Airopaidia

by Thomas Baldwin

438. The Boiler for Steam may be fixed on any Part of the Tube near the Fire, and near the opposite Axis; so that one Person may attend both the Steam-Pipe, and Axis. The Steam to be conveyed throu’ a small Orifice made in the Bottom of the Tube, between the same Axis and the Fire.

439. As soon as the Materials, above the Center of the Fire, are supposed to be red hot, the Steam-Pipe is to be opened for a Moment and shut again. The extricated Gass will be instantly heard, rushing throu’ the Vessel of cold Water; and as instantly seen to swell the varnished Linen-Trunk as it passes into the Balloon.

The Steam-Pipe is to be regulated by these infallible Signals: and the Process continued, till that Quantity of Borings, that was in the Center of the Fire, and consequently red hot, is supposed to be calcined.

At which Time, the Handles are to be applied to the Axis, and the Cradle and Muffle drawn 5 or 6 Inches forward into the Fire.

When drawn too far; Recourse must be had to the second Axis.

440. If great Expedition is required, two or three Conductors from the same Tube may be used: and, at the Distance of six or seven Feet from the Fire, Tin-Conductors may be added; taking Care that they are made, applied, and continued Air-tight.

THE END.

An alphabetical index of the contents:

Referring to the sections and notes, but not to the Pages.

• A.
• Absorption of Water by Air, Experiment to prove the, [247]
• Accumulation of Air, mediocèanal, [259], [260]
• Aërial Scenes described, [39], [47], [51], [56]
• Air gives form to Things, [53]
• - gentle, its Effect on the Surface of the Balloon, [201]
• - calm, its Effect on the Surface of the Balloon, [202]
• - pure, cool, defloguisticated, perpetually descending, [252]
• - descending Torrents of, on Etna and Teneriffe, [265]
• - Reception and Dispersion of, what, [280]
• Air Bottle Balloon, its Use, [311]
• - - - preferred to an interior Balloon, [314]
• Aironaut Employments of the, in the Balloon, [29]
• - - Attitude of the, in the Balloon, [32], [33]
• - - lost over a Country well-known when below, [177]
• - - to try different Heights, to find a favorable Wind, [309]
• - - to wait, in the Calm above the Clouds, for a Wind, [309]
• Airostat, a small one first liberated, [8]
• Altitude apparent, from the Balloon when stationary, [49]
• - - barometric, [49], b.
• Anchor and Cable, [13]
• Apogay Winds, what, [241]
• Apparent Height proportioned to the barometric Height, [49]
• Appearance of a Plain below, the Size of a moderate Carpet, what, [179], [189]
• Appearance of a Plain below, the Size of a Handkerchief, what, [181], [187]
• Appearances at different Altitudes, from the Balloon, [213]
• Articles, Weight and Number of, [26]
• Ascent, to check and promote, [14]
• - - Preparations for, [22]
• - - of the Balloon at 40 Minutes past I. o’clock, [28]
• - - with twenty Pounds of Levity, [28]
• - - of Balloons, Causes to limit the, [279]
• - - proper Times for, [285]
• - - new Mode of, to determine the Height, [299]
• Atmosphere gross, when seen throu’, from below, [55]
• - - Depression of the, [232]
• - - State of, favorable to the Direction of Balloons, [268]
• - - Conjectures concerning the Warmth of the superior, [275]
• - - probably respirable at great Altitudes, [277]
• - - Height of, [290]
• - - Weight of, in England, [290]
• Attention to the Balloon necessary, [35]
• Aurora Borealis, Conjectures concerning Appearance of, [274]
• B.
• Ballast of what it consisted, [27]
• - - when to be first thrown out, [21]
• - - in Hand, ready to throw out, [91]
• - - thrown down, [67], [95]
• - - thrown over nearly 32 Pounds, [103]
• - - poured down at once 20 Pounds, [183]
• Balloon going to Sea, [75], [87], [90]
• - - in a quiescent Bed of Air, [75]
• - - of rowing it to any Point, in a Calm, [75]
• - - drawn aside out of the Perpendicular, [103]
• - - shrunk to its former Shape, [123]
• - - alternately rising and falling, [125], [138]
• - - in the Air five Hours and a Quarter, [207]
• - - sustained above Water, how, [294], [295]
• - - best Form of, [307]
• - - Double, what, [314]
• Balloons their Defects, and further Improvements, [303]
• - - Air-tight Varnish for, [320], [325]
• Barometer, and Thermometer, when stationary, [36]
• - - Fluctuation of the Quicksilver in the, [37]
• - - Mensuration of Heights by the, [350]
• Beautiful preferred to the Sublime, in Prospects, [42]
• - - Appearance, [43]
• Bladders necessary, [26]
• - - began to crackle, [116]
• Bottles of Air thrown down, Caution, [74], [77], [84]
• Breath not affected, nor visible, during the Excursion, [126]
• Breeze Sea-, [88], [92], [257]
• C.
• Cable, and Anchor or Grapple, [13]
• - - to be fastened to a Center above the Car, [297]
• Calculations of the Distance seen from the Balloon, [52], a.
• - - of the Height of Mountains, [171], a.
• Calm above, and Wind below, at the same Time, [168]
• Canal artificial, Duke of Bridgewater’s, Appearance of, [166]
• Cannon first discharged at IX. o’clock, [7]
• - - the second Time, at XII., [11]
• - - the third Time, at 40 Minutes and a half past I., [64]
• - - the last Time, at 10 Minutes and a half past II., [62]
• Car and Hoops, their Dimensions, [35]
• Caution to keep the Circle clear during the Inflation, [23]
• - - against the Dropping of Water out of the Balloon, [31]
• - - on Landing, [98]
• - - not to open the upper Valve, [122]
• Charts Balloon, first suggested, [168]
• Chilliness first perceived, [92];
• again, [109]
• - - felt near moist Places, [283]
• Circularity of Prospect, [79], [221]
• Circumstance, each to be recorded, [4]
• Circumstances apparently superfluous, mentioned and repeated, why, [5]
• Clouds, an upper Tier seen to move in a safe Direction, [7], [46]
• - - Perspective of the, [51]
• - - appearing in rapid Motion, [163]
• - - View of the, taken from above them, [130], [171]
• - - Colouring of the, [172]
• - - highest visible, [213]
• Cochuc-Varnish, [320]
• Cold, its Effects on the Balloon, [94]
• Colour of the Rivers, red, [44]
• - - of the City of Chester, blue, [45]
• - - of Thunder-Clouds, [54]
• - - of upper Clouds, [57], [172],
• Colours, primary, of Objects beneath, [129]
• Columns of Air, depressing, observed by the Ancients, [239]
• Compass, the properest Kind of, [38], a.
• Conclusions, useful, [159]
• Conjunction of the Planets preceding a Hurricane, [211]
• Contemplation of the Prospect, [113]
• Course of the Balloon traced, to shew the Manner in which it was affected in passing over Water, [78]
• Curls and Streams of Air, Smoke and Vapour, [250], b.
• Currents of Air, horizontal, [20]
• - - from above, to be guarded against, [21]
• Currents under, of Air, [87]
• - - of Air, blowing to and from great Towns, [250]
• - - of Air, contrary, at different Heights, at the same Time, [267]
• - - the Balloon rising throu’ different, [106]
• D.
• Defects in the Composition for Balloons, remedied, [320]
• Depressing Torrents of Air, [254]
• Depression of the Atmosphere, [232]
• - - over moist Places in fair Weather, [243]
• - - of the Atmosphere proved from History, [253]
• - - nocturnal, of the Atmosphere, [267]
• - - corroborating Proofs of a, [268]
• Depth below, conveys no Idea of Distance, [157]
• Depths, Mensuration of, with Barometers, &c. 348, [368], a, a.
• Descent of the Balloon, to retard the, [15]
• - - Signs of the, [17], [159], [181]
• - - at first rapid, with a rushing Noise, [96], [97]
• - - Proof of gentle, [100]
• - - Change in visible Objects, during the, [182]
• - - of Balloons over Water, enquired into, [229], [230]
• - - - - - - Means to prevent, [294], [295]
• Description of the Ascent, [47]
• Diameter of the Prospects above and below, [52], [79]
• Diminution of Objects, excessive, when seen from the Balloon, [223]
• - - - - Laws respecting the, [224]
• Direction of the Balloon, Hints for the. 315
• Distance seen from the Balloon, Calculations of the. 52, a.
• - - of the Balloon from Chester, at the Report of the 4th Cannon, [64]
• - - Idea of, from Experience, [158]
• - - what is the greatest, to be seen from the Summits of the highest Mountains, [171], a.
• - - at which an Object can be distinguished by a good Eye, [175], a.
• - - of the Balloon-Course, [191]
• - - at which, the Balloon was seen, [227]
• - - and Height of a Balloon, found by a Quadrant, [310]
• Dove turned out of the Car, [61]
• E.
• Earth removed from Sight, [170]
• Echo none above, [39]
• Eknèfiai Winds, what, [241]
• - - a dry Wind, [267]
• Electricity of the Air, [65]
• Elliptic Solid, the Form of the Balloon an, [160]
• Employments of the Aironaut, [32]
• Engines Steam, Models of, for Inflation, described, [429]
• Equatorial Hoop, its Use, [161], [315]
• Evaporation of Steam, [249]
• Expansion of the Balloon, by what Manouvre, [132]
• Experiment to prove whether the superior Atmosphere be hazy, tho’ the Sun continue shining, [47], a.
• Experiments necessary, in order to improve the Modes of Direction, [296]
• Examples in the Mensuration of Heights with Barometers. See Table.
• Example 1st, Practice of the, [351]
• - - - Recapitulation of the, [385]
• - - 2d, Practice of the, [386]
• - - - Recapitulation of the, [409]
• - - 3d, Practice of the, [410]
• - - 4th, Practice of the, to determine small Heights, [419]
• - - 5th, Practice of the, to determine the Height of the Balloon, [423]
• F.
• Fish Dìodon-Globe, a Model for Balloons, [377]
• Flag white, hung out a Quarter of a Mile in Length, [4]
• - - hung out half a Mile, in all, [66]
• - thrown down at a Mile high, [59]
• - Descent of the, [60]
• - white, its Effect on the Balloon, [70]
• - - Progress of the Balloon marked by the. 91
• - - impeding the Balloon, [103]
• - - the remaining one unfolded, [105]
• - - shewed a Change in the Direction of the Wind, [105]
• Flights with the Balloon, for three Hours longer, [193]
• Flying-Coach, [149]
• Foot Roman, the Measure of a, [49], b.
• Form of the Balloon at its greatest Altitude, [14]
• - - - the same at each Descent, [159]
• G.
• Gass not offensive during the Voyage, why, [34]
• - procured by Means of Acid, [338]
• Gass procured by Means of Steam, [429]
• Geography Balloon, first suggested, [167]
• Globe-Fish, a Model for Balloons, [377]
• Grapple or Anchor, [13]
• Gums Copal, Sandarac, Mastic, &c., [326]
• H.
• Heat of the Sun, greatest, while in the Car, [59]
• Height apparent, proportioned to the barometric Height, [49]
• - - of the Balloon, when stationary, at the first Ascent, viz. 2332 Yards, [52], a.
• - - in the Balloon, conveys no Apprehension of falling, [156]
• - - of principal Mountains, noted, [171]
• - - of a Mountain, seen at a Distance, calculated, [171], a, a.
• - - to which Balloons will probably ascend, [278]
• - - fixed, Method of ascending to any, [299]
• - - of the Balloon, to ascertain by a Quadrant, [310]
• - - preparatory Instruments to observe the, [350]
• - - of the Balloon measured, [425]
• Heights to measure, Densities to estimate, [299]
• - - of the Atmosphere, while they encrease in an arithmetical Progression, the Densities are said to encrease in geometrical Progression: the Meaning of such Terms, [301], a.
• Hemisphere upper only, of a Balloon to be inflated, [315]
• Hoop equatorial, its Use, [161], [315]
• Horizontal Motion, Signs of, deceitful, [18]
• Hours proper for the Ascent of Balloons over Water, [254], [255], [261]
• Hygrometer Horse-Hair, the best Kind, [217]
• I.
• Illustration of the Scenery, [72]
• Improvement during the Process of Inflation, [24]
• Improvements how to be made in the propulsive Machinery, [319], [330]
• - - in the Process of Inflation by Acid, suggested, [339]
• - - suggested in the Process by Steam, [429]
• Incorrectness of Maps, [81]
• Inflation began at X. o’clock, with a small Balloon, [8]
• - - Degree of, to be limited, [278], [317]
• - - Process of, [339]
• - - by Means of Acid, Expence saved in the, [347]
• - - by Means of Steam, Expence saved in the, [429]
• Inflation by Means of Steam, Model and Mode of, [429]
• - - by Steam, preferred to the Process by Acid, [429]
• Information derived from the Shape of the Balloon, [159], [160]
• Inventory of the Voyage, [12]
• Iris 1st, round the Shadow of the Balloon, [56]
• - 2d, [73]
• - 3d, [136]
• Iron bright and fresh, proper for inflation, [431]
• L.
• Landing, Manouvres during the, [98]
• - - first, near Frodsham in Cheshire, [100]
• - - second, near Warrington in Lancashire, [188]
• - - Precautions to secure a safe, [297]
• - - in windy Weather, Precautions to secure a safe, [298]
• - - improved Mode of, [317]
• Latitudes variable, light Airs playing in Eddies, common in the, [241]
• Level of the lowest Stratum of Clouds in fair Weather, [93]
• - all Inequalities of Surface reduced to the same, [111]
• Light of a red Colour, Conjectures concerning the, [222]
• M.
• Machinery propulsive, to be used in the Calm, above Winds, [319]
• Magnitude of Objects, Laws respecting the, [224]
• Manouvres seen at a great Distance, [140]
• Map consulted, [174]
• Mast, a light hollow, [315]
• Meanders of the River encreased to the View, [81]
• Mensuration of Heights and Depths by Barometers, [348]
• Methods to ascertain the true Height, [350]
• Method, the cheapest to inflate by Steam instead of Acid, [429]
• Mistakes to be noticed, to prevent Repetition, [2]
• Motion encreased, progressive not perceived, [165]
• Motion of Air, called Reception and Dispersion of Air, what, [280]
• Mountains, Names and Heights of principal, [171], a.
• - - their Use, [265]
• Mouth of the Balloon, closed, [102]
• N.
• Neck of the Balloon, how to place it, [31]
• - - first tyed, [125]
• - - risen near eight Feet upwards, [119]
• - - an Attempt to reach it, [121]
• - - held Air-tight in the Hand, [125]
• Notes made during the Voyage, [36]
• O.
• Objects diminishing as the Balloon arises, Description of, [109]
• Objects, all terrestrial, disappearing, [163]
• Order preserved during the Inflation, [23]
• P.
• Parashute or Umbrella, [15]
• - - the Balloon formed a vast, [184]
• Perspective new, [39], [229]
• Place where the Balloon alighted, [100], [187]
• Points, the plainest generally most essential, frequently overlooked, [4], [338]
• Preparations for Ascent, [22]
• Prospects most beautiful, at what Height, [93]
• - - below noted, [128]
• Pulley or Reel, [13]
• R.
• Rain warm in Winter, accounted for from the Theory of Accumulation, [270]
• Reception and Dispersion of Air, [280]
• Reel or Pulley, its Defects remedied, [41], a.
• Respiration easy during the Excursion, [114]
• Resistence of the Air, as the Square of the Velocity of the falling Body, [15], a.
• Rising, Signs of, [16], [30]
• Rivers, no Appearance of Water in the, [110]
• Rule, general for measuring Heights, copied, [384]
• Rusty Iron, improper for Inflation, [398]
• S.
• Sail, three seen in the Liverpool Channel, [108]
• - - triangular Latteen, purposely to retard the Balloon, [315]
• - - Anemòmeter, what, [315]
• - - Weights to be added to the, [316]
• - - Vane-, what, [318]
• Scenes aërial, described. See Sublime.
• Sea-Breeze discovered, [88]
• - - - its Duration, [256]
• - - - its Extent, [257]
• Sensation of rising described, [30]
• Sensations accompanying the Balloon, [141], [154]
• Shadow of the Balloon traced on the Clouds, [56], [73], [136]
• Shadows, their Length, at Noon, calculated, [84]
• - - - - at half past III. calculated, [100]
• - - encreased, seemed to raise the Objects, [127]
• Shape of the Balloon altered, [118]
• Sign of Descent, [181]
• Signs to be observed in the Management of Balloons, [14], [15], [17], [20]
• Situation novel, peculiar to the Balloon, [221]
• Sound of the Gass throu’ the upper Valve, [134]
• - - in the Air, an uncommon, [162]
• Sounds immediately under the Balloon, their Effects, [175], a.
• Spirits raised by the Purity of the Air, [155]
• Spunges of Air, [247]
• Squalls of Wind, the Day preceding the Ascent, [6]
• Stationary, the Balloon, [36], [122]
• Steam, Mode of Inflation by Means of, [429]
• Storms of Collection and Dispersion, [232], [263]
• Sublime and beautiful Scenes, [3], [39], [47], [48], [49], [51], [71], [84], [112]
• Sun, when hottest, [59]
• Sympathy of the Spectators, [46]
• T.
• Table the 1st. See Mensuration.
• - - for Expansion with Heat, from 1 to 40 Degrees, on Inches of the Barometer, from 9 to 32 Inches, [363]
• - - the 2nd, shewing the Variations of the Barometer, at each Inch and Tenth of the Quicksilver, from 1 to 32 Inches, the Air being at the freezing Point, [371]
• - - the 3d, for easy Calculations, from the 2d Table, [373]
• - - the 4th, shewing the Expansion with Heat, from 1 to 100 Degrees, on any Number of Feet in the Air, [381]
• Tastes not altered, on Account of the Height, [65]
• Thermometer warmer above than below, [126]
• Thermometers compared, [12], c.
• Thunder-Clouds described, [52]
• - - - under the Balloon, [172]
• Tide of Air in the Atmosphere, [291]
• Tides highest, [288], [289]
• Time, noted, [7], [8], [11], [22], [28], [36], [62], [63], [68], [73], [77], [85], [100], [101], [124], [162], [174], [186], [203], [206]
• - - of Ascent, [28]
• Time, in which the Excursion was performed, viz. two Hours and a Quarter, [191]
• - - Noon, a dangerous one, for Balloons to pass an Arm of the Sea, [256]
• - - the best, pointed out, [256]
• - - Noon and full Tide, improper: Midnight and low Water, proper Hours for Ascent, over Water, [287]
• Torrents of Air mediocèanal, depressing, [257], [258], [259]
• - - - - accumulating, [260]
• Transparency circular, of Vapour, [222]
• Twine cut, lest it should prove a Conductor of Electricity between the Balloon and Earth, [103]
• U.
• Useful Conclusions, [159]
• Utility of Balloons, [332], [333]
• Utility general, of Balloons, [338]
• V.
• Valve upper, emits the lightest Gass, [124]
• - - first tried, [133]
• - - Swing, or Umbrella-Pendulum, as propulsive Machinery, communicates a progressive Motion to the Balloon, [319]
• Vane-Sail, [318]
• Vapour, Observation of the reddish, [33]
• - - white, beautiful Effects of, [71]
• - - began to be accumulated at a certain Height, [80]
• Vapours, their Transparency, [222]
• Varnishes, [320], [325]
• Velocity of the Balloon, [192]
• Vessels, the four and the River Wever disappeared, [110]
• View circular, from the Balloon at its greatest Elevation, [55]
• - - of the Balloon over Helsbye-Crag,77
• - - of the Clouds, from above them, [171]
• - - from the Balloon of the Country between Chester and Rixton-Moss, [192]
• Vis Inertiæ, [70], [316]
• W.
• Warmth of the superior Atmosphere, [275]
• - - of the Air above Plains and cultivated Countries, [276]
• - - of the Air over the Sea, at certain Times and Seasons, [276]
• - - descending from above, [284]
• Water poured down, to observe the Effects of Air upon it, [74]
• - - Balloon influenced on its Approach to, [76], [78]
• - - Balloon above the Influence of, [131]
• - - the Descent of Balloons over, [229]
• - - the Causes of their Descent over, [230]
• - - Absorption of, by Air, [247]
• - - a curious Phenomenon seen on its Surface, [249], [250], b.
• - - Means to prevent the Descent of Balloons over, and within its Influence, [294], [295]
• Waves of Air, [21]
• - - of the Sea, the Dashing of, heard; the Sea being invisible, [80]
• Weather, about the Time of the Excursion, [211]
• Weighing during the Inflation avoided, how, [24]
• Weight of Provisions and Articles, [24]
• - - of the Balloon, and its Apparatus, [25]
• Wind heard below, [86]
• Winds, the Eknèfiai and Apogay, what, [241]
• - - the Directions in which they blow, [253], a.
• - - the Eknèfiai productive of Cold, [253], a.
• - - Land- and Sea-, [253], a.
• - - contrary, at different Heights, their Use to waft Balloons to a given Point, [268]
• Wings, their Use, first to retard, second to direct, [315]
• Winter-Dress, preparatory, [26], [338]
• - - Prospect from the Balloon, [169]