| BOOK XXXII. | ||
| REMEDIES DERIVED FROM AQUATIC ANIMALS. | ||
| Chap. | Page | |
| 1. | The power of Nature as manifested in antipathies. Theecheneïs: two remedies | [1] |
| 2. | The torpedo: nine remedies | [4] |
| 3. | The sea-hare: five remedies | [ib.] |
| 4. | Marvels of the Red Sea | [5] |
| 5. | The instincts of fishes | [6] |
| 6. | Marvellous properties belonging to certain fishes | [8] |
| 7. | Places where fish eat from the hand | [ib.] |
| 8. | Places where fish recognize the human voice. Oracular responsesgiven by fish | [ib.] |
| 9. | Places where bitter fish are found, salt, or sweet | [9] |
| 10. | When sea-fish were first eaten by the people of Rome. Theordinance of King Numa as to fish | [10] |
| 11. | Coral: forty-three remedies and observations | [ib.] |
| 12. | The antipathies and sympathies which exist between certainobjects. The hatreds manifested by certain aquatic animals.The pastinaca: eight remedies. The galeos: fifteenremedies. The sur-mullet: fifteen remedies | [12] |
| 13. | Amphibious animals. Castoreum: sixty-six remedies andobservations | [13] |
| 14. | The tortoise: sixty-six remedies and observations | [15] |
| 15. | Remedies derived from the aquatic animals, classified accordingto the respective diseases | [18] |
| 16. | Remedies for poisons, and for noxious spells. The dorade:four remedies. The sea-star: seven remedies | [19] |
| 17. | Remedies for the stings of serpents, for the bites of dogs,and for injuries indicted by venomous animals. The sea-dragon:three remedies. Twenty-five remedies derivedfrom salted fish. The sarda: one remedy. Eleven remediesderived from cybium | [20] |
| 18. | The sea-frog: six remedies. The river-frog: fifty-two remedies.The bramble-frog: one remedy. Thirty-two observationson these animals | [21] |
| 19. | The enhydris: six remedies. The river-crab: fourteen remedies.The sea-crab: seven remedies. The river-snail:seven remedies. The coracinus: four remedies. The sea-pig:two remedies | [23] |
| 20. | The sea-calf: ten remedies. The muræna: one remedy. Thehippocampus: nine remedies. The sea-urchin: elevenremedies | [24] |
| 21. | The various kinds of oysters: fifty-eight remedies and observations.Purples: nine remedies | [25] |
| 22. | Sea-weed: two remedies | [28] |
| 23. | Remedies for alopecy, change of colour in the hair, and ulcerationsof the head. The sea-mouse: two remedies. Thesea-scorpion: twelve remedies. The leech: seven remedies.The murex: thirteen remedies. The conchylium: fiveremedies | [29] |
| 24. | Remedies for diseases of the eyes and eyelids. Two remediesderived from the fat of fishes. The callionymus: three remedies.The gall of the coracinus: one remedy. Thesæpia: twenty-four remedies. Ichthyocolla: five remedies | [ib.] |
| 25. | Remedies for diseases of the ears. The batia: one remedy.The bacchus or myxon: two remedies. The sea-louse: tworemedies | [33] |
| 26. | Remedies for tooth-ache. The dog-fish: four remedies.Whale’s flesh | [34] |
| 27. | Remedies for lichens, and for spots upon the face. The dolphin:nine remedies. Coluthia or coryphia: three remedies.Halcyoneum: seven remedies. The tunny: fiveremedies | [35] |
| 28. | Remedies for scrofula, imposthumes of the parotid glands,quinzy, and diseases of the fauces. The mæna; thirteenremedies. The sea-scolopendra: two remedies. The saurus:one remedy. Shell-fish: one remedy. The silurus: fifteenremedies | [37] |
| 29. | Remedies for cough and diseases of the chest | [38] |
| 30. | Remedies for pains in the liver and side. The elongatedconch: six remedies. The tethea: five remedies | [39] |
| 31. | Remedies for diseases of the bowels. Sea-wort: one remedyThe myax: twenty-five remedies. The mitulus: eightremedies. Pelorides: one remedy. Seriphum: two remedies.The erythinus: two remedies | [ib.] |
| 32. | Remedies for diseases of the spleen, for urinary calculi, and foraffections of the bladder. The sole: one remedy. Theturbot: one remedy. The blendius: one remedy. Thesea-nettle; seven remedies. The pulmo marinus: six remedies.Onyches: four remedies | [42] |
| 33. | Remedies for intestinal hernia, and for diseases of the rectum.The water-snake: one remedy. The hydrus: one remedy.The mullet: one remedy. The pelamis: three remedies | [44] |
| 34. | Remedies for inflamed tumours, and for diseases of the generativeorgans. The sciæna: one remedy. The perch: fourremedies. The squatina: three remedies. The smaris:three remedies | [ib.] |
| 35. | Remedies for incontinence of urine. The ophidion: oneremedy | [46] |
| 36. | Remedies for gout, and for pains in the feet. The beaver:four remedies. Bryon: one remedy | [ib.] |
| 37. | Remedies for epilepsy | [47] |
| 38. | Remedies for fevers. The fish called asellus: one remedy.The phagrus: one remedy | [ib.] |
| 39. | Remedies for lethargy, cachexy, and dropsy | [49] |
| 40. | Remedies for burns and for erysipelas | [ib.] |
| 41. | Remedies for diseases of the sinews | [50] |
| 42. | Methods of arresting hæmorrhage and of letting blood. Thepolyp: one remedy | [ib.] |
| 43. | Methods of extracting foreign bodies from the flesh | [51] |
| 44. | Remedies for ulcers, carcinomata, and carbuncle | [52] |
| 45. | Remedies for warts, and for malformed nails. The glanis:one remedy | [53] |
| 46. | Remedies for female diseases. The glauciscus: one remedy | [ib.] |
| 47. | Methods of removing superfluous hair. Depilatories | [55] |
| 48. | Remedies for the diseases of infants | [56] |
| 49. | Methods of preventing intoxication. The fish called rubellio:one remedy. The eel: one remedy. The grape-fish: oneremedy | [57] |
| 50. | Antaphrodisiacs and aphrodisiacs. The hippopotamus: oneremedy. The crocodile: one remedy | [ib.] |
| 51. | Remedies for the diseases of animals | [ib.] |
| 52. | Other aquatic productions. Adarca or calamochnos: threeremedies. Reeds: eight remedies. The ink of the sæpia | [58] |
| 53. | The names of all the animals that exist in the sea, one hundredand seventy-six in number | [59] |
| 54. | Additional names of fishes found in the poem of Ovid | [65] |
| BOOK XXXIII. | ||
| THE NATURAL HISTORY OF METALS. | ||
| 1. | Metals | [68] |
| 2. | Gold | [69] |
| 3. | What was the first recommendation of gold | [71] |
| 4. | The origin of gold rings | [ib.] |
| 5. | The quantity of gold possessed by the ancients | [75] |
| 6. | The right or wearing gold rings | [76] |
| 7. | The decuries of the judges | [82] |
| 8. | Particulars connected with the equestrian order | [83] |
| 9. | How often the name of the equestrian order has been changed | [85] |
| 10. | Gifts for military services, in gold and silver | [86] |
| 11. | At what period the first crown of gold was presented | [ib.] |
| 12. | Other uses made of gold, by females | [87] |
| 13. | Coins of gold. At what periods copper, gold, and silver, werefirst impressed. How copper was used before gold andsilver were coined. What was the largest sum of moneypossessed by any one at the time of our first census. Howoften, and at what periods, the value of copper and ofcoined money has been changed | [88] |
| 14. | Considerations on man’s cupidity for gold | [91] |
| 15. | The persons who have possessed the greatest quantity of goldand silver | [93] |
| 16. | At what period silver first made its appearance upon the arenaand upon the stage | [94] |
| 17. | At what periods there was the greatest quantity of gold andsilver in the treasury of the Roman people | [95] |
| 18. | At what period ceilings were first gilded | [ib.] |
| 19. | For what reasons the highest value is set upon gold | [96] |
| 20. | The method of gilding | [98] |
| 21. | How gold is found | [99] |
| 22. | Orpiment | [104] |
| 23. | Electrum | [105] |
| 24. | The first statues of gold | [ib.] |
| 25. | Eight remedies derived from gold | [106] |
| 26. | Chrysocolla | [107] |
| 27. | The use made of chrysocolla in painting | [108] |
| 28. | Seven remedies derived from chrysocolla | [110] |
| 29. | The chrysocolla of the goldsmiths, known also as santerna | [ib.] |
| 30. | The marvellous operations of nature in soldering metallicsubstances, and bringing them to a state of perfection | [111] |
| 31. | Silver | [ib.] |
| 32. | Quicksilver | [113] |
| 33. | Stimmi, stibi, alabastrum, larbasis, or platy-ophthalmon | [115] |
| 34. | Seven remedies derived from stimmi | [ib.] |
| 35. | The scoria of silver. Six remedies derived from it | [116] |
| 36. | Minium: for what religious purposes it was used by theancients | [119] |
| 37. | The discovery and origin of minium | [120] |
| 38. | Cinnabaris | [ib.] |
| 39. | The employment of cinnabaris in painting | [121] |
| 40. | The various kinds of minium. The use made of it in painting | [ib.] |
| 41. | Hydrargyros. Remedies derived from minium | [124] |
| 42. | The method of gilding silver | [ib.] |
| 43. | Touchstones for testing gold | [125] |
| 44. | The different kinds of silver, and the modes of testing it | [ib.] |
| 45. | Mirrors | [126] |
| 46. | Egyptian silver | [128] |
| 47. | Instances of immense wealth. Persons who have possessedthe greatest sums of money | [129] |
| 48. | At what period the Roman people first made voluntary contributions | [131] |
| 49. | Instances of luxury in silver plate | [ib.] |
| 50. | Instances of the frugality of the ancients in reference to silverplate | [132] |
| 51. | At what period silver was first used as an ornament forcouches | [134] |
| 52. | At what period silver chargers of enormous size were firstmade. When silver was first used as a material for sideboards.When the sideboards called tympana were firstintroduced | [ib.] |
| 53. | The enormous price of silver plate | [135] |
| 54. | Statues of silver | [136] |
| 55. | The most remarkable works in silver, and the names of themost famous artists in silver | [138] |
| 56. | Sil: The persons who first used it in painting and the methodthey adopted | [140] |
| 57. | Cæruleum | [141] |
| 58. | Two remedies derived from cæruleum | [143] |
| BOOK XXXIV. | ||
| THE NATURAL HISTORY OF METALS. | ||
| 1. | The ores of brass | [147] |
| 2. | The different kinds of copper | [148] |
| 3. | The Corinthian brass | [149] |
| 4. | The Delian brass | [151] |
| 5. | The Æginetan brass | [ib.] |
| 6. | Stands for lamps | [152] |
| 7. | Ornaments of the temples made of brass | [153] |
| 8. | Couches of brass | [ib.] |
| 9. | Which was the first statue of a god made of brass at Rome.The origin of statues, and the respect paid to them | [154] |
| 10. | The different kinds and forms of statues. Statues at Romewith cuirasses | [155] |
| 11. | In honour of whom public statues were first erected: inhonour of whom they were first placed on pillars: whenthe rostra were first erected | [156] |
| 12. | In honour of what foreigners public statues were erected atRome | [159] |
| 13. | The first equestrian statues publicly erected at Rome, and inhonour of what females statues were publicly erected there | [160] |
| 14. | At what period all the statues erected by private individualswere removed from the public places | [ib.] |
| 15. | The first statues publicly erected by foreigners | [161] |
| 16. | That there were statuaries in Italy also at an early period | [162] |
| 17. | The immoderate prices of statues | [163] |
| 18. | The most celebrated colossal statues in the city | [164] |
| 19. | An account of the most celebrated works in brass, and of theartists, 366 in number | [168] |
| 20. | The different kinds of copper and its combinations. Pyropus.Campanian copper | [189] |
| 21. | The method of preserving copper | [191] |
| 22. | Cadmia | [ib.] |
| 23. | Fifteen remedies derived from cadmia. Ten medicinal effectsof calcined copper | [193] |
| 24. | The scoria of copper | [194] |
| 25. | Stomoma of copper: forty-seven remedies | [ib.] |
| 26. | Verdigris: Eighteen remedies | [195] |
| 27. | Hieracium | [197] |
| 28. | Scolex of copper: eighteen remedies | [ib.] |
| 29. | Chalcitis: seven remedies | [198] |
| 30. | Sory: three remedies | [199] |
| 31. | Misy: thirteen remedies | [ib.] |
| 32. | Chalcanthum, or shoemakers’ black: sixteen remedies | [200] |
| 33. | Pompholyx | [202] |
| 34. | Spodos: five remedies | [ib.] |
| 35. | Fifteen varieties of antispodos | [203] |
| 36. | Smegma | [204] |
| 37. | Diphryx | [ib.] |
| 38. | Particulars relative to the Servilian triens | [205] |
| 39. | Iron ores | [ib.] |
| 40. | Statues of iron; chased works in iron | [206] |
| 41. | The different kinds of iron, and the mode of tempering it | [ib.] |
| 42. | The metal called live iron | [209] |
| 43. | Methods of preventing rust | [ib.] |
| 44. | Seven remedies derived from iron | [210] |
| 45. | Fourteen remedies derived from rust | [211] |
| 46. | Seventeen remedies derived from the scales of iron. Hygremplastrum | [ib.] |
| 47. | The ores of lead | [212] |
| 48. | Stannum. Argentarium | [214] |
| 49. | Black lead | [215] |
| 50. | Fifteen remedies derived from lead | [216] |
| 51. | Fifteen remedies derived from the scoria of lead | [218] |
| 52. | Spodium of lead | [ib.] |
| 53. | Molybdæna: fifteen remedies | [ib.] |
| 54. | Psimithium, or ceruse; six remedies | [219] |
| 55. | Sandarach: eleven remedies | [220] |
| 56. | Arrhenicum | [ib.] |
| BOOK XXXV. | ||
| AN ACCOUNT OF PAINTINGS AND COLOURS. | ||
| 1. | The honour attached to painting | [223] |
| 2. | The honour attached to portraits | [224] |
| 3. | When shields were first invented with portraits upon them;and when they were first erected in public | [227] |
| 4. | When these shields were first placed in private houses | [ib.] |
| 5. | The commencement of the art of painting. Monochrome paintings.The earliest painters | [228] |
| 6. | The antiquity of painting in Italy | [229] |
| 7. | Roman painters | [230] |
| 8. | At what period foreign paintings were first introduced at Rome | [232] |
| 9. | At what period painting was first held in high esteem at Rome,and from what causes | [ib.] |
| 10. | What pictures the Emperors have exhibited in public | [233] |
| 11. | The art of painting | [234] |
| 12. | Pigments other than those of a metallic origin. Artificialcolours | [235] |
| 13. | Sinopis: eleven remedies | [ib.] |
| 14. | Rubrica; Lemnian earth: four remedies | [236] |
| 15. | Egyptian earth | [237] |
| 16. | Ochra: remedies derived from rubrica | [ib.] |
| 17. | Leucophoron | [ib.] |
| 18. | Parætonium | [238] |
| 19. | Melinum: six remedies. Ceruse | [ib.] |
| 20. | Usta | [239] |
| 21. | Eretria | [ib.] |
| 22. | Sandarach | [ib.] |
| 23. | Sandyx | [240] |
| 24. | Syricum | [ib.] |
| 25. | Atramentum | [ib.] |
| 26. | Purpurissum | [242] |
| 27. | Indicum | [ib.] |
| 28. | Armenium: one remedy | [243] |
| 29. | Appianum | [ib.] |
| 30. | Anularian white | [244] |
| 31. | Which colours do not admit of being laid on a wet coating | [ib.] |
| 32. | What colours were used by the ancients in painting | [245] |
| 33. | At what time combats of gladiators were first painted and publiclyexhibited | [246] |
| 34. | The age of painting; with the names of the more celebratedworks and artists, four hundred and five in number | [ib.] |
| 35. | The first contest for excellence in the pictorial art | [248] |
| 36. | Artists who painted with the pencil | [249] |
| 37. | Various other kinds of painting | [268] |
| 38. | An effectual way of putting a stop to the singing of birds | [272] |
| 39. | Artists who have painted in eucaustics or wax, with either thecestrum or the pencil | [ib.] |
| 40. | The first inventors of various kinds of painting. The greatestdifficulties in the art of painting. The several varieties ofpainting. The first artist that painted ceilings. Whenarched roofs were first painted. The marvellous price ofsome pictures | [ib.] |
| 41. | Encaustic painting | [282] |
| 42. | The colouring of tissues | [ib.] |
| 43. | The inventors of the art of modelling | [283] |
| 44. | Who was the first to mould figures in imitation of the featuresof living persons, or of statues | [284] |
| 45. | The most famous modellers | [ib.] |
| 46. | Works in pottery | [286] |
| 47. | Various kinds of earth. The Puteolan dust, and other earths ofwhich cements like stone are made | [288] |
| 48. | Formacean walls | [289] |
| 49. | Walls of brick. The method of making bricks | [290] |
| 50. | Sulphur, and the several varieties of it: fourteen remedies | [291] |
| 51. | Bitumen, and the several varieties of it: twenty-seven remedies | [293] |
| 52. | Alumen, and the several varieties of it: thirty-eight remedies | [294] |
| 53. | Samian earth: three remedies | [298] |
| 54. | The various kinds of eretria | [ib.] |
| 55. | The method of washing earths for medicinal purposes | [ib.] |
| 56. | Chian earth: three remedies. Selinusian earth: three remedies.Pnigitis: nine remedies. Ampelitis: four remedies | [299] |
| 57. | Cretaceous earths used for scouring cloth. Cimolian earth:nine remedies. Sardinian earth. Umbrian earth. Suxum | [ib.] |
| 58. | Argentaria. Names of freedmen who have either risen topower themselves, or have belonged to men of influence | [301] |
| 59. | The earth of Galata; of Clypea; of the Baleares; and of Ebusus | [303] |
| BOOK XXXVI. | ||
| THE NATURAL HISTORY OF STONES. | ||
| 1. | Luxury displayed in the use of various kinds of marble | [305] |
| 2. | Who was the first to employ marble in public buildings | [306] |
| 3. | Who was the first to erect columns of foreign marble at Rome | [307] |
| 4. | The first artists who excelled in the sculpture of marble, andthe various periods at which they flourished. The Mausoleumin Caria. The most celebrated sculptors and works inmarble, two hundred and twenty-five in number | [308] |
| 5. | At what period marble was first used in buildings | [323] |
| 6. | Who were the first to cut marble into slabs, and at what period | [324] |
| 7. | Who was the first to encrust the walls of houses at Rome withmarble | [ib.] |
| 8. | At what period the various kinds of marble came into use atRome | [325] |
| 9. | The method of cutting marble into slabs. The sand used incutting marble | [ib.] |
| 10. | Stone of Naxos. Stone of Armenia | [327] |
| 11. | The marbles of Alexandria | [ib.] |
| 12. | Onyx and alabastrites: six remedies | [329] |
| 13. | Lygdinus; corallitic stone; stone of Alabanda; stone of Thebais;stone of Syene | [330] |
| 14. | Obelisks | [331] |
| 15. | The obelisk which serves as a dial in the Campus Martius | [334] |
| 16. | Marvellous works in Egypt. The pyramids | [335] |
| 17. | The Egyptian Sphinx | [336] |
| 18. | The Pharos | [339] |
| 19. | Labyrinths | [ib.] |
| 20. | Hanging gardens. A hanging city | [343] |
| 21. | The Temple of Diana at Ephesus | [ib.] |
| 22. | Marvels connected with other temples | [344] |
| 23. | The fugitive stone. The seven-fold echo. Buildings erectedwithout the use of nails | [ib.] |
| 24. | Marvellous buildings at Rome, eighteen in number | [345] |
| 25. | The magnet: three remedies | [355] |
| 26. | Stone of Scyros | [357] |
| 27. | Sarcophagus, or stone of Assos: ten remedies | [ib.] |
| 28. | Chernites | [ib.] |
| 29. | Osseous stones. Palm stones. Corani. Black stones | [358] |
| 30. | Molar stones. Pyrites: seven remedies | [359] |
| 31. | Ostrocites: four remedies. Amianthus: two remedies | [360] |
| 32. | Geodes: three remedies | [ib.] |
| 33. | Melitinus: six remedies | [ib.] |
| 34. | Gagates: six remedies | [361] |
| 35. | Spongites: two remedies | [362] |
| 36. | Phrygian stone | [ib.] |
| 37. | Hæmatites: five remedies. Schistos: seven remedies | [ib.] |
| 38. | Æthiopic hæmatites. Androdamas: two remedies. Arabianhæmatites. Miltites or hepatites. Anthracites | [363] |
| 39. | Aëtites. Taphiusian stone. Callimus | [364] |
| 40. | Samian stone: eight remedies | [365] |
| 41. | Arabian stone: six remedies | [ib.] |
| 42. | Pumice: nine remedies | [366] |
| 43. | Stones for mortars used for medicinal and other purposes.Etesian stone. Thebaic stone. Chalazian stone | [367] |
| 44. | Stone of Siphnos. Soft stones | [368] |
| 45. | Specular stones | [ib.] |
| 46. | Phengites | [369] |
| 47. | Whetstones | [370] |
| 48. | Tophus | [371] |
| 49. | The various kinds of silex | [ib.] |
| 50. | Other stones used for building | [372] |
| 51. | The various methods of building | [ib.] |
| 52. | Cisterns | [373] |
| 53. | Quick-lime | [ib.] |
| 54. | The various kinds of sand. The combinations of sand withlime | [ib.] |
| 55. | Defects in building. Plasters for walls | [374] |
| 56. | Columns. The several kinds of columns | [ib.] |
| 57. | Five remedies derived from lime | [375] |
| 58. | Maltha | [ib.] |
| 59. | Gypsum | [376] |
| 60. | Pavements. The Asarotos œcos | [ib.] |
| 61. | The first pavements in use at Rome | [377] |
| 62. | Terrace-roof pavements | [ib.] |
| 63. | Græcanic pavements | [378] |
| 64. | At what period mosaic pavements were first invented. Atwhat period arched roofs were first decorated with glass | [ib.] |
| 65. | The origin of glass | [379] |
| 66. | The various kinds of glass, and the mode of making it | [380] |
| 67. | Obsian glass and Obsian stone | [381] |
| 68. | Marvellous facts connected with fire | [383] |
| 69. | Three remedies derived from fire and from ashes | [ib.] |
| 70. | Prodigies connected with the hearth | [384] |
| BOOK XXXVII. | ||
| THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PRECIOUS STONES. | ||
| 1. | The first use of precious stones | [386] |
| 2. | The jewel of Polycrates | [ib.] |
| 3. | The jewel of Pyrrhus | [387] |
| 4. | Who were the most skilful lapidaries. The finest specimensof engraving on precious stones | [389] |
| 5. | The first dactyliothecæ at Rome | [390] |
| 6. | Jewels displayed at Rome in the triumph of Pompeius Magnus | [ib.] |
| 7. | At what period murrhine vessels were first introduced at Rome.Instances of luxury in reference to them | [392] |
| 8. | The nature of murrhine vessels | [393] |
| 9. | The nature of crystal | [394] |
| 10. | Luxury displayed in the use of crystal. Remedies derived fromcrystal | [395] |
| 11. | Amber: the many falsehoods that have been told about it | [397] |
| 12. | The several kinds of amber: the remedies derived from it | [402] |
| 13. | Lyncurium: two asserted remedies | [404] |
| 14. | The various precious stones, classified according to their principalcolours | [405] |
| 15. | Adamas: six varieties of it. Two remedies | [ib.] |
| 16. | Smaragdus | [408] |
| 17. | Twelve varieties of the smaragdus | [410] |
| 18. | Defects in the smaragdus | [411] |
| 19. | The precious stone called tanos. Chalcosmaragdos | [413] |
| 20. | Beryls: eight varieties of them. Defects in beryls | [414] |
| 21. | Opals: seven varieties of them | [415] |
| 22. | Defects in opals: the modes of testing them | [416] |
| 23. | Sardonyx; the several varieties of it. Defects in the sardonyx | [417] |
| 24. | Onyx: the several varieties of it | [419] |
| 25. | Carbunculus: twelve varieties of it | [420] |
| 26. | Defects in carbunculus, and the mode of testing it | [422] |
| 27. | Anthracitis | [423] |
| 28. | Sandastros. Sandaresos | [ib.] |
| 29. | Lychnis: four varieties of it | [424] |
| 30. | Carchedonia | [425] |
| 31. | Sarda: five varieties of it | [ib.] |
| 32. | Topazos: two varieties of it | [426] |
| 33. | Callaina | [427] |
| 34. | Prasius: three varieties of it | [429] |
| 35. | Nilion | [ib.] |
| 36. | Molochitis | [ib.] |
| 37. | Iaspis: fourteen varieties of it. Defects found in iaspis | [430] |
| 38. | Cyanos: the several varieties of it | [432] |
| 39. | Sapphiros | [ib.] |
| 40. | Amethystos: four varieties of it. Socondion. Sapenos. Pharanitis.Aphrodites blepharon, anteros, or hæderos | [ib.] |
| 41. | Hyacinthos | [434] |
| 42. | Chrysolithos: seven varieties of it | [ib.] |
| 43. | Chryselectrum | [435] |
| 44. | Leucochrysos: four varieties of it | [ib.] |
| 45. | Melichrysos. Xuthon | [436] |
| 46. | Pæderos, sangenon, or tenites | [ib.] |
| 47. | Asteria | [437] |
| 48. | Astrion | [ib.] |
| 49. | Astriotes | [ib.] |
| 50. | Astrobolos | [438] |
| 51. | Ceraunia: four varieties of it | [ib.] |
| 52. | Iris: two varieties of it | [ib.] |
| 53. | Leros | [439] |
| 54. | Achates: the several varieties of it. Acopos: the remedies derivedfrom it. Alabastritis: the remedies derived from it.Alectoria. Androdamas. Argyrodamas. Antipathes. Arabica.Aromatitis. Asbestos. Aspisatis. Atizöe. Augetis.Amphidanes or chrysocolla. Aphrodisiaca. Apsyctos.Ægyptilla | [ib.] |
| 55. | Balanites. Batrachitis. Baptes. Beli oculus. Belus. Baroptenusor barippe. Botryitis. Bostrychitis. Bucardia.Brontea. Bolos | [443] |
| 56. | Cadmitis. Callais. Capnitis. Cappadocia. Callaica. Catochitis.Catoptritis. Cepitis or Cepolatitis. Ceramitis.Cinædia. Ceritis. Circos. Corsoïdes. Coralloachates.Corallis. Crateritis. Crocallis. Cyitis. Chalcophonos.Chelidonia. Chelonia. Chelonitis. Chloritis. Choaspitis.Chrysolampis. Chrysopis. Ceponides | [444] |
| 57. | Daphnea. Diadochos. Diphyes. Dionysias. Draconitis | [447] |
| 58. | Encardia or ariste. Enorchis. Exebenus. Erythallis. Erotylos,amphicomos, or hieromnemon. Eumeces. Enmithres.Eupetalos. Eureos. Eurotias. Eusebes. Epimelas | [448] |
| 59. | Galaxias. Galactitis, leucogæa, leucographitis, or synnephitis.Gallaica. Gassinade. Glossopetra. Gorgonia. Goniæa | [449] |
| 60. | Heliotropium. Hephæstitis. Hermuaidoion. Hexecontalithos.Hieracitis. Hammitis. Hammonis cornu. Hormiscion.Hyænia. Hæmatitis | [450] |
| 61. | Idæi dactyli. Icterias. Jovis gemma. Indica. Ion | [452] |
| 62. | Lepidotis. Lesbias. Leucophthalmos. Leucopœcilos. Libanochrus.Limoniatis. Liparea. Lysimachos. Leucochrysos | [ib.] |
| 63. | Memnonia. Media. Meconitis. Mithrax. Morochthos.Mormorion or promnion. Murrhitis. Myrmecias. Myrsinitis.Mesoleucos. Mesomelas | [453] |
| 64. | Nasamonitis. Nebritis. Nipparene | [454] |
| 65. | Oica. Ombria or notia. Onocardia. Oritis or sideritis.Ostracias. Ostritis. Ophicardelon. Obsian stone | [ib.] |
| 66. | Panchrus. Pangonus. Paneros or panerastos. Pontica: fourvarieties of it. Phloginos or chrysitis. Phœnicitis. Phycitis.Perileucos. Pæanitis or gæanis | [455] |
| 67. | Solis gemma. Sagda. Samothracia. Sauritis. Sarcitis.Selenitis. Sideritis. Sideropœcilos. Spongitis. Synodontitis.Syrtitis. Syringitis | [456] |
| 68. | Trichrus. Thelyrrhizos. Thelycardios or mule. Thracia:three varieties of it. Tephritis. Tecolithos | [457] |
| 69. | Veneris crines. Veientana | [458] |
| 70. | Zathene. Zmilampis. Zoraniscæa | [ib.] |
| 71. | Precious stones which derive their names from various parts ofthe human body. Hepatitis. Steatitis. Adadunephros.Adaduophthalmos. Adadudactylos. Triophthalmos | [ib.] |
| 72. | Precious stones which derive their names from animals. Carcinias.Echitis. Scorpitis. Scaritis. Triglitis. Ægophthalmos.Hyophthalmos. Geranitis. Hieracitis. Aëtitis.Myrmecitis. Cantharias. Lycophthalmos. Taos. Timictonia | [459] |
| 73. | Precious stones which derive their names from other objects.Hammochrysos. Cenchritis. Dryitis. Cissitis. Narcissitis.Cyamias. Pyren. Phœnicitis. Chalazias. Pyritis.Polyzonos Astrapæa. Phlogitis. Anthracitis. Enhygros.Polythrix. Leontios. Pardalios. Drosolithos. Melichrus.Melichloros. Crocias. Polias. Spartopolias. Rhoditis.Chalcitis. Sycitis. Bostrychitis. Chernitie. Anancitis.Synochitis. Dendritis | [ib.] |
| 74. | Precious stones that suddenly make their appearance. Cochlides | [461] |
| 75. | The various forms of precious stones | [462] |
| 76. | The methods of testing precious stones | [463] |
| 77. | A comparative view of Nature as she appears in differentcountries. The comparative values of things | [464] |
| General Index | [469] | |
NATURAL HISTORY OF PLINY.
BOOK XXXII.[1]
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM AQUATIC ANIMALS.
CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE POWER OF NATURE AS MANIFESTED IN ANTIPATHIES. THE ECHENEÏS: TWO REMEDIES.
Following the proper order of things, we have now arrived at the culminating point of the wonders manifested to us by the operations of Nature. And even at the very outset, we find spontaneously presented to us an incomparable illustration of her mysterious powers: so much so, in fact, that beyond it we feel ourselves bound to forbear extending our enquiries, there being nothing to be found either equal or analogous to an element in which Nature quite triumphs over herself, and that, too, in such numberless ways. For what is there more unruly than the sea, with its winds, its tornadoes, and its tempests? And yet in what department of her works has Nature been more seconded by the ingenuity of man, than in this, by his inventions of sails and of oars? In addition to this, we are struck with the ineffable might displayed by the Ocean’s tides, as they constantly ebb and flow, and so regulate the currents of the sea as though they were the waters of one vast river.
And yet all these forces, though acting in unison, and impelling in the same direction, a single fish, and that of a very diminutive size—the fish known as the “echeneïs”[2]—possesses the power of counteracting. Winds may blow and storms may rage, and yet the echeneïs controls their fury, restrains their mighty force, and bids ships stand still in their career; a result which no cables, no anchors, from their ponderousness quite incapable of being weighed, could ever have produced! A fish bridles the impetuous violence of the deep, and subdues the frantic rage of the universe—and all this by no effort of its own, no act of resistance on its part, no act at all, in fact, but that of adhering to the bark! Trifling as this object would appear, it suffices to counteract all these forces combined, and to forbid the ship to pass onward in its way! Fleets, armed for war, pile up towers and bulwarks on their decks, in order that, upon the deep even, men may fight from behind ramparts as it were. But alas for human vanity!—when their prows, beaked as they are with brass and with iron,[3] and armed for the onset, can thus be arrested and rivetted to the spot by a little fish, no more than some half foot in length!
At the battle of Actium, it is said, a fish of this kind stopped the prætorian ship[4] of Antonius in its course, at the moment that he was hastening from ship to ship to encourage and exhort his men, and so compelled him to leave it and go on board another. Hence it was, that the fleet of Cæsar gained the advantage[5] in the onset, and charged with a redoubled impetuosity. In our own time, too, one of these fish arrested the ship of the Emperor[6] Caius in its course, when he was returning from Astura to Antium:[7] and thus, as the result proved, did an insignificant fish give presage of great events; for no sooner had the emperor returned to Rome than he was pierced by the weapons of his own soldiers. Nor did this sudden stoppage of the ship long remain a mystery, the cause being perceived upon finding that, out of the whole fleet, the emperor’s five-banked galley was the only one that was making no way. The moment this was discovered, some of the sailors plunged into the sea, and, on making search about the ship’s sides, they found an echeneïs adhering to the rudder. Upon its being shown to the emperor, he strongly expressed his indignation that such an obstacle as this should have impeded his progress, and have rendered powerless the hearty endeavours of some four hundred men. One thing, too, it is well known, more particularly surprised[8] him, how it was possible that the fish, while adhering to the ship, should arrest its progress, and yet should have no such power when brought on board.
According to the persons who examined it on that occasion, and who have seen it since, the echeneïs bears a strong resemblance to a large slug.[9] The various opinions entertained respecting it we have already[10] noticed, when speaking of it in the Natural History of Fishes. There is no doubt, too, that all fish of this kind are possessed of a similar power; witness, for example, the well-known instance of the shells[11] which are still preserved and consecrated in the Temple of Venus at Cnidos, and which, we are bound to believe, once gave such striking evidence of the possession of similar properties. Some of our own authors have given this fish the Latin name of “mora.”[12] It is a singular thing, but among the Greeks we find writers who state that, worn as an amulet, the echeneïs has the property,[13] as already mentioned, of preventing miscarriage, and of reducing procidence of the uterus, and so permitting the fœtus to reach maturity: while others, again, assert that, if it is preserved in salt and worn as an amulet, it will facilitate parturition; a fact to which it is indebted for another name which it bears, “odinolytes.”[14] Be all this as it may, considering this most remarkable fact of a ship being thus stopped in its course, who can entertain a doubt as to the possibility of any manifestation of her power by Nature, or as to the effectual operation of the remedies which she has centred in her spontaneous productions?