]
12.	The wild radish, or armoracia: one remedy	[215]
13.	The cultivated radish: forty-three remedies	[ib.]
14.	The parsnip: five remedies. The hibiscum, wild mallow, orplistolochia: eleven remedies	[218]
15.	The staphylinos, or wild parsnip: twenty-two remedies	[ib.]
16.	Gingidion: one remedy	[219]
17.	The skirret: eleven remedies	[220]
18.	Sile, or hartwort: twelve remedies	[221]
19.	Elecampane: eleven remedies	[222]
20.	Onions: twenty-seven remedies	[ib.]
21.	Cutleek: thirty-two remedies	[223]
22.	Bulbed leek: thirty-nine remedies	[225]
23.	Garlic: sixty-one remedies	[ib.]
24.	The lettuce: forty-two remedies. The goat-lettuce: four remedies	[228]
25.	Cæsapon: one remedy. Isatis: one remedy. The wild lettuce:seven remedies	[ib.]
26.	Hawk-weed: seventeen remedies	[229]
27.	Beet: twenty-four remedies	[232]
28.	Limonion, or neuroides: three remedies	[233]
29.	Endive: three remedies	[ib.]
30.	Cichorium or chreston, otherwise called pancration or ambula:twelve remedies	[234]
31.	Hedypnoïs: four remedies	[ib.]
32.	Seris, three varieties of it: seven remedies borrowed from it	[235]
33.	The cabbage: eighty-seven remedies. Recipes mentioned by Cato	[ib.]
34.	Opinions of the Greeks relative thereto	[237]
35.	Cabbage-sprouts	[239]
36.	The wild cabbage: thirty-seven remedies	[240]
37.	The lapsana: one remedy	[241]
38.	The sea-cabbage: one remedy	[ib.]
39.	The squill: twenty-three remedies	[ib.]
40.	Bulbs: thirty remedies	[243]
41.	Bulbine: one remedy. Bulb emetic	[244]
42.	Garden asparagus; with the next, twenty-four remedies	[245]
43.	Corruda, libycura, or orminum	[ib.]
44.	Parsley: seventeen remedies	[246]
45.	Apiastrum, or melissophyllum	[247]
46.	Olusatrum or Hipposelinon: eleven remedies. Oreoselinon:two remedies. Helioselinon: one remedy	[248]
47.	Petroselinon: one remedy. Buselinon: one remedy	[ib.]
48.	Ocimum: thirty-five remedies	[249]
49.	Rocket: twelve remedies	[250]
50.	Nasturtium: forty-two remedies	[251]
51.	Rue: eighty-four remedies	[252]
52.	Wild mint: twenty remedies	[256]
53.	Mint: forty-one remedies	[257]
54.	Pennyroyal: twenty-five remedies	[259]
55.	Wild pennyroyal: seventeen remedies	[260]
56.	Nep: nine remedies	[261]
57.	Cummin: forty-eight remedies. Wild cummin: twenty-sixremedies	[262]
58.	Ammi: ten remedies	[263]
59.	The capparis or caper: eighteen remedies	[264]
60.	Ligusticum, or lovage: four remedies	[265]
61.	Cunila bubula: five remedies	[ib.]
62.	Cunila gallinacea, or origanum: five remedies	[266]
63.	Cunilago: eight remedies	[ib.]
64.	Soft cunila: three remedies. Libanotis: three remedies	[ib.]
65.	Cultivated cunila: three remedies. Mountain cunila: seven remedies	[267]
66.	Piperitis, or siliquastrum: five remedies	[ib.]
67.	Origanum, onitis, or prasion: six remedies	[268]
68.	Tragoriganum: nine remedies	[ib.]
69.	Three varieties of Heracleotic origanum: thirty remedies	[ib.]
70.	Dittander: three remedies	[270]
71.	Gith, or melanthion: twenty-three remedies	[ib.]
72.	Anise: sixty-one remedies	[271]
73.	Where the best anise is found: various remedies derived fromthis plant	[272]
74.	Dill: nine remedies	[274]
75.	Sacopenium, or sagapenon: thirteen remedies	[ib.]
76.	The white poppy: three remedies. The black poppy: eight remedies.Remarks on sleep. Opium. Remarks in disfavourof the potions known as “anodynes, febrifuges, digestives,and cœliacs.” In what way the juices of these plants are tobe collected	[275]
77.	The poppy called rhœas: two remedies	[278]
78.	The wild poppy called ceratitis, glaucium, or paralium: six remedies	[ib.]
79.	The wild poppy called heraclium, or aphron: four remedies.Diacodion	[ib.]
80.	The poppy called tithymalon, or paralion: three remedies	[279]
81.	Porcillaca or purslain, otherwise called peplis: twenty-five remedies	[280]
82.	Coriander: twenty-one remedies	[282]
83.	Orage: fourteen remedies	[ib.]
84.	The mallow called malope: thirteen remedies. The mallowcalled malache: one remedy. The mallow called althæa orplistolochia: fifty-nine remedies	[283]
85.	Wild lapathum or oxalis, otherwise called lapathum cantherinum,or rumex: one remedy. Hydrolapathum: two remedies.Hippolapathum: six remedies. Oxylapathum: fourremedies	[287]
86.	Cultivated lapathum: twenty-one remedies. Bulapathum: oneremedy	[288]
87.	Mustard, the three kinds of it: forty-four remedies	[ib.]
88.	Adarca: forty-eight remedies	[290]
89.	Marrubium or prasion, otherwise linostrophon, philopais, orphilochares: twenty-nine remedies	[ib.]
90.	Wild thyme: eighteen remedies	[292]
91.	Sisymbrium or thymbræum: twenty-three remedies	[293]
92.	Linseed: thirty remedies	[294]
93.	Blite: six remedies	[295]
94.	Meum, and meum athamanticum: seven remedies	[ib.]
95.	Fennel: twenty-two remedies	[296]
96.	Hippomarathron, or myrsineum: five remedies	[ib.]
97.	Hemp: nine remedies	[297]
98.	Fennel-giant: eight remedies	[298]
99.	The thistle or scolymos: six remedies	[299]
100.	The composition of theriaca	[ib.]
BOOK XXI.
AN ACCOUNT OF FLOWERS, AND THOSE USED FOR CHAPLETS MOREPARTICULARLY.
1.	The nature of flowers and gardens	[304]
2.	Garlands and chaplets	[ib.]
3.	Who invented the art of making garlands: when they first receivedthe name of “corollæ,” and for what reason	[305]
4.	Who was the first to give chaplets with leaves of silver andgold. Lemnisci: who was the first to emboss them	[306]
5.	The great honour in which chaplets were held by the ancients	[ib.]
6.	The severity of the ancients in reference to chaplets	[307]
7.	A citizen decked with flowers by the Roman people	[308]
8.	Plaited chaplets. Needle-work chaplets. Nard-leaf chaplets.Silken chaplets	[ ib.]
9.	Authors who have written on flowers. An anecdote relative toQueen Cleopatra and chaplets	[309]
10.	The rose: twelve varieties of it	[310]
11.	The lily: four varieties of it	[314]
12.	The narcissus: three varieties of it	[316]
13.	How seed is stained to produce tinted flowers	[317]
14.	How the several varieties of the violet are respectively produced,grown, and cultivated. The three different colours of theviolet. The five varieties of the yellow violet	[ib.]
15.	The caltha. The scopa regia	[318]
16.	The bacchar. The combretum. Asarum	[ib.]
17.	Saffron: in what places it grows best. What flowers wereknown at the time of the Trojan war	[319]
18.	The nature of odours	[321]
19.	The iris	[324]
20.	The saliunca	[325]
21.	The polium or teuthrion	[ib.]
22.	Fabrics which rival the colour of flowers	[326]
23.	The amaranth	[327]
24.	The cyanos: the holochrysos	[328]
25.	The petilium: the bellio	[ib.]
26.	The chrysocome, or chrysitis	[329]
27.	Shrubs, the blossoms of which are used for chaplets	[ib.]
28.	Shrubs, the leaves of which are used for chaplets	[ib.]
29.	The melothron, spiræa, and origanum. The oneorum or cassia;two varieties of it. The melissophyllum or melittæna. Themelilote, otherwise known as Campanian garland	[330]
30.	Three varieties of trefoil: the myophonum	[ib.]
31.	Two varieties of thyme. Plants produced from blossoms and notfrom seed	[331]
32.	Conyza	[332]
33.	The flower of Jove. The hemerocalles. The helenium. Thephlox. Plants in which the branches and roots are odoriferous	[333]
34.	The abrotonum. The adonium: two varieties of it. Plantswhich reproduce themselves. The leucanthemum	[334]
35.	Two varieties of the amaracus	[ib.]
36.	The nyctegreton, or chenamyche, or nyctalops	[335]
37.	Where the melilote is found	[ib.]
38.	The succession in which flowers blossom: the spring flowers.The violet. The chaplet anemone or phrenion. The herbœnanthe. The melanthium. The helichrysos. The gladiolus.The hyacinth	[336]
39.	The summer flowers—the lychnis: the tiphyon. Two varietiesof the pothos. Two varieties of the orsinum. The vincapervincaor chamædaphne—a plant which is an ever-green	[337]
40.	The duration of life in the various kinds of flowers	[339]
41.	Plants which should be sown among flowers for bees. Thecerintha	[ib.]
42.	The maladies of bees, and the remedies for them	[340]
43.	The food of bees	[ib.]
44.	Poisoned honey, and the remedies to be employed by those who have eaten it	[341]
45.	Maddening honey	[342]
46.	Honey that flies will not touch	[343]
47.	Beehives, and the attention which should be paid to them	[344]
48.	That bees are sensible of hunger	[345]
49.	The method of preparing wax. The best kinds of wax. Punic wax	[ib.]
50.	Plants which grow spontaneously: the use made of them byvarious nations, their nature, and remarkable facts connectedwith them. The strawberry, the tamnus, and the butcher’sbroom. The batis, two varieties of it. The meadow parsnip.The hop	[347]
51.	The colocasia	[ib.]
52.	The cichorium. The anthalium or anticellium, or anthyllum.The œtum. The arachidna. The aracos. The candryala.The hypochœris. The caucalis. The anthriscum. The scandix.The tragopogon. The parthenium or leucanthes, amaracus,perdicium, or muralis. The trychnum or strychnum,halicacabum, callias, dorycnion, manicon, peritton, neuras,morio, or moly. The corchorus. The aphace. The acynopos.The epipetron. Plants which never flower. Plantswhich are always in flower	[348]
53.	Four varieties of the cnecos	[350]
54.	Plants of a prickly nature: the erynge, the glycyrrhiza, the tribulus,the anonis, the pheos or stœbe, and the hippophaes	[ib.]
55.	Four varieties of the nettle. The lamium and the scorpio	[351]
56.	The carduus, the acorna, the phonos, the leucanthos, the chalceos,the cnecos, the polyacanthos, the onopyxos, the helxine,the scolymos, the chamæleon, the tetralix, and acanthice mastiche	[353]
57.	The cactos: the pternix, pappos, and ascalias	[354]
58.	The tribulus: the anonis	[355]
59.	Plants classified according to their stems: the coronopus, the anchusa,the anthemis, the phyllanthes, the crepis, and the lotus	[ib.]
60.	Plants classified according to their leaves. Plants which neverlose their leaves: plants which blossom a little at a time: theheliotropium and the adiantum, the remedies derived fromwhich will be mentioned in the following Book	[356]
61.	The various kinds of eared plants: the stanyops; the alopecuros;the stelephurus, ortyx, or plantago; the thryallis	[357]
62.	The perdicium. The ornithogale	[ib.]
63.	Plants which only make their appearance at the end of a year.Plants which begin to blossom at the top. Plants which beginto blossom at the lower part	[358]
64.	The lappa, a plant which produces within itself. The opuntia,which throws out a root from the leaf	[ib.]
65.	The iasione. The chondrylla. The picris, which remains inflower the whole year through	[ib.]
66.	Plants in which the blossom makes its appearance before thestem. Plants in which the stem appears before the blossom.Plants which blossom three times in the year	[359]
67.	The cypiros. The thesion	[ib.]
68.	The asphodel, or royal spear. The anthericus or albucus	[ib.]
69.	Six varieties of the rush: four remedies derived from the cypiros	[361]
70.	The cyperos: fourteen remedies. The cyperis. The cypira	[363]
71.	The holoschœnus	[364]
72.	Ten remedies derived from the sweet-scented rush, or teuchites	[ib.]
73.	Remedies derived from the flowers before mentioned: thirty-tworemedies derived from the rose	[ib.]
74.	Twenty-one remedies derived from the lily	[366]
75.	Sixteen remedies derived from the narcissus	[367]
76.	Seventeen remedies derived from the violet	[368]
77.	Seventeen remedies derived from the bacchar. One remedy derivedfrom the combretum	[ib.]
78.	Eight remedies derived from asarum	[369]
79.	Eight remedies derived from gallic nard	[ib.]
80.	Four remedies derived from the plant called “phu”	[370]
81.	Twenty remedies derived from saffron	[ib.]
82.	Syrian crocomagna: two remedies	[ib.]
83.	Forty-one remedies derived from the iris: two remedies derivedfrom the saliunca	[371]
84.	Eighteen remedies derived from the polium	[372]
85.	Three remedies derived from the holochrysos. Six remedies derivedfrom the chrysocome	[373]
86.	Twenty-one remedies derived from the melissophyllum	[ib.]
87.	Thirteen remedies derived from the melilote	[374]
88.	Four remedies derived from the trefoil	[ib.]
89.	Twenty-eight remedies derived from thyme	[375]
90.	Four remedies derived from the hemerocalles	[376]
91.	Five remedies derived from the helenium	[ib.]
92.	Twenty-two remedies derived from the abrotonum	[377]
93.	One remedy derived from the leucanthemum. Nine remediesderived from the amaracus	[378]
94.	Ten remedies derived from the anemone or phrenion	[379]
95.	Six remedies derived from the œnanthe	[380]
96.	Eleven remedies derived from the helichrysos	[ib.]
97.	Eight remedies derived from the hyacinth	[381]
98.	Seven remedies derived from the lychnis	[ib.]
99.	Four remedies derived from the vincapervinca	[382]
100.	Three remedies derived from butcher’s broom	[ib.]
101.	Two remedies derived from the batis	[ib.]
102.	Two remedies derived from the colocasia	[ib.]
103.	Six remedies derived from the anthyllium or anthyllum	[383]
104.	Eight remedies derived from the parthenium, leucanthes, oramaracus	[ib.]
105.	Eight remedies derived from the trychnum or strychnum, halicacabum,callias, dorycnion, manicon, neuras, morio, or moly	[384]
106.	Six remedies derived from the corchorus	[386]
107.	Three remedies derived from the cnecos	[ib.]
108.	One remedy derived from the pesoluta	[ib.]
109.	An explanation of Greek terms relative to weights and measures	[ib.]
BOOK XXII.
THE PROPERTIES OF PLANTS AND FRUITS.
1.	The properties of plants	[389]
2.	Plants used by nations for the adornment of the person	[ib.]
3.	Employment of plants for dyeing. Explanation of the termssagmen, verbena, and clarigatio	[390]
4.	The grass crown: how rarely it has been awarded	[392]
5.	The only persons that have been presented with this crown	[393]
6.	The only centurion that has been thus honoured	[394]
7.	Remedies derived from other chaplet plants	[395]
8.	The erynge or eryngium	[396]
9.	The eryngium, called centum capita: thirty remedies	[397]
10.	The acanos: one remedy	[398]
11.	The glycyrrhiza or adipsos: fifteen remedies	[399]
12.	Two varieties of the tribulus: twelve remedies	[400]
13.	The stœbe or pheos	[401]
14.	Two varieties of the hippophaes: two remedies	[ib.]
15.	The nettle: sixty-one remedies	[402]
16.	The lamium: seven remedies	[404]
17.	The scorpio, two kinds of it: one remedy	[405]
18.	The leucacantha, phyllos, ischias, or polygonatos: four remedies	[ib.]
19.	The helxine: twelve remedies	[406]
20.	The perdicium, parthenium, urceolaris, or astercum: eleven remedies	[407]
21.	The chamæleon, ixias, ulophonon, or cynozolon; two varieties ofit: twelve remedies	[ib.]
22.	The coronopus	[409]
23.	The anchusa: fourteen remedies	[ib.]
24.	The pseudoanchusa, echis, or doris: three remedies	[410]
25.	The onochilon, archebion, onochelis, rhexia, or enchrysa: thirtyremedies	[ib.]
26.	The anthemis, leucanthemis, leucanthemum, chamæmelum, or melanthium;three varieties of it: eleven remedies	[411]
27.	The lotus plant: four remedies	[412]
28.	The lotometra: two remedies	[ib.]
29.	The heliotropium, helioscopium, or verrucaria: twelve remedies.The heliotropium, tricoccum, or scorpiuron: fourteen remedies	[413]
30.	The adiantum, callitrichos, trichomanes, polytrichos, or saxifragum;two varieties of it: twenty-eight remedies	[415]
31.	The picris: one remedy. The thesion: one remedy	[417]
32.	The asphodel: fifty-one remedies	[ib.]
33.	The halimon: fourteen remedies	[419]
34.	The acanthus, pæderos, or melamphyllos: five remedies	[421]
35.	The bupleuron: five remedies	[ib.]
36.	The buprestis: one remedy	[422]
37.	The elaphoboscon: nine remedies	[ib.]
38.	The scandix: nine remedies. The anthriscum: two remedies	[423]
39.	The iasione: four remedies	[ib.]
40.	The caucalis: twelve remedies	[424]
41.	The sium: eleven remedies	[ib.]
42.	The sillybum	[425]
43.	The scolymos or limonia: five remedies	[ib.]
44.	The sonchos: two varieties: fifteen remedies	[426]
45.	The condrion or chondrylla: six remedies	[427]
46.	Mushrooms; peculiarities of their growth	[428]
47.	Fungi; signs by which the venomous kinds may be recognized:nine remedies	[429]
48.	Silphium: seven remedies	[431]
49.	Laser: thirty-nine remedies	[432]
50.	Propolis: five remedies	[434]
51.	The various influences of different aliments upon the disposition	[435]
52.	Hydromel: eighteen remedies	[436]
53.	Honied wine: six remedies	[437]
54.	Melitites: three remedies	[438]
55.	Wax: eight remedies	[ib.]
56.	Remarks in disparagement of medicinal compositions	[439]
57.	Remedies derived from grain. Siligo: one remedy. Wheat: oneremedy. Chaff: two remedies. Spelt: one remedy. Bran:one remedy. Olyra or arinca: two remedies	[440]
58.	The various kinds of meal: twenty-eight remedies	[441]
59.	Polenta: eight remedies	[442]
60.	Fine flour: five remedies. Puls: one remedy. Meal used forpasting papyrus, one remedy	[ib.]
61.	Alica: six remedies	[443]
62.	Millet: six remedies	[444]
63.	Panic: four remedies	[ib.]
64.	Sesame: seven remedies. Sesamoides: three remedies. Anticyricum:three remedies	[ib.]
65.	Barley: nine remedies. Mouse-barley, by the Greeks calledphœnice: one remedy	[445]
66.	Ptisan: four remedies	[446]
67.	Amylum: eight remedies. Oats: one remedy	[ib.]
68.	Bread: twenty-one remedies	[447]
69.	Beans: sixteen remedies	[ib.]
70.	Lentils: seventeen remedies	[448]
71.	The elelisphacos, sphacos, or salvia: thirteen remedies	[449]
72.	The chickpea and the chicheling vetch: twenty-three remedies	[450]
73.	The fitch: twenty remedies	[451]
74.	Lupines: thirty-five remedies	[452]
75.	Irio or erysimum, by the Gauls called vela: fifteen remedies	[453]
76.	Horminum: six remedies	[454]
77.	Darnel: five remedies	[ib.]
78.	The plant miliaria: one remedy	[455]
79.	Bromos: one remedy	[ib.]
80.	Orobanche or cynomorion: one remedy	[ib.]
81.	Remedies for injuries inflicted by insects which breed amongleguminous plants	[ib.]
82.	The use made of the yeast of zythum	[456]
BOOK XXIII.
THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE CULTIVATED TREES.
1.	Introduction	[457]
2.	The vine	[ib.]
3.	The leaves and shoots of the vine: seven remedies	[458]
4.	Omphacium extracted from the vine: fourteen remedies	[459]
5.	Œnanthe: twenty-one remedies	[460]
6.	Grapes, fresh gathered	[461]
7.	Various kinds of preserved grapes: eleven remedies	[ib.]
8.	Cuttings of the vine: one remedy	[462]
9.	Grape-stones: six remedies	[ib.]
10.	Grape-husks: eight remedies	[463]
11.	The grapes of the theriaca: four remedies	[ib.]
12.	Raisins, or astaphis: fourteen remedies	[ib.]
13.	The astaphis agria, otherwise called staphis or taminia: twelveremedies	[464]
14.	The labrusca, or wild vine: twelve remedies	[465]
15.	The salicastrum: twelve remedies	[ib.]
16.	The white vine, otherwise called ampeloleuce, staphyle, melothron,psilotrum, archezostis, cedrostis, or madon: thirty-one remedies	[466]
17.	The black vine, otherwise called bryonia, chironia, gynæcanthe,or apronia: thirty-five remedies	[468]
18.	Must: fifteen remedies	[ib.]
19.	Particulars relative to wine	[469]
20.	The Surrentine wines: three remedies. The Alban wines: tworemedies. The Falernian wines: six remedies	[470]
21.	The Setine wines; one observation upon them. The Statanwines; one observation upon them. The Signian wines: oneremedy	[471]
22.	Other wines: sixty-four remedies	[ib.]
23.	Sixty-one observations relative to wine	[473]
24.	In what maladies wine should be administered; how it should beadministered, and at what times	[474]
25.	Ninety-one observations with reference to wine	[477]
26.	Artificial wines	[ib.]
27.	Vinegar: twenty-eight remedies	[478]
28.	Squill vinegar: seventeen remedies	[480]
29.	Oxymeli: seven remedies	[481]
30.	Sapa: seven remedies	[ib.]
31.	Lees of wine: twelve remedies	[482]
32.	Lees of vinegar: seventeen remedies	[483]
33.	Lees of sapa: four remedies	[484]
34.	The leaves of the olive-tree: twenty-three remedies	[ib.]
35.	The blossom of the olive: four remedies	[ib.]
36.	White olives: four remedies. Black olives: three remedies	[485]
37.	Amurca of olives: twenty-one remedies	[486]
38.	The leaves of the wild olive: sixteen remedies	[487]
39.	Omphacium: three remedies	[488]
40.	Oil of œnanthe: twenty-eight remedies	[ib.]
41.	Castor oil: sixteen remedies	[489]
42.	Oil of almonds: sixteen remedies	[490]
43.	Oil of laurel: nine remedies	[ib.]
44.	Oil of myrtle: twenty remedies	[ib.]
45.	Oil of chamæmyrsine, or oxymyrsine; oil of cypros; oil ofcitrus; oil of walnuts; oil of cnidium; oil of mastich; oil ofbalanus; various remedies	[491]
46.	The cyprus, and the oil extracted from it; sixteen remedies.Gleucinum: one remedy	[492]
47.	Oil of balsamum: fifteen remedies	[ib.]
48.	Malobathrum: five remedies	[493]
49.	Oil of henbane: two remedies. Oil of lupines: one remedy.Oil of narcissus: one remedy. Oil of radishes: five remedies.Oil of sesame: three remedies. Oil of lilies: three remedies.Oil of Selga: one remedy. Oil of Iguvium: one remedy	[ib.]
50.	Elæomeli: two remedies. Oil of pitch: two remedies	[494]
51.	The palm: nine remedies	[ib.]
52.	The palm which produces the myrobalanum: three remedies	[495]
53.	The palm called elate: sixteen remedies	[ib.]
54.	Remedies derived from the blossoms, leaves, fruit, branches, bark,juices, roots, wood, and ashes of various kinds of trees. Six observationsupon apples. Twenty-two observations upon quinces.One observation upon struthea	[496]
55.	The sweet apples called melimela: six observations upon them.Sour apples: four observations upon them	[497]
56.	Citrons: five observations upon them	[498]
57.	Punic apples, or pomegranates: twenty-six remedies	[ib.]
58.	The composition called stomatice: fourteen remedies	[499]
59.	Cytinus: eight remedies	[500]
60.	Balaustium: twelve remedies	[ib.]
61.	The wild pomegranate	[501]
62.	Pears: twelve observations upon them	[502]
63.	Figs: one hundred and eleven observations upon them	[ib.]
64.	The wild fig: forty-two observations upon it	[505]
65.	The herb crineon: three remedies	[507]
66.	Plums: four observations upon them	[ib.]
67.	Peaches: two remedies	[508]
68.	Wild plums; two remedies	[ib.]
69.	The lichen on plum-trees; two remedies	[ib.]
70.	Mulberries; thirty-nine remedies	[ib.]
71.	The medicament called stomatice, arteriace, or panchrestos; fourremedies	[509]
72.	Cherries: five observations upon them	[511]
73.	Medlars: two remedies. Sorbs: two remedies	[512]
74.	Pine-nuts: thirteen remedies	[ib.]
75.	Almonds: twenty-nine remedies	[ib.]
76.	Greek nuts: one remedy	[513]
77.	Walnuts: twenty-four remedies. The Mithridatic antidote	[514]
78.	Hazel-nuts: three observations upon them. Pistachio-nuts:eight observations upon them. Chesnuts: five observationsupon them	[515]
79.	Carobs: five observations upon them. The cornel: one remedy.The fruit of the arbutus	[516]
80.	The laurel: sixty-nine observations upon it	[ib.]
81.	Myrtle: sixty observations upon it	[519]
82.	Myrtidanum: thirteen remedies	[521]
83.	The wild myrtle, otherwise called oxymyrsine, or chamæmyrsine,and the ruscus: six remedies	[ib.]

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLINY.

BOOK XVIII.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF GRAIN.

CHAP. 1. (1.)—TASTE OF THE ANCIENTS FOR AGRICULTURE.

We now pass on to the Natural History of the various grains, of the garden plants and flowers, and indeed of all the other productions, with the exception of the trees and shrubs, which the Earth, in her bounteousness, affords us—a boundless field for contemplation, if even we regard the herbs alone, when we take into consideration the varieties of them, their numbers, the flowers they produce, their odours, their colours, their juices, and the numerous properties they possess—all of which have been engendered by her with a view to either the preservation or the gratification of the human race.

On entering, however, upon this branch of my subject, it is my wish in the first place to plead the cause of the Earth, and to act as the advocate of her who is the common parent of all, although in the earlier[1] part of this work I have already had occasion to speak in her defence. For my subject matter, as I proceed in the fulfilment of my task, will now lead me to consider her in the light of being the producer of various noxious substances as well; in consequence of which it is that we are in the habit of charging her with our crimes, and imputing to her a guilt that is our own. She has produced poisons, it is true; but who is it but man that has found them out? For the birds of the air and the beasts of the field, it is sufficient to be on their guard against them, and to keep at a distance from them. The elephant, we find, and the urus, know how to sharpen[2] and renovate their teeth against the trunks of trees, and the rhinoceros against rocks; wild boars, again, point their tusks like so many poniards by the aid of both rocks and trees; and all animals, in fact, are aware how to prepare themselves for the infliction of injury upon others; but still, which is there among them all, with the exception of man, that dips his weapons in poison? As for ourselves, we envenom the point of the arrow,[3] and we contrive to add to the destructive powers of iron itself; by the aid of poisons we taint the waters of the stream, and we infect the various elements of Nature; indeed, the very air even, which is the main support of life, we turn into a medium for the destruction of life.

And it is not that we are to suppose that animals are ignorant of these means of defence, for we have already had occasion to point out[4] the preparations which they make against the attacks of the serpent, and the methods they devise for effecting a cure when wounded by it; and yet, among them all, there is not one that fights by the aid of the poison that belongs to another, with the sole exception of man. Let us then candidly confess our guilt, we who are not contented even with the poisons as Nature has produced them; for by far the greater portion of them, in fact, are artificially prepared by the human hand!

And then besides, is it not the fact, that there are many men, the very existence of whom is a baneful poison, as it were? Like that of the serpent, they dart their livid tongue, and the venom of their disposition corrodes every object upon which it concentrates itself. Ever vilifying and maligning, like the ill-omened birds of the night, they disturb the repose of that darkness which is so peculiarly their own, and break in upon the quiet of the night even, by their moans and wailings, the only sounds they are ever heard to emit. Like animals of inauspicious presage, they only cross our path to prevent us from employing our energies or becoming useful to our fellow-men; and the only enjoyment that is sought by their abominable aspirations is centred in their universal hatred of mankind.

Still, however, even in this respect Nature has asserted her majestic sway; for how much more numerous[5] are the good and estimable characters which she has produced! just in the same proportion that we find her giving birth to productions which are at once both salutary and nutritious to man. It is in our high esteem for men such as these, and the commendations they bestow, that we shall be content to leave the others, like so many brakes and brambles, to the devouring flames of their own bad passions, and to persist in promoting the welfare of the human race; and this, with all the more energy and perseverance, from the circumstance that it has been our object throughout, rather to produce a work of lasting utility than to ensure ourselves a widely-spread renown. We have only to speak, it is true, of the fields and of rustic operations; but still, it is upon these that the enjoyment of life so materially depends, and that the ancients conferred the very highest rank in their honours and commendations.

CHAP. 2. (2.)—WHEN THE FIRST WREATHS OF CORN WERE USED AT ROME.