A treatise on the origin, progress, prevention, and cure of dry rot in timber

by Thomas Allen Britton

[39] Paper by M. de Laperier, of the Belgian Legation, read at a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries, relative to Flemish origin of English carving.

[40] The large pulpit is not from the design of Sir Christopher Wren, nor is the carving by Grinling Gibbons.

[41] See engraving in the ‘Art Journal,’ 1866.

[42] See Tredgold’s Report on this process, May 2, 1828.

[43] See Bartholomew’s’ Specifications,’ and Professor Donaldson’s valuable work on ‘Specifications,’ which comprises many examples by modern architects. The usual clause is: “The timber to be well seasoned (is it?), free from large knots, shakes, and other defects.”

---

INDEX.

• Abel’s silicate of soda process, [160]
• Academy of Sciences, Holland, report on sea-worms, [235]
• Acetate of lead, [226]
• ” iron and wood tar, [130]
• Acid, carbolic, [257], [276]
• ” fluoric, [287]
• ” hydrochloric, [286]
• ” hydro-fluo-silicic, and other substances, [166]
• ” nitric, 9[8], [285]
• ” pyroligneous, [111], [144], [263]
• ” sulphuric, [161], [285]
• ” vegetable, [111]
• Age of trees, how to ascertain, [9]
• Air, admission of, to prevent or cure rot, [27], [171], [187], [284], [292]
• Alberti (L. B.), on seasoning wood, [66], [75]
• Alcohol, in corrosive sublimate, [263], [265], [266], [279]
• Alderson’s (Captain), experiments with woods, [127]
• Alkali, caustic, [122]
• Alum, to prevent combustion, [118]
• ” experiments with, [119]
• ” and other substances, [156], [166], [167]
• American method of preserving ships’ masts, [111]
• ” oak, inferior to English, [40]
• Ammonia, to cure rot, [118], [137]
• ” and other substances, [131], [286]
• Amsterdam, built on piles, [23]
• Annual rings in wood, [8]
• Ants, black, how to destroy, [287]
• ” white, description of, [240]
• ” ” how to destroy, [251], [286]
• ” ” in Australia, Bahia, and Pernambuco, [245]
• ” ” in Batavia, [247]
• ” ” in Brazil, [244]
• ” ” in Ceylon and the Philippine Islands, [246]
• ” ” in France and Japan, [248]
• ” ” in India, [251]
• ” ” in Jamaica, [241]
• ” ” in Spain, Senegal, and Surinam, [248]
• ” ” woods which resist, [249]
• Armstrong’s (J.), account of rotten floor, [43]
• Arsenic, [224], [252], [287]
• ” experiments with, [167]
• ” and other substances, [253]
• Asphalte, to keep out damp, [179]
• Australian method of seasoning Jarrah wood, [115]
• Baker’s (J.), case of dry rot in Baltic wood, [177]
• Ballast for railway sleepers, [48], [138]
• Bank of England, dry rot in dome, [42]
• Banks (Sir J.), on growth of fungi, [44]
• Barium sulphide, to preserve wood, [156]
• Barlow’s patent process, [102]
• ” on seasoning wood, [78]
• Barnacles on timber piles, [223], [226]
• Barry (Sir C.), on steaming wood, [90]
• Baryta, and other substances, [166]
• Basement stories with damp, [23], [181], [182], [187]
• Bayonne, girder in church at, [174]
• Beams, advantage of sawing, [32]
• Bees, carpenter, destroy wood, [240], [259]
• ” wax, and other substances, [156]
• Beetles, in wood, [262], [275]
• ” how to destroy, [286]
• Belgian engineers prefer charred sleepers, [96]
• Belidor, on felling trees, [54]
• Belton House (Earl Brownlow’s), beetles in carvings at, [268], [281]
• Bentham (Sir S.), on drying oak, [91]
• Benzine, to destroy wood beetles, [266], [277], [286]
• Berkeley, on fungi, [21]
• Bethell’s (J.), patent creosoting process, [130], [155], [224], [234], [286]
• ” ” drying stoves, [86]
• Binmer, on steaming and charring, [99]
• Biot, on pressure process, [144]
• Blenheim, state of carvings at, [281]
• ” carvings in yellow deal at, [273]
• Blood, and other substances, [167]
• Bond timber, decay of in walls, [45], [174]
• Borax, a receipt for black ants, [287]
• ” and other substances, [156]
• Boucherie’s (Dr.), sulphate of copper process, [146]
• Bourne’s (J.), experiments with wood, [254]
• Bowring’s (Sir J.), account of ants in Obando, [247]
• Boyden’s (A.), remedies for dry rot, [95], [112], [122]
• Brande (Dr.), on preserving woods, [139], [142], [155]
• Bréant’s patents, [145]
• Brick dust, tar, &c., to preserve piles, [228]
• Brimstone, bees-wax, &c., to preserve wood, [156]
• Brochard and Watteau’s process, [80]
• Browne’s (Sir S.), experiments with piles, [229]
• Brunei (Sir M. I.), [138], [139], [215], [228]
• Buffon, [144], [198]
• Builders, bad, [182], [202]
• Building, hints on, [180]
• Burnett’s (Sir F.), patent zinc process, [140], [224], [254], [255], [286]
• Burt’s experience of creosoted sleepers, [137]
• Cadet de Gassicourt’s process for dry rot, [144]
• Calomel, composition of, [264]
• Calvert’s caoutchouc process, [162]
• Camphor disliked by ants, [287]
• Canadian white spruce deals liable to warp, [65]
• ” yellow wood liable to rot in damp situations, [36], [43]
• Caoutchouc, solution of, [162]
• ” and other substances, [163]
• Carbolic acid, for wood beetles, [257], [276]
• Carbonate of soda (Payne’s process), [154]
• Carbonization by gas, [97], [164]
• Carpenter bees destroy wood, [240], [259]
• Carpenter (Dr.), on growth of fungi, [43]
• Carvers, wood, [280]
• Carvings destroyed by worms, [266]
• ” how to clean, [270]
• ” to destroy worms in, [286]
• Cashiobury, carvings at, destroyed by beetle, [269]
• Cement, to protect piles, [227], [228]
• Ceylon, ants in, [246]
• Chalk, and other substances, [161]
• Champy’s tallow process, [144]
• Chapman (W.), on dry rot, 2[5], [73], [112], [119], [122], [165], [167]
• Charcoal—see [Oils], [Whale], and [Fish]—to preserve wood, [121]
• ” and other substances, [157]
• Charpentier’s hot air patent, [80]
• Charring wood, [95]
• ” when useful, [100]
• ” and pitching, [96]
• Chassloup Lambat’s suggestion to prevent rot, [163]
• Château of the Roques d’Oudres, girders at, [174]
• Chatsworth, Gibbons’ carvings at, [281]
• Chelura terebrans destroy piles, [219]
• Chemists prefer thin creosote, [131]
• Chinese method of preserving wood, [167]
• Chippendale’s carvings, [281]
• Chloride of calcium, [146]
• ” of manganese, [154]
• ” of sodium, [164]
• ” of zinc—see [Burnett’s Process]
• Chlorine gas, and other substances, [123]
• Chloroform, for wood beetles, [277]
• Chunam, and cocoa-nut oil, [107]
• Church at Bayonne, fir girders in, [174]
• ” of Holy Trinity, Cork, rot in vaults, [39]
• ” in London, rot in roof, [184]
• ” in Surrey, [289]
• ” of St. Mark, Venice, rot in curb, [176]
• ” of Old St. Pancras, London, rot in vaults, [40]
• Cleghorn (Dr.), on creosoted sleepers, [47], [136], [142]
• Coal Exchange, flooring of, [81]
• ” tar, [170], [233], [246], [256], [262]
• ” ” and other substances [123], [284], [285]
• ” vessels last long, [117]
• Cobley’s patent lime process, [166]
• Colocynth and quassia, [263]
• ” and other substances, [285]
• Colouring woods, [108]
• Commission, report of, on carvings, [266], [274]
• Cooke’s (M. C.) instance of fungi, [43]
• Copal varnish, [191], [197]
• ” in linseed oil, [285]
• Copper, red oxide of, [161]
• ” prussiate of, [146]
• ” sulphate of—see [Sulphate of Copper]
• ” nitrate of, [226]
• ” sheathing against sea-worms, [228]
• ” ” and tarred felt, [285]
• Copperas, and coal tar, [284]
• ” to preserve ships, [112], [226]
• Cork, for ends of brestsummers, [174]
• Corrosive sublimate, [123], [226], [264], [265], [285], [286]
• ” and other substances, [130], [155], [263], [265], [266], [279], [285]
• Covent Garden Theatre, dry rot in bond, [175]
• Cow-dung mortar, and oils, [251]
• Creosote (Bethell’s patent), [118], [130], [133], [142], [165], [230], [236], [255], [257], [285], [287]
• ” vapour, [145]
• ” and chloride of zinc, [133]
• Crepin (M.), on creosoted wood, [139], [236]
• Cryptogamia, or fungi, [15]
• Cullen’s process for dry rot, [157]
• Dammer oil, and other substances, [255]
• Damp, [176], [177], [178], [181]
• ” a cause of decay in wood, [22]
• ” rooms, how to ascertain, [24]
• Darwin’s process for dry rot, [156]
• Daviller (A. C.), on felling trees, [54]
• Davison and Symington’s process, [81]
• Davy (Sir H.), on corrosive sublimate, [127], [263]
• Deals require long seasoning, [64]
• ” how sometimes imported, [35]
• Deane’s (Sir T.), account of dry rot case, [39]
• Decay of trees, symptoms of, [33]
• De Lapparent’s processes, [73], [97], [163]
• Desiccating processes, [81]
• Dickson (Dr.), on Kyan’s process, [130]
• ” (J.), on seasoning wood, [75]
• Ditton Park, carvings destroyed at, [269]
• Donaldson’s (Prof. T. L.) account of dry rot case, [42]
• Dondeine’s paint, [165]
• Dorsett and Blythé’s copper process, [151]
• Doswell’s report on timber piles, [232]
• Dram battens liable to rot, [8]
• Dry rot, wet rot, and rot.
• ” appearances of, [31], [35]
• ” causes of, [24]
• ” danger of, [34]
• ” how different from wet rot, [14]
• ” proceeds according to temperature [29], [187]
• ” caused by bad building, [182]
• ” ” mortar, [44], [173], [177]
• ” ” damp brickwork, [44], [182]
• ” ” ” ground, [20], [21]
• ” ” ” stone, [44]
• ” ” heat and moisture, [23]
• ” ” insufficient areas, [178]
• ” ” ” tarpaulings, [184]
• ” ” joining different woods, [176]
• ” ” kamptulicon, [187]
• ” ” Keene’s cement, [188]
• ” ” oiled cloth, [185]
• ” ” old trees, [183]
• ” ” partial leaks, [23]
• ” ” want of air, [171], [172], [186], [187], [188]
• ” ” ” proper drains and spouts, [41]
• ” increased by stoves, [172]
• ” in ground, under house at Hampstead, [20]
• ” under foundations, Norfolk House, [176]
• ” ” ” Grosvenor Place, [176]
• ” ” floor, Stanmore Cottage, [183]
• ” ” hearthstone, [43]
• ” ” pavement at Basingstoke, [43]
• ” on paved floor, Westminster Hall, [44]
• ” in vaults, Old St. Pancras Church, [40]
• ” on vaults, Holy Trinity Church, Cork, [39]
• ” in cask in cellar, [43]
• ” ” basement floor of house, Greenwich, Frontispiece
• ” ” ground floor of houses, [43], [177], [185], [186], [187]
• ” ” first floor of house, No. 29, Mincing Lane, [187]
• ” ” second floor of house, No. 79, Gracechurch Street, [187]
• ” ” barn floor, [42]
• ” on floor of house, No. 106, Fenchurch Street, London, [186]
• ” in wood bond, Covent Garden theatre, [175]
• ” ” damp closet, or pantry, [16]
• ” ” wood lining to walls—basement, [125]
• ” ” floor of house in the Temple, London, [124]
• ” ” brestsummer of shop, [42]
• ” ” girder of house (Earl of Mansfield’s), [32]
• ” ” ” building at Malta, [32]
• ” ” partition, No. 16, Mark Lane, London, [188]
• ” ” roof, church in London, [184]
• ” ” ” ” Surrey, [289]
• ” ” curb of dome, St. Mark’s, Venice, [176]
• ” ” dome, Bank of England, [42]
• ” ” ” Halle-au-Blé, Paris, [42]
• ” ” ” Panthéon, Paris, [42]
• ” ” Society of Arts building, Adelphi, [42]
• ” ” field gates, [183]
• ” ” foreign timber, [35]
• ” ” paling [125]
• ” in ships, [23], [26], [73], [93], [112], [114], [172]
• ” prevented by seasoning, [63]
• ” good, cheap, and easy remedy required, [291]
• Du Hamel, [66], [72], [144]
• Duke of Devonshire’s house, dry rot at, [40]
• D’Uslaw’s, Meyer, steam process, [102]
• Dutch method of coating piles, [221]
• Earl Brownlow’s house, beetles in carvings at, [268]
• ” of Mansfield’s house, rotten yellow fir girder at, [32]
• Emerson’s boiled oil process for rot, [110]
• Endogenous stems, grow from within, [4]
• Engineers, English, [139], [288]
• ” foreign, rules for sulphate of copper, [151]
• ” ” ” creosote, [131], [133]
• Evelyn (Sir J.), on seasoning wood, [53], [73], [75]
• Exogenous stems, grow from without, [4]
• Faraday (Prof.), on corrosive sublimate, [129], [263]
• Felt, tarred, and copper sheathing, [285]
• Fences, how to prevent them rotting, [46], [161]
• Fenchurch Street, No. 106, dry rot on floor, [186]
• Feuchtwanger’s (Dr.), water-glass for piles, [226]
• Field gates, dry rot in, [183]
• Fire-proof houses, cost of, [143]
• ” ” necessity of, [291]
• Flemish carvings in England, [280]
• Flockton’s wood tar process to preserve wood, [130]
• Floor-cloths, injurious effects of, [185]
• Floors, how to protect from worms, [266]
• ” dry rot in, [20], [39], [40], [42], [43], [44], [125], [176], [182], [183], [186], [187]
• ” ” [Frontispiece]
• Fluoric acid, for the black ant, [287]
• Fontenay’s metallic soap, to preserve wood, [165]
• Forestier’s experiments with creosoted piles, [139], [236]
• Foundations, how to build, [179]
• Fraser’s (Capt. A.) paint for white ants, [253]
• Fungi differ according to situation, [22]
• ” explanation of the term, [15]
• ” forms and strength of, [31], [43]
• ” production of, [15], [18], [19], [20]
• ” rapid growth of, [44]
• Gambir composition for white ants, [255]
• Garlic and vinegar for worms, [106]
• Gas, carbonization of wood by, [97], [164]
• ” chlorine, and other substances, [123]
• Gibbons’ (Grinling), carvings, [260], [280]
• Glue, solution of, to preserve ships, [112]
• ” and other substances, [112], [122], [130]
• Gracechurch Street, No. 79, dry rot in second floor, [187]
• Graham (Prof.), on Burnett’s process, [140]
• Grease, how to take it out of floor, [191]
• Greenwich, rot in floor of house at, Frontispiece
• Greville’s (Dr.) description of fungi, [21]
• Groo-groo worms in Surinam, [247]
• Grosvenor Place, rotten planking in houses, [176]
• Guibert’s smoke process, [93]
• Hales’ (Dr.) oil and creosoting processes, [111], [118]
• Halle-au-Blé, Paris, dry rot in dome of, [42]
• Haller’s (Dr.) analysis of a fungus, [31]
• Hampstead, dry rot in ground of house at, [20]
• Hancock’s caoutchouc and oil process, [162]
• Hartley’s experiments with fire-proof house, [120]
• Hawkshaw’s opinion of Payne’s process, [155]
• Higgins’ (Dr.) ammonia remedy for rot, [118]
• House, fire-proof, [120]
• ” ” cost of, [143]
• ” badly erected, [182], [202]
• Howe’s experiments with posts, [45]
• Humboldt, Baron, on damp rooms, [24]
• Indestructible Paint Company, [195]
• Indian Woods, [47], [134], [223], [250]
• Ingredients for preserving wood, [168]
• Iron, cast, effect of sea-water on, [230]
• ” muriate of, [157]
• ” prussiate of, [146]
• ” pyrolignite of, [130], [146], [151], [156], [234]
• ” sulphate of, [154], [157], [284]
• Jackson’s preserving processes, [111]
• ” (G.) experiments with white ants, [254]
• Jagherry, or coarse Indian sugar, for mortar, [253]
• Japanese method of treating graining, [194]
• Jarrah wood, how seasoned, [115]
• Johnson’s (B.) account of rot in floor, [42]
• Jones’ (Major, R. E.) report on rotten beams, [32]
• Kamptulicon causes dry rot in floors, [187]
• Kenwood, rotten fir girder at, [32]
• Kidlington, carvings in yellow deal at, [273]
• Kirthington Park, Gibbons’ carvings at, [281]
• Knabb’s sulphate of copper process, [152]
• Kœnig’s opinion of sulphate of copper, [152]
• Kyan’s corrosive sublimate patent, [123], [205], [223], [233]
• Lampblack, and fish oil, [108]
• Langton’s extraction of sap process, [101]
• Lead, [173], [179], [200]
• ” and tarred rope for piles, [228]
• ” oxide of, and other substances, [123]
• Légé and Fleury-Pironnet’s copper patent, [149]
• Le Gras’ manganese, zinc, and creosote patent, [164]
• Lepisma worm destroys boats, [221]
• Letellier’s preserving processes, [130], [165]
• Lewis’ lime process, [112], [116]
• Liebig (Baron) on decay of wood, [19]
• Lime, to preserve wood, [112], [116], [253], [286]
• ” and other substances, [107], [117], [156], [157], [166], [255], [285]
• ” re-carbonated, injurious to wood, [116]
• ” water, to preserve ships, [116], [122]
• ” ” ” basement joists, [116]
• ” ” and sulphuric acid, [156]
• ” vessels last long, [116]
• Limnoria terebrans, description of, [217]
• ” ” how it destroys piles, [218]
• Linseed oil—see [Oils]
• Litharge ” ”
• Logs, state of, on arrival in England, [37]
• Lowestoft Harbour, creosoted piles in, [230]
• Lukins’ stove process, [121]
• Lycoris fucata, destroys the Teredo navalis, [237]
• Lyme Hall, carvings at, [281]
• Maconochie’s suggestions for preserving wood, [121], [145], [163]
• McMaster (B.), on decay of railway sleepers, [47]
• McWilliam, on fungi, [20], [22], [29]
• Makinson, on creosoted piles, [231]
• Malta, rotten girders in building at, [32]
• Manganese, and other substances, [163], [165]
• Mann’s (Capt.) and McPherson’s (Capt.) experiments, [255]
• Margary’s patent sulphate of copper process, [130], [150], [254]
• Mark Lane, No. 16, dry rot in partition at, [188]
• Marshall (G.), on seasoning oak, [69]
• Maun (G. O.), on sleepers, Pernambuco railway, [138]
• Mecquenem’s desiccating process, [80]
• Mellis (J. C.), on creosoted wood, [256]
• Melseun’s experiments with ammonia, [137]
• Mercer’s Hall, decay of carvings at, [267]
• Mercury, deuto-chloride of, [165]
• ” bi-chloride—see [Corrosive Sublimate]
• Merulius lachrymans, dry rot fungus, [21]
• Methods for seasoning wood, [168]
• Methylated spirits of wine for carvings, [279]
• Michigan Central Railroad bridge, dry rotten, [185]
• Migneron’s process, [144]
• Miller’s hot air process, [102]
• Mincing Lane, No. 29, dry rot in first floor at, [187]
• Moll’s vapour of creosote process, [145]
• Moon, age of, a guide for cutting trees, [56]
• Mortar made with sea sand objectionable, [113], [181]
• ” cow-dung and castor oil, [251]
• Mud and other substances to preserve wood, [253]
• Müenzing’s manganese process, [154]
• Mundic, to preserve wood, [118]
• Muriate of iron (Toplis’ process), [157]
• Nails, scupper, for piles, [228], [286]
• Neamann, on seasoning wood, [79], [117]
• Nichols (T.), on sand bath, [116]
• Nitrate of copper for piles, [226]
• Nitric acid, for worms, [285]
• Norfolk House, rotten planking at, [176]
• Norway white lowland deals warp, [65]
• Nystrom’s process, to prevent combustion, [166]
• Oak, American, liable to rot, [40]
• ” different qualities of, [71]
• ” good and bad, [25]
• ” seasoning, [69], [70], [90], [91]
• ” panelling, if not seasoned, shrinks, [288]
• ” how to prevent splitting, [106]
• Ohio fire-proof paint, [185]
• Oil, Arracan, to protect wood from ants, [252]
• ” boiled, to preserve planks of ships, [111]
• ” castor, with cow-dung mortar, [251]
• ” cajeput, to protect wood from ants, [247], [286]
• ” of cedar, to protect wood from worms, [106]
• ” cocoa-nut, to preserve wood, [107]
• ” ” and other substances, [107]
• ” dammer, and other substances, [255]
• ” fish, [108]
• ” ” experiments with, [108]
• ” ” and other substances, [108]
• ” linseed, [106]
• ” ” and other substances, [106], [165], [268], [284], [285]
• ” olive, [106]
• ” of juniper, to prevent worms, [285]
• ” of mustard, to preserve wood, [107]
• ” of spikenard, [106], [285]
• ” of tar; and other substances, [123], [155], [162]
• ” of tar—see [Coal Tar]
• ” palm, to preserve wood, [106], [107]
• ” ” and other substances, [123]
• ” paraffin, to cure dry rot, [285]
• ” petroleum, to preserve wood, [109], [157], [169], [262], [287]
• ” ” and sand, [109]
• ” vegetable, best to preserve wood, [106]
• ” whale, [286]
• ” ” renders wood brittle, [106]
• ” ” and other substances, [106], [107]
• ” and other substances, [156], [167]
• Oils, animal, render wood brittle, [107]
• Oxford’s patent, [123]
• Painting, house, described, [199]
• ” ” causes rot, [183], [185], [269]
• ” how to remove from carvings, [270]
• Paling, rot in, [185]
• Pallas’ iron and lime process, [117]
• Panthéon, Paris, dry rot in dome, [42]
• Parkes’ caoutchouc process, [162]
• Parry’s (Dr.) suggestion to prevent rot, [156]
• Passez’s caoutchouc in sulphur process, [162]
• Pasteur, researches of, [17]
• Patents, most successful patents, [169]
• Payne’s patent process, [144], [154], [156], [223], [254]
• Peat moss, for seasoning wood, [116]
• Penrose’s report on carvings, St. Paul’s Cathedral, [271]
• Pepys, Memoirs of, account of rot in ships in, [24]
• Pering on dry rot, [25]
• Petersburgh deals, white and yellow, [38], [66]
• Petroleum oil to prevent rot, [109], [157], [169], [262], [287]
• Phillips (R.), on seasoning oak, [70]
• Piles, timber, [23], [96], [219], [221], [223], [226], [228], [285]
• ” ” cased in iron, [229]
• Pine, yellow, liable to rot, [43]
• Pitch, [96], [174], [224]
• ” and other substances, [107], [159]
• Pith of tree, formation of, [4]
• Pliny, on salt-water seasoning, [72]
• Polyporus hybridus fungi, [21]
• Porcher (Dr.), on seasoning wood, [75]
• Posts, experiments with, [45]
• ” in Norway, how preserved, [173]
• ” burning ends to preserve, [96], [98]
• ” where they decay, [24]
• ” coating, to preserve, [161]
• Potash, and other substances, [166], [167]
• Price and Manby’s drying stove, [88]
• Pringle (Sir J.), on the strength of alum, [119]
• Pritchard’s report on sea-worms, [156], [233]
• Processes, rules for successful, [110]
• ” pressure and vacuum, [168]
• Prussiate of copper (Boucherie’s process), [146]
• ” of iron ” ” [146]
• Pyroligneous acid, [111], [144], [263]
• Pyrolignite of iron, [130], [146], [151], [234]
• ” ” and oil of tar, [156]
• Quassia, [266], [285]
• ” and colocynth, [263]
• Quatrefages’ experiments, [225], [242]
• Quicklime, if dry, preserves wood, [116]
• Railway sleepers, [47], [49], [74], [101], [103], [125], [134], [136], [138], [140], [143], [149], [151], [152], [251], [254]
• Rance’s experiments with chloride of sodium, [164]
• Randall (J.), on oxidating wood, [98]
• Ransome’s silicate of soda process, [156], [227]
• Rats, how to get rid of, [173]
• Reid’s vegetable acid process, [111]
• Remedies for white ants, [286]
• ” for black ants, [287]
• ” for dry rot, [284]
• ” worms in carvings, [286]
• ” ” in piles, [285]
• Renwick’s vapour of creosote process, [146]
• Resin, and other substances, [122], [159], [161], [285]
• Robins, oleaginous vapour process, [157]
• Rogers (W. J.), the wood carver, [72], [268], [274]
• Rot, internal causes of, [32]
• ” in timber, how to ascertain, [33], [185]
• ” ” to prevent, [283]
• ” ” to cure, [284]
• Salt, bay, to preserve ships, [114]
• ” common, to preserve ships, [112]
• ” ” to preserve railway sleepers, [74]
• ” water, lime, &c., to preserve wood, [73], [111]
• ” vessels last long, [114]
• Saltpetre, to preserve ships, [114]
• Salts, deliquescent, corrode metals, [112]
• Sand and coal tar, [284]
• ” and petroleum, [109]
• ” bath, [116]
• ” sea, [113], [181]
• Sapwood in different woods, [3]
• Saturating woods to resist beetles, [279]
• Scott’s (Col.) paint for ants, [253]
• Sea salt and copperas, [166]
• ” sand, [113], [181]
• ” water, effect of, on iron, [230]
• ” weed, [113]
• ” worms, [203]
• Seasoning by air, and exposure in stacks, [64]
• ” ” heated, [80]
• ” by extraction of sap, [101]
• ” ” water, fresh, [71]
• ” ” ” salt, [73], [113]
• ” ” ” ” sea-weed, and sea-sand, [115]
• ” ” ” lime, [73], [111]
• ” ” smoke, [91]
• ” ” steaming and boiling, [77]
• ” ” ” charring, [99]
• ” ” gas, [97], [164]
• ” ” sand bath, [116]
• ” ” scorching and charring, 95,[97]
• ” ” baking, [79], [81], [86], [88], [94]
• ” oak, [69], [70], [72], [289]
• ” second, [103]
• Sea-worms, woods which resist, [223]
• Selenite, experiments with, [119]
• Shakes in wood, [10], [249], [250]
• Shaw (Capt. E. M.), on admission of air, [120], [171]
• Shield’s remedy for white ants, [245], [256]
• Ships, [99], [111], [112], [114], [116], [117], [194], [251]
• ” dry rot in, [23], [26], [73], [93], [112], [114]
• Silicate of potash, [155]
• ” of soda, [156], [160], [227]
• ” ” and lime, [160]
• Silloway (T. W.), on seasoning wood, [75], [92]
• Silver grain, [6]
• Size for wood, why required, [197]
• ” and corrosive sublimate, [266]
• Slating wall to keep out damp, [177]
• Sleepers, see [Railway Sleepers]
• Smirke (Sir R.), on dry rot, [20], [123]
• Smith’s solution for wood beetles, [264]
• Soap, experiments with, [122]
• ” metallic, to preserve wood, [165]
• ” yellow ” ” [165]
• ” and other substances, [253]
• Society of Arts building, dry rot in, [42]
• Soda, carbonate of, [155]
• Soluble glass, [155]
• Southend pier, attacked by sea-worms, [209]
• Spores, description of, [15]
• Stains for woods, [189], [197]
• Stanmore Cottage, dry rot in floor at, [183]
• Steam, [145], [168]
• ” —see [Seasoning by Steam]
• Stephenson (Sir M.), on creosoted wood, [134]
• Stevenson (R.), on timber piles, [205], [217]
• St. James’s Church, Piccadilly, carvings at, [272], [281]
• St. Helena, experiments with woods at, [256]
• St. Mark’s, Venice, rotten curb of dome at, [176]
• St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, [42], [271], [290]
• St. Preuve’s steam process, [80]
• Stove drying, [79], [81], [86], [88], [94]
• Strength of timber, [11]
• Strontia, and other substances, [166]
• Sublimate—see [Corrosive Sublimate]
• Sulphate of copper, [122], [146], [149], [150], [151], [161], [226], [284]
• ” ” and sulphuric acid, [285]
• ” of iron, [154], [157], [284]
• ” ” and other substances, [117], [166], [284]
• Sulphur, [163]
• ” in other substances, [163], [285]
• Sulphuric acid, [161], [285]
• Surinam, groo-groo worms in, [247]
• Swift’s, Dean, recipe for beetles, [282]
• Tallow bath for wood, [144]
• Tar, and other substances, [106], [130], [159], [228], [251], [284]
• Tarred rope, and lead for piles, [228]
• Teak oil, to preserve wood from ants, [259]
• ” chips, distilled, [163]
• Temple of Diana, at Ephesus, built on charred piles, [98]
• ” buildings, London, dry rot in, [124]
• Tennant’s (Sir E.) account of ants in Ceylon, [246]
• ” ” bees ” [260]
• Teredo navalis, description of, [212]
• ” —see [Worms, Sea]
• Termites—see [Ants, White]
• Tie-beam, instance of unseasoned, [289]
• Timber depreciates by keeping too long, [64]
• Tissier’s hot air process, [102]
• Toplis’ sulphate of iron process, [157]
• Tredgold (T.), on seasoning wood, [78], [101], [290]
• Treenails, [26], [110], [118]
• Trees, symptoms of decay in, [52]
• ” how to prepare for felling, [61]
• ” when to fell, [53], [54], [55], [58]
• Trinity College, Cambridge, carvings at, [269], [273]
• ” Oxford ” [269], [273]
• Truman’s brewery, seasoning casks at, [84]
• Turpentine prevents rot, [36], [257], [263], [285]
• ” in corrosive sublimate, [115]
• Uninflammable wood, good process required for, [170], [291]
• Unseasoned oak panelling, [288]
• ” roof principal, [289]
• Vaporizing woods, [276]
• Vapour of creosote process, [145]
• Venice, built on piles, [23]
• Vernet’s fire-proof method, [167]
• Vessels in coal trade last long, [117]
• ” in lime ” [116]
• ” in salt ” [114]
• Vinegar—see [Garlic]
• Vitriol, blue—see [Sulphate of Copper]
• ” green—see [Sulphate of Iron]
• Vitruvius on seasoning wood, [75]
• Vulliamy (G.), on charring posts, [96]
• Wade’s suggestions for preserving wood, [119], [122]
• Wainscot, Crown Riga, [90]
• ” dry rot in, [35], [125]
• ” how to cut oak for, [70]
• ” unseasoned oak for, [289]
• Wallis’ experiments with beetles, [276]
• Walnut juice for worms, [263]
• Warburton’s (H.) opinion of American oak, [40]
• Warping of boards, [66], [67]
• Water in wood, [39], [67], [180]
• ” in church, [29]
• ” glass to preserve piles, [226]
• Watson’s (Dr.) experiments with wood, [67]
• Westwood’s (Prof.) report on wood beetles, [262]
• Wet rot, how caused, [14], [28]
• Wimpole, carvings at, [273]
• Wood bond decays, [175], [176]
• ” progress of decay in, [19]
• ” (Rev. J.), on worms and ants, [211], [265]
• Woods best when not painted, [189]
• ” experiments with, [46], [58], [67]
• ” french polished, [192]
• ” white, improved by water seasoning, [72]
• ” which resist beetles, [273]
• ” ” sea-worms, [223]
• ” ” white ants, [249]
• Woodcutters, [55]
• ” tricks of Indian, [11]
• ” tricks, of, in Ceylon, [114]
• Woody fibre, formation of, [2], [7]
• Worms, sea, [203]
• ” how to prevent in wood, [285]
• Wren (Sir C.), [23], [98], [221], [271]
• Zinc, chloride of—see [Burnett’s Process]
• ” sulphate of, [122]
• ” white oxide of, [226]
• ” and other substances, [165]