Geology, Vol. 1 [of 3] - Thomas C. Chamberlin; Rollin D. Salisbury

Abbot, M. L. (and Humphreys, A. A.), [106], [202]
Abrasion,
by ice, [281]
by streams, [119]
by waves, [342]
by wind, [38]
Abysmal fauna, [671]
Abysmal sea, [326]
Accretion hypothesis,
internal temperature on, [564], [567]
recombination of material on, [568]
Actinolite, [447], [460]
Adams, F. D., [474]
Adjustment of streams,
structural, [146], [150]
topographic, [162], [163], [197]
Adobe, [467]
Agassiz, [366], [604]
Agassiz, L., [321], [322], [323], [366]
Agate, [460]
Agate structure, [436]
Agglomerate, [434], [467]
Aggradation,
by ice, [298]
by streams, [2], [177]
by wind, [25]
in sea, [333], [355]
Aggrading streams, characteristics, [179], [187]
Airy, Sir G., [341]
Alabaster, [460]
Albite, [400], [460]
Alferric rocks, [454]
Algæ,
geologic contribution of, [653]
influence on precipitation, [225]
Alkalicalcic rocks, [458]
Alluvial cone, [181–3]
growth, [181]
levees, [182]
Alluvial deposits, [177–96]
Alluvial fans, [181–3]
Alluvial plains, [181], [184–96]
material of, [196]
origin of, [184], [185]
piedmont, [183]
topography of, [196]
Alluviation, [181], [196], [467]
ill-defined, [183]
Alpine glaciers, [251]
Alps,
crustal shortening involved in formation of, [549], [576]
structure, [504], [507]
Amber, [646]
Amethyst, [460]
Amphibole, [460]
Amphiboles, [400]
Amygdaloid, [411], [467]
Analcite, [460]
Analyses,
American river-waters, [107]
American spring-waters, [235]
rain-waters, [107]
river-waters, [106], [107], [108]
sea-water, [324]
waters of enclosed lakes, [392]
Anamorphism, [446]
Andalusite, [460]
Andes, snow-line in, [246]
Andesine, [400], [460]
Andesite, [467]
Angiosperms, [657]
Anhydrite, [460]
Animal kingdom,
geologic contribution of, [658–63]
synopsis of, [659]
Anorthite, [460]
Anorthosite, [467]
Antarctica, snow-line in, [246]
Antecedent streams, [169], [173]
Anthracite, [426], [460]
Anticlinal valleys, [159]
Anticline, [504]
plunging, [155], [157], [506]
Anticlinoria, [504]
Antimony, [460]
Apatite, [460]
Aphanite, [451], [452], [467]
Aplite, [415]
Appalachian Riser, [173]
Appalachians,
crustal shortening due to folding, [549]
extent of piracy in, [169]
peculiarities of drainage, [169]
rejuvenation of streams in, [165]
stream adjustment in, [147]
Aqueous rocks, [467]
Aragonite, [460]
Archean complex, [18]
Arch of earth’s crust, strength of, [582]
Archeozoic era, [19]
Arenaceous rocks, [468]
Arid regions, erosion in, [131]
Argillite, [448], [468]
Arkose, [422], [468], [645]
Artesian wells, [242]
Arthropoda, geologic contribution of, [662]
Asiderites, [5]
Asphaltum, [460]
Asteroids, [661]
Astronomic geology, [1], [2]
Atlantic coastal plain, [587]
Atmosphere, [5]
affected by life, [639], [640]
carbonation by, [43]
chemical work of, [41–43]
evaporation and precipitation, [50]
fluctuations in composition, [639–44]
geologic activity of, [6], [21–43]
mass and extent, [6]
mechanical work of, [21–41]
oxidation by, [42]
thermal effects of, [7]
Atmospheric electricity, [43], [52]
Atmospheric precipitation, amount of, [51]
Augite, [400], [429], [461]
Augitite, [468]
Autoclastic rock, [444]
Australia, fauna of, [668]
Babb, C. C., [107]
Bad-lands, [93], [130]
Badger Mountain, [231]
Bain, H. F., [67], [474]
Barbadoes earth, [661]
Barite, [461]
Barrier, the, [356]
Bars, [181], [357]
Barus, Carl, [562], [563]
Basalt, [417], [452], [468]
Basaltic columns, [417]
Base-level, [60], [62], [82], [168]
Cretaceous, [169]
Kiltatinny, [168]
temporary, [84]
Basement complex, [18]
Batholiths, [500], [592]
Bayou, [192]
Bayou lakes, [193]
Bays, origin of, [331], [332]
Beach, the, [355]
Beauxite, [461]
Beck, R., [474]
Becker, G. F., [474]
Bergschrund, [258]
Bertin, [323]
Beryl, [461]
Bighorn Mountains, lateral moraines in, [302]
Biotite, [400], [461]
Bischoff, Gustav, [108]
Bismuth, [461]
“Bittern,” [377]
Bitumen, [461]
Bituminous coal, [426], [468]
Blake, W. P., [474]
Blanford, W. T., [28], [203]
Blood rain, [25]
Blue mud, [380]
Bone beds, [663]
Bonneville lake, [360]
Bonneville shore, [352]
Bottom-set beds, [202]
Bowlders, [468]
Brachiopods, geologic contributions of, [662]
Brahmaputra delta, [203]
Branner, J. C., [489]
Breakers, [341]
force of, [344]
Breccia, [423], [434], [468]
Britannare, [459]
Bronzite, [461]
Bryozoans, geologic contributions of, [662]
Buckley, E. R., [48], [50], [221]
Buhrstone, [468]
Burton (and Milne, J.), [636]
Buttes, [142]
Bysmaliths, [500], [592]
Calcareous springs, [235]
Calcareous tufa, [390]
Calcimiric rocks, [458]
Calcite, [461]
Calc-sinter, [468]
Calumet and Hecla mine, temperature in, [569]
Calvin, S., [88], [204], [373], [389]
Campbell, M. R., [167], [171], [173]
Camphene, [646]
Cannel coal, [468]
Canoe-shaped valleys, [155]
Canyons, [94–100]
Colorado, [98], [233]
Niagara, [99]
Yellowstone, [100]
Carbonation, [43], [429]
Carbon dioxide,
amount in air, [5], [640]
and plant-life, [665]
climatic effects of, [643]
loss of, [640]
supply of, [618], [640]
Cascade, [264]
Cassiterite, [461]
Catlinite, [461]
Causes of crustal movement, [551–557]
Caverns (see [Caves])
Caves, [143], [227–231]
deposits in, [228]
Mammoth, [227]
sea, [350]
Wyandotte, [227]
Cazin, F. M. F., [474]
Cementation,
effected through chemical precipitation, [222], [225], [226]
effected through evaporation, [42]
Cephalopods, geologic contributions of, [662]
Chalcedony, [461]
Chalk, [468], [660]
Challenger deep, [587], [588]
Chalybeate springs, [235]
Chamberlin, T. C., [23], [242], [256], [322], [477], [565], [668]
Changes of level, [537–551]
caused by earthquakes, [536]
causes of, [551–557]
effect on drainage, [161]
sea versus land, [538]
Changes of temperature,
conditions affecting, [45]
effect on rocks, [44], [49]
internal (see [Internal temperatures])
Charleston earthquake, [530]
Chatter marks, [284]
Chemical combination, cause of crustal movement, [556]
Chemical deposits, [222–26]
in deep sea, [383]
in lakes, [391]
in shallow sea, [374–378]
Chemical work of atmosphere, [41–43]
Chemical work of life, [638–46]
Chert, [426], [468]
Chiastolite, [461]
Chimney rocks, [350]
Chlorite, [461]
Chlorite schist, [468]
Chloritic rock, [431]
Chromite, [461]
Chrysolite, [462]
Chrysotile, [462]
Cinder-cones, [608]
Cinders, [405]
Cirques, [286]
Clarke, F. W., [396], [573]
Classification of rocks, [449]
new system of, [451]
Clastic rock, [468]
Clay, [468]
Clay ironstone, [468]
Claypole, E. W., [549]
Cleavage planes and erosion, [125]
development of (see [Slate] and Schist)
Cliff glacier, [256]
Climate, influence on erosion, [127–132]
Climatic effects of carbon dioxide, [643]
Climatic effects of life, [643]
Climatic effects of water vapor, [643]
Clinkstone, [468]
Clinometer, [501]
Coal, [468]
Coast-lines 353, [363–6]
effect of gradation on, [333], [363]
effect of subsidence on, [329], [332]
effect of vulcanism on, [332–33]
forms of, [329], [333], [363], [364]
Coast ranges, crustal, shortening due to folding of, [549]
Coasts, natural bridges on, [351]
Cobb, C., [36]
Cœlenterata, geologic contribution of, [661]
Collins, A. L., [474]
Colorado, Canyon of, [98], [233]
Columbia River, [171]
Columnar structure, [498–500]
effect on weathering, [153], [154]
Common springs, [235]
Compression joints, [514]
Concave tracts of crust, [585], [586]
Concretions, [438], [468], [490]
Cones,
cinder, [608]
composite, [610]
formation of, [608]
geyser, [237]
lava, [608]
spatter, [610]
tufa, [611]
Configuration of coasts, [329], [330], [331], [332], [333], [353], [363–6]
Conformability, [15]
Conglomerate, [423], [434], [468], [487]
Continental glaziers, [251]
Continental platforms, [11]
relief of, [11]
Continental segments, size of, [547]
Continental shelf, [11]
Continent-forming movements, [544]
Contour interval, [31]
Contour lines, [31]
Convection hypothesis,
internal heat on, [559]
thermal distribution on, [559]
Cooley, E. G., [195]
Coon Butte, [596]
Copalite, [646]
Coprolites, [646]
Coquina, [469]
Coral mud, [380]
Cornish, V., [26], [28], [29]
Corrasion, [110], [113]
by glaciers, [281–86]
by streams, [119]
by waves, [342–49]
by wind, [38]
effect of sediment on, [120]
Corthell, E. L., [202]
Cosmopolitan faunas, [668]
Coulter, J. M., [667]
Coves, [143]
Cowles, H. C., [35], [667]
Credner, H., [35], [538]
Creep, [231]
Cretaceous base-level, [169]
Crevasses, [264]
Crinoids, [661]
Croll, James, [322], [323], [339]
Crosby, W. O., [513]
Cross-bedding, [373], [487]
Cross-currents, in streams, [117]
Cross, Whitman, [412], [451], [535], [573]
Croton River, material in solution in, [108]
Crustal movements, [526–589]
causes of, [551–57]
differential extent of, [548]
due to chemical changes, [556]
due to cohesion and crystallization, [554]
due to diffusion, [555]
earthquake, [527–33]
minute and rapid, [526]
periodicity of, [517], [539]
resistance to, [557]
slow and massive, [537–59]
Crustal shortening, [548–51]
Crust of earth, [13]
depth of, [14]
varieties of rock in, [14]
Crystalline rocks, types of, [16]
Crystallites, [407]
Crystallization of lava, [401–2]
stages of, [403]
Crystals, enlargement of, [435]
Cut-and-fill, [190], [193]
Cut-off, [191]
Cycle of erosion,
its stages, [80]
definition of, [82]
recognition of, [164]
Cystoids, [661]
Dacite, [469]
Dale, T. N., [505]
Daly, R. A., [631]
Dana, J. D., [203], [340], [349], [511], [543], [604], [636]
Daniell, A., [572], [573]
Danube River,
delta of, [202]
material in solution in, [108]
sediment carried by, [107]
Darton, N. H., [41], [50], [53], [94], [135], [154], [494], [570]
Darwin, C., [604], [636], [665]
Darwin, G. H., [534], [561], [576], [579], [583], [604]
Daubree, G. A., [626]
Davis, B. M., [225]
Davis, W. M., [83], [159], [164], [170], [188], [202], [204] 210 349,
and Shaler, N. S., [256]
Davis, C. A., [655]
Davison, C., [527], [538], [561]
DeBeaumont, Eli, [323]
Decarbonation, [429], [430]
DeCharpentier, J., [321], [322], [323]
Deeley, R. M., [322]
Deep-sea deposits, [368], [378–86]
chemical, [383–86]
extra-terrestrial, [381]
inorganic, [380]
manganiferous, [384]
organic, [382]
Deep-sea fauna, [670]
Deposition,
by glaciers, [298–305]
by streams, [177–204]
by shore currents, [355]
by undertow, [355]
by waves, [355–63]
by wind, [25–37]
Deformation of earth’s crust, [526–89]
causes of, [551–57], [574–89]
relation to distribution of volcanoes, [601], [604], [627], [629]
Deformation of ice, [312]
Degradation, [2]
by water, [58–177]
rate of, [105]
De Launay, L. C., [474]
Delesse, A., [221], [341]
Delessite, [462]
Dells of the Wisconsin, [152]
Delta lakes, [204]
Deltas, [181], [198–204]
bottom set beds, [202]
development, [199]
fore-set beds, [202]
fossil, [203]
in tidal seas, [202]
of the Ganges and Brahmaputra, [202]
of the Hoang-Ho, [202], [203]
of the Mackenzie, [202]
of the Mississippi, [197], [202]
of the Nile, [202]
of the Po, [202]
of the Rhone, [203]
of the Yukon, [202]
rate of growth, [202]
shape, [201]
structure, [198], [199]
top-set beds, [202]
Densities within the earth, on Laplace’s law, [564]
Denudation and volcanic action, [627]
Deoxidation, [427]
Deposition of mineral matter from solution, [50], [225], [428]
at surface, [50], [224]
by ground-water, [224], [428]
in lakes, [387]
in sea, [375], [383]
Deposition of sediment, [66]
by rivers, [177–204]
by wind, [25–38]
in ocean, [355–63], [368–86]
Deposition of drift, at edge of glaciers, [299]
at end glaciers 299
beneath ice, [298]
Deposits,
deep-sea, [368], [378–86]
hot springs, [237], [241]
lacustrine, [387]
littoral, [369]
made by animals, [658–63]
made by Arthropoda, [662]
made by Bryophytes, [656]
made by Echinodermata, [661]
made by ice, [298–305]
made by Mollusca, [662]
made by Molluscoidea, [662]
made by Protozoa, [660]
made by Pteridophytes, [657]
made by plant kingdom, [652–58]
made by rivers, [177–204]
made by Spermatophytes, [657]
made by Thallophytes, [653]
made by Vermes, [662]
made by Vertebrata, [663]
made by wind, [25–38]
shallow-water, [369–78]
silicious, [237], [241], [425]
tufa, [237], [241], [473], [611], [653]
Depression and volcanic action, [629]
Depth of the ocean, [7]
greatest, [8], [548]
Diabases, [418], [431], [469]
Diallage, [400], [462]
Diastrophism, [2], [329], [526]
effect on coast lines, [329]
Diatom ooze, [380], [382], [425], [469]
Diffusion,
in earth’s interior, [555]
cause of crustal movement, [555]
Dikes, [591]
effect on topography, [143]
sandstone, [514]
Diller, J. S., [29], [514]
Diorites, [416], [452], [469]
Dip, [501]
quaquaversal, [504]
Dip-fault, [522]
DiRossi, M. S., [537]
Displacement of fault, [514]
Disruption of rock, due to changes of temperature, [44], [49]
by carbonation, [43]
by hydration, [111]
Distributive fault, [519]
Divides, permanence of, [69]
Docalcic rocks, [458]
Dodge, R. E., [204]
Dofemane, [455]
Dofemic rocks, [454]
Doferrous rocks, [459]
Dohemic rocks, [457]
Dolenic rocks, [456]
Dolerites, [417], [452], [469]
Dolomites, [424], [469]
Domagnesic rocks, [459]
Domalkalic rocks, [458]
Domes of crust, strength of, [581], [582]
Domilic rocks, [582]
Domiric rocks, [458]
Domirlic rocks, [458]
Domitic rocks, [457]
Dopolic rocks, [456]
Dopotassic rocks, [458]
Dopyric rocks, [457]
Doquaric rocks, [456]
Dosalic rocks, [454]
Dosodic rocks, [458]
Dotilic rocks, [457]
Drainage,
effect of change of level on, [161]
mature, [86]
of glaciers, [273]
old age, [89]
youthful, [86]
Dreikanter, [40]
Drift, [287], [469]
composition of, [304]
deposition of, [298–305]
wear of, in transit, [298]
Drygalski, E. von, [322]
Dump moraine, [301]
Dune areas, topography of, [32]
Dunes, [24–37]
distribution of, [35]
effect of vegetation on, [29]
formation of, [26]
migration of, [33]
shapes of, [26]
slopes of, [29]
Dust,
volcanic, [22], [23]
wind-blown, [22]
Dust-wells, [269], [280]
Dutton, C. E., [132], [534], [574], [636]
Dynamic geology, [1]
Earth, the,
as a planet, [2]
constitution, [5]
crust, [13]
deformation of, [526]
dependence on sun, [4]
distance from sun, [3]
inclination of axis, [3]
interior of, [14], [559]
internal heat, [559–74]
motions, [3]
orbit, [3]
tremors of surface, [526]
warpings of crust, [526–89]
Earthquakes, [527–537]
causes of, [527]
destruction of life by, [536]
distribution of, [533]
destructive effects of, [530]
epicentra of, [531]
foci of, [527]
gaseous emanations during, [533]
geologic effects of, [534–537]
Earthquake vibrations, [526]
amplitude of, [529]
Charleston, [534]
Lisbon, [535]
sequences of, [533]
Earth’s crust,
composition of, [14], [396]
warpings of, [538–551]
Eastman, C. R., [658]
Echinodermata, geologic contributions of, [661]
Echinoids, geologic contributions of, [661]
Economic geology, [1]
Efflorescence, [42]
Elæolite, [462]
Electricity,
atmospheric, [43]
chemical effects of, [43]
geological effects of, [43], [52]
Ells, R., [443]
Emmons, S. F., [474]
Emmons, W. H., [474], [573], [585]
Englacial drift, [282]
Enlargement of crystals, by secondary growth, [435]
Enstatite, [400], [462]
Eolian rocks, [469]
Epeirogenic movements, [537]
Epicontinental seas, [11], [326]
Epidote, [431], [462]
Equisetæ, geologic contribution of, [657]
Eras, [17–19]
Erosion,
affected by rotation, [194]
analysis of, [110]
base-level of, [60]
by glaciers, [281–286]
by rain, [57]
by rivers, [56–177]
by undertow, [342], [346]
by waves, [342–349]
by wind, [38]
conditions affecting rate of, by glaciers, [283]
conditions affecting rate of, by running water, [123]
cycle of, [80], [82], [164]
in arid regions, [131]
influenced by climate, [127], [128], [129]
influenced by composition of rock, [124]
influenced by declivity, [123]
influenced by structure, [124], [126]
influenced by vegetation, [129], [644]
sheet, [59]
subaërial, [58]
Erosion and cleavage planes, [125]
Erosion and joints, [125]
Erosion by streams (see [Erosion by running water])
Eruptions, [591]
fissure, [593]
volcanic, [594]
Eskers, [306]
Etna, [605], [610]
discharge of stream from, [636]
Evaporation, [50]
Everett, [578]
Evolution restrictive and expansional, [672]
Exfoliation, [44]
Expansional evolution, [672]
Expansion and contraction,
due to temperature, [44]
due to wetting and drying, [52]
Extinct lakes, [388]
Extrusive processes, [590–637]
Falb, R., [537]
False bedding, [487]
Faulting and vulcanism, [627]
Faults,
conditions of, [521]
dip, [522]
displacement, [514]
distributive, [519]
effect on outcrops, [522]
hade, [514]
heave of, [514]
normal, [517]
oblique, [525]
relation to folds, [515]
reversed, [517], [521]
stratigraphic throw, [518]
significance of, [521]
strike, [522]
thrust, [517], [518]
Fault scarp, [514]
Faunas,
abysmal, [670]
Australian, [668]
cosmopolitan, [668]
deep-sea, [670]
pelagic, [670]
photobathic, [670]
Faunas and floras,
basis of, [663]
effect of geographic conditions on evolution of, [668]
Feldspar, [462]
Feldspar-leucophyres, [453]
Feldspar-melaphyres, [453]
Feldspathic minerals, [400]
Feldspathoids, [400]
Felsites, [452], [469]
Fenneman, N. M., [339]
Ferguson, A. M., [203]
Ferns, geologic contribution of, [657]
Fiords, [290]
Fisher, O., [561], [565], [574], [581]
Fissure eruptions, [593]
Fletcher, G. (and Deeley, R. M.), [322]
Flints, [426], [469]
Floods, [109]
of the Mississippi, [188]
Flood-plain meanders, [190]
Flood-plains, [184–98]
development of, [165]
materials of, [196]
Mississippi, [194]
relation to terraces, [205]
topography, [196]
Floras and faunas,
basis of, [663]
effect of geographic conditions on, [668]
Flowering plants, geologic contributions of, [657]
Flowing wells, [234], [242]
Flow structure of lavas, [410]
Fluorite, [462]
Fluvio-glacial work, [305–7]
Folded ranges, distribution of, [543]
Folding and vulcanism, [628]
Folds,
anticlinal, [504], [505]
effect on valleys, [154]
isoclinal, [504]
synclinal, [504]
Folds and faults, [515]
Foliation of ice, [272]
Foliation of rocks, [443]
Foraminifera, geologic contribution of, [660]
Forbes, J. D., [256], [322]
Forel, F. A., [323], [386]
Fore-set beds, [202]
Formation, [487]
Forster, W. G., [536]
“Fossil” deltas, [203]
Fossils, [16], [646]
a means of correlation, [647]
Fossils and stratigraphy, [647]
Fouqué, F., [635], [636]
Fracture, zone of, [219]
Frank, A. B., [642]
Freestone, [469]
French Broad River, the, [168]
Fulgurites, [52], [469]
Fungi, geologic contribution of, [653]
Gabbroids, [453]
Gabbros, [416], [452], [469]
Galenite, [441]
Ganges River, delta of, [203]
Gangue, [469]
Gannister, [469]
Garnet, [462]
Garnetite, [469]
Gaseous emanations,
during earthquakes, [533]
from volcanoes, [617]
Gases in volcanic rocks, [619]
Gases, volcanic, [617–623]
amount of, [620]
kinds of, [618], [619]
proportions of, [620], [622]
sources of, [621]
Gastropods, geologic contributions of, [662]
Geantcline, [505]
Geest, [469]
Geikie, A., [203], [224], [344], [534–536], [636]
Geodes, [436], [497]
Geognosy, [1], [5], [393–485]
Geologic effects of earthquakes, [534]
Geologic functions of life, [638]
Geologic processes, man’s influence on, [649]
Geologic time divisions, [19]
Geology,
astronomic, [1], [2]
atmospheric, [2]
cosmic, [1]
dominant processes of, [2]
dynamic, [1]
economic, [1]
geotectonic, [1], [486]
glacial, [2]
historical, [1]
mining, [1]
paleontologic, [1]
philosophic, [1]
physiographic, [1]
scope of, [1]
structural, [1], [486]
subdivisions of, [1]
George, R. D., [545]
Geosyncline, [505]
Geotectonic geology, [1], [486–525]
Gerber, E., [195]
Gerland, [538]
Geschiebe wall, [300]
Geyserite, [463], [469]
Geysers, [236]
deposits of, [237]
of Yellowstone Park, [239]
period of eruption, [240]
positions of, [241]
Gilbert, G. K., [11], [110], [140], [194], [198], [203], [339], [355], [388], [489], [596]
Glacial débris,
how carried, [290]
nature of, [286]
shifting position in transit, [292], [293], [294], [296], [297]
Glacial deposits, nature of, [304]
Glacial erosion,
conditions influencing, [283]
topographic effects of, [287]
Glacial motion, [313–321]
auxiliary elements of, [317]
fundamental element of, [313]
Glacial plucking, [282]
Glaciated rock surfaces, [304]
Glacier ice,
beginning of movement, [248]
definition of, [250]
granular texture of, [247]
shearing of, [317]
Glacier movement, [259], [313–323]
at low temperature, [279]
effect of water on, [318]
rates, [260], [261]
views of, [321]
Glaciers,
alpine, [254]
cliff, [256]
compared with rivers, [262]
conditions influencing movement, [261]
constitution, [308]
continental, [251]
crevasses, [264]
deformation, [312]
drainage of, [273], [280]
foliation, [247], [272]
evaporation, [279]
general phenomena, [256]
getting load, [282]
growth of, [308]
growth of granules, [310], [311]
high-latitude, [254]
limits of, [258]
motion in terminal part, [316]
movements of, [259], [279], [313–323]
piedmont, [254]
polar, [254]
rate of movement of, [260], [261]
reconstructed, [256]
stratification of, [247]
structure of, [308]
surface features of, [266]
temperature of, [273–279]
thickening of layers at end, [297]
topography of, [266]
types of, [251]
upturning of ice at ends and edges, [296], [297], [298]
valley, [254]
waste of, [273]
work of, [244], [281]
Glacio-fluvial work, [305–308]
Glass, volcanic, [451]
Glassy rocks, [406]
Glauconite, [384], [386], [463]
Globigerina ooze, [380], [382], [660]
Globulites, [407], [469]
Gneiss, [415], [446], [448], [469]
Gooch, F. A. (and Whitfield, J. E.), [236]
Gorge, [100]
Grad, Ch., [322]
Gradation, [2]
by running water, [56–212]
effect on coast-lines, [334]
in ocean, [334]
Grade, [61]
Graded plain, [82], [169]
Graded valley, [83]
Granitell, [470]
Granites, [413], [452], [469]
Granitite, [470]
Granitoids, [420], [453]
Granulite, [470]
Graphite, [426], [463]
Gravitational energy, [552]
Gravitational force, [552], [553]
Gravity,
a cause of crustal movements, [552]
effect on erosion, [113]
Gray, T. (and Milne, J.), [578]
Greenland,
glaciers of, [246]
snow-fields of, [245]
snow-line in, [246]
Green mud, [380]
Greensand, [470]
Greensand marl, [386]
Greenstone, [419], [470]
Greisen, [415], [470]
Greywacke, [470]
Ground ice, [119]
Ground moraine, [301]
Ground-water, [213–243]
affects internal heat, [570]
amount of, [221]
descent of, [213]
fate of, [221]
lower limit of, [216]
movement of, [220]
results of, [226]
solution by, [222], [223]
work of, [222]
Ground-water and vulcanism, [635]
Ground-water level, [71], [215]
Ground-water surface, [71], [215]
Guano, [646]
Gulf stream, [366]
Gullies, growth of, [63]
Gymnosperms, geologic contributions of, [657]
Gypsum, deposition of, [376], [377]
Hade of faults, [514]
Hall, Jas., [511]
Halleflinta, [470]
Halophytes, geologic contributions of, [667]
Hanging valley, [164], [290]
Haüynite, [463]
Hayes, W., [173]
Hayes, W. (and Campbell, M. R.), [171]
Head erosion, [64]
Heat, by compression of ice, [311]
causes crustal movement, [557]
causes of, in ice, [278], [279]
distribution of, within earth, [559]
distribution, original, [559]
internal, of earth, [559–570]
metamorphism by, [446], [448]
original distribution of, [559]
Heave of faults, [514]
Heilprin, A., [636]
Heim, A., [256], [322], [549], [576]
Hematite, [425], [447], [463]
High-latitude glaciers, [254]
Himalayas, snow-line in, [246]
Historical geology, [1]
Hoang-Ho delta, [202], [203]
Hog-backs, [142]
Holden, E. S., [538]
Holmes, W. H., [99]
Holocrystalline rock, [412]
Holosiderites, [5]
Hook (along shore), [363]
Hopkins, W., [322]
Horizontal configuration of coasts, due to deposition, [363], [364]
due to wave erosion, [353]
Hornblende, [400], [463]
Hornblende-granite, [415]
Hornblendite, [417], [452], [470]
Hornstone, [470]
Horsetails (see [Equisetæ])
Hoskins, L. M., [219], [552], [581]
Hot springs, deposits of, [225]
Howell, Capt., [171]
Hudson River, material in solution in, [108]
Hugi, F. J., [321]
Hull, E., [636]
Humphreys, A. A. (and Abbot, M. L.), [106], [202]
Huxley, T. H., [322]
Hyalite, [463]
Hydration, [43], [222]
disruption of rock by, [111]
Hydrophytes, geologic contributions of, [667]
Hydrosphere, the, [7] (see also [Ground-water] and [Ocean])
geologic activity of, [8]
horizons of activity, [9]
Hypersthene, [400], [463]
Hypogene rocks, [470]
Ice, glacial (see [Glaciers])
ground, [119]
of lakes, [389]
of rivers, [118]
Icebergs, [307]
Ice-caps, [249], [250]
Ice crystals, arrangement in glacier ice, [311]
Ice-fall, [264]
Iceland spar, [463]
Iddings, J. P., [412], [451], [573], [614], [636]
Igneous rocks, [16]
composition of, [395]
leading minerals of, [399]
origin of, [393]
relations to stratified rocks, [16]
structural features of, [498]
Ilmenite, [463]
Incrustation, [223]
Infusorial earth, [470]
Inorganic deposits, in deep sea, [380]
Interior of earth, [14] (see [Vulcanism])
densities, based on Laplace’s law, [564]
heat of, [562], [564]
pressures, [564]
Intermittent springs, [235]
Internal heat (see [Internal temperature])
Internal temperature, [562]
affected by ground-water, [570]
at centre of earth, [571]
on accretion hypothesis, [564], [567]
on convection hypothesis, [559]
on Laplacian hypothesis, [559]
Intrusions, [591]
Iron-ore beds, origin, [425]
Iron oxide, [400]
Iron pyrites, [463]
Ironstone, [425], [470]
Irruptions, [591]
Isoclinal folds, [504]
Isoseismals, [532]
Itacolumite, [470]
Italy, lateral moraines in, [303]
Jasper, [470]
Jefferson, M. W., [193]
Johnson, S. W., [109], [190], [665]
Johnston-Lavis, H. J., [636]
Joints, [510]
causes of, [511], [531]
compression, [514]
effect on valleys, [150]
Joints, tension, [514]
Joints and erosion, [125]
Judd, J. W., [636]
Kaaterskill Creek, piracy of, [105]
Kames, [307]
serpentine, [306]
Kansas, volcanic dust in, [23]
Kanawha River, [168]
Kaolin, [463]
Katamorphism, [446]
Keith, A., [442], [444]
Kelvin, Lord, [560], [583]
Keratophyre, [470]
Kersantite, [470]
Keyes, C. R., [474]
Kidd, D. A., [313]
Kilauea, [605]
King, C., [560]
King, F. H., [220]
Kittatinny base-level, [168]
Kotö, Dr., [534]
Krakatoa, [22], [610], [611], [618]
Kümmel, H. B., [203]
Labradorite, [400], [429], [464]
Laccolith, [500], [592]
Lacustrine deposits, [388]
Lake ice, [389]
Lake Pepin, [179]
Lakes, [386–392]
bayou, [192], [193]
changes taking place in, [387]
delta, [204]
deposits in, [387]
extinct, [388]
formed by rivers, [191], [192], [198]
ice of, [389]
ox-bow, [192], [198]
Landslide, [231]
topography of, [230]
Landslip mountain, [230]
Lane, A. C., [557], [636]
Lapilli, [470]
in sea, [381], [405]
Laplace, Marquis de, [564]
Laramide range, crustal shortening due to folding, [549]
Lateral moraines, [266], [302]
in Bighorn Mountains, [303]
in Italy, [303]
in Uinta Mountains, [303]
in Wasatch Mountains, [303]
Lateral pressure, metamorphism by, [448]
Laterite, [470]
Lava cones, [608]
Lavas, [612–616]
and ground-water, [616]
consanguinity and succession of, [614]
crystallization of, [402], [403]
depth of source of, [616]
modes of reaching surface, [631]
origin of, [623–631]
rhyolitic (flow) structure of, [410]
solidification of, [393]
temperatures of, [615], [626]
Lavas and underground water, [627]
LeConte, J., [474], [549]
Lendofelic, [456]
Lenfelic, [456]
Lepidolite, [464]
Leucite, [464]
Leucophyre, [412], [453]
Levees, breaking of, [188]
miniature, [182]
natural, [188]
on alluvial cones, [182]
Level of no stress, [561]
Life, [638–672]
atmospheric effects of, [638–644]
chemical work of, [638–646]
climatic effects of, [643]
effect on rock decomposition, [130], [644]
geologic effects of, [639]
inorganic rocks due to, [646]
influenced by environment, [666]
man’s influence on, [650]
protection against erosion, [130], [644]
Life and carbon dioxide, [640], [642], [643]
Lightning, effects of, [52]
Lignite, [426], [470]
Limburgite, [470]
Lime carbonate, deposition of, [375], [376]
Limonite, [425]
Limestone, [378], [424], [434]
origin of, [378], [654], [655]
stratification of, [487]
Limestone-forming animals, [660–662]
plants, [654], [655]
Limestone sinks, [227], [231]
Lindgren, W., [474]
Liparase, [459]
Liparite, [470]
Lisbon earthquake, [535]
Lithosphere, [9–19]
crust of, [13]
irregularities of, [10]
relief of, [11]
size and shape of, [9]
surface mantle of, [12]
Littoral currents, [342]
Littoral deposits, [368], [369], [379]
Littoral zone, [369]
Liverworts, geologic contribution of, [656]
Livingstone, D., [49]
Load (of streams), [177–179]
Loess, [23], [470]
Lodge moraine, [301]
Loop (along shore), [357], [363]
Lunar craters, [598]
Lunn, A. C., [552], [565], [566], [567], [572]
Lycopods, geologic work of, [657]
Lydekker, R. (and Nicholson, A.), [658]
Lyell, Sir Charles, [649]
Mackenzie River, delta, [202]
Magma, nature of, [401]
Magnesite, [464]
Magnesium salts in sea, [377]
Magnetic nodules in sea, [381]
Magnetite, [464]
Malay peninsula, tin ores of, [478]
Malaspina glacier, [254]
Mallet, R., [322], [537], [538], [628], [636]
Mammoth Cave, [227]
Mammoth hot springs, [654]
Manganiferous deposits, [384]
Mantle rock, [12], [422]
Marble, [447], [471]
Marcasite, [464]
Marine deposits, [355–363], [370–386]
chemical, [367], [375], [383]
deep-sea, [368], [378–386]
extra-terrestrial, [381]
littoral, [368], [369]
mechanical, [369], [380]
organic, [375]
shallow-water, [369–378]
table of, [380]
Marine life, distribution of, [328]
Marl, [471] (see also [Greensand marl] and [Shell marl])
formed by plants, [655]
green-sand (see [Greensand marl])
Martinique, [605]
Martite, [464]
Mason, W. P., [107]
Mass action, [478], [484], [554]
Mature drainage, [86]
Mature streams, characteristics of, [86]
Mauna Loa, [605], [606], [624]
McConnell, J. C., [313], [322], [323], [549]
McGee, W. J., [59], [524]
Meander belt, relation to width of stream, [193]
Meanders, flood-plain, [190]
intrenched, [164]
of the Meuse, [164]
of the Moselle, [164]
of the Seine, [164]
Mean sphere level, [548]
Medial moraine, [266], [297]
Medlicott, H. B., [203]
Medicinal springs, [235]
Melaphyres, [412], [431], [453], [471]
Menaccanite, [464]
Mendelejeff, D. (and Moissan, H.), [646]
Mental element, material effects of, [649]
Merrill, G. P., [35], [111], [221]
Mesas, [142]
Mesophytes, [667]
Meta-diabase, [471]
Meta-igneous rock, [471]
Metamorphic rocks, [17]
Metamorphism, [427], [433], [440], [449]
by heat, [446]
by lateral pressure, [448]
deep-seated, [449]
Meteorites, [4]
number of, [381]
Meuse, meanders of, [164]
Mica, [400], [464]
Mica schists, [448]
Microcline, [400], [464]
Microlites, [407], [471]
Microgranite, [471]
Migration of dunes, [33]
Millstone, [471]
Milne, J., [533], [537], [538], [583]
(and Gray, T.), [578]
(and Burton), [636]
Mineral matter in sea, [324–326]
amount of, [325]
Minerals, felspathic, [400], [462]
ferromagnesian, [400], [460]
formation of, [397], [612]
of igneous rocks, [399]
list of, [460–467]
Mineral springs, [235]
Minette, [415], [471]
Mining geology, [1]
Minnehaha Falls, [137]
Mirlic rocks, [458]
Mississippi River, delta, [197], [202]
depth of channel, [171]
flood-plain, [194]
floods of, [188]
levees of, [188]
material in solution in, [108]
sediment carried by, [106]
Mississippi flood-plain, [194]
lakes of, [192]
Missouri River, scour-and-fill of, [195]
Mitic rocks, [456]
Moissan, H., [646]
Mollusca, geologic contribution of, [662]
Molluscoidea, geologic contribution of, [662]
Molten interior, lava from, [624]
Molten magmas, nature of, [401]
Molten reservoirs, lavas from, [624]
Monadnocks, [145]
Monoclinal shifting, [127]
Monocline, [504]
Monzonite, [471]
Moon, [3], [598]
Moraines, dump, [301]
ground, [302]
lateral, [266], [302]
lodge, [301]
medial, [266], [297]
molluscan shells in, [297]
push, [301]
surface, [266]
terminal, [266], [301]
types, [301]
Moselle River, intrenchment meanders, [164]
Moseley, H., [322]
Mosses, geologic contributions of, [656]
Moulton, F. R., [565]
Mountain-forming movements, [542]
Mountains, serration of, [48], [50]
Mount Erebus, [603]
Mount Hecla, [603]
Mount Shasta, [611]
Mount Terror, [603]
Movements of glaciers, [259], [261], [279], [313–323]
Movements of sea-water, [334–342]
causes of, [334–339]
Movements of the earth’s body, [526–589]
causes of, [551–557]
continent-forming, [544]
distribution in time, [545]
epeirogenic, [537]
folding movements, [545]
minute and rapid, [526]
mountain-forming, [542]
orogenic, [537]
periodic, [542]
plateau-forming, [543]
relation of vertical and horizontal, [545]
slow and massive, [537]
Mud-cracks, [489]
Mud-flows, volcanic, [610]
Mud-rain, [25]
Mudstone, [471]
Mügge, O., [313], [322], [323]
Muir glacier, [259]
Murray, Sir John, [11], [215], [325], [326], [369], [604], [655]
Muscovite, [400], [464]
Narrows, [141]
Natural bridges, [153], [231]
of Virginia, [156]
on coasts, [351]
Natural gases, [646]
Natural levees (see [Levees])
Natural oils, [646]
Nebraska, volcanic dust in, [23]
Nephelinite, [471]
Nephelite, [400], [464]
Nevadite, [471]
Névé, [246]
New River, [168]
Newsom, J. F., [514]
Niagara Falls, [139]
recession of, [139]
Niagara River, [120]
Nicholson, A. (and Lydekker, R.), [658]
Nile River, delta of, [202]
material in solution in, [108]
sediment carried by, [107]
Nitrogen and life, [642]
Nodules, [471]
Nomenclature of rocks, [449]
new system of, [451]
Norite, [471]
Normal faults, [517]
North America, average elevation of, [106]
Nosite, [465]
Novaculite, [471]
Nummulites, [661]
Oblique fault, [525]
Obsidian, [407], [453], [471]
Ocean basins, [11]
areas of, [7]
connection of, [8]
deposits on, [368–386]
relief of bottom, [11]
topography of, [326]
Ocean basin segments, size of, [547]
Oceanic deposits, chemical, [375]
deep-sea, [368], [378–386]
organic, [375], [382]
shallow water, [369–378]
Ocean, the, [7], [324–392]
changes in, [329]
composition of, [324]
diastrophism in, [329]
gradation in, [333]
salts of, [324]
volume of, [8]
vulcanism in, [332]
work of, [324–392]
Offset with gap, [525]
Offset with overlap, [525]
Oldham, R. D., [534], [535]
Oligoclase, [400], [465]
Olivine, [400], [465]
Omeose, [459]
Omphacite, [465]
Onyx, [471]
Oolite, [435], [471], [496]
Ooze, [471]
Opal, [465]
Ore deposits (see [Ores])
O’Reilly, J. P., [538]
Ore regions, origin of, [477]
Ores, [428], [474–485]
concentration by reprecipitation, [479]
concentration by solution, [479]
concentration by surface leaching, [478]
“flaxseed,” [497]
influence of rock walls on deposition, [484]
magmatic segregation, [475]
marine segregation, [476]
original distribution, [475]
purification by leaching, [478]
residual concentration, [478]
Organic processes, [638]
Organic residue, [640], [641]
Organic rocks, [449], [646]
Original heat distribution, [559–568]
Origin and descent of rocks, [393–484]
Orogenic movements, [537]
Orthoclase, [400], [465]
Orthophyre, [471]
Osars, [306]
Outcrops, effects of faults on, [522]
Outwash plain, [306]
Overloading of streams, [177], [178], [186]
Overthrust, [518]
Oxbow lakes, [192], [198]
Oxidation, [42], [427]
Ozocerite, [465], [646]
Paleontologic geology, [1]
Paleontology, [1]
Paraffine, [646]
Peastone, [472]
Peat, [406], [472]
Pegmatite, [472]
Pelagic deposits, [379–386]
organic constituents of, [382]
Pelagic fauna, [670]
Pelecypods, shells of, [662]
Pele’s, [618]
“Pele’s hair,” [404]
Pelites, [472]
Peneplain, [81], [169]
Penrose, R. A. F., Jr., [478]
Peralkalic rocks, [458]
Percaleic rocks, [458], [459]
Perfemane, [455]
Perfemic rocks, [454]
Perfelic rocks, [456]
Perferrous rocks, [459]
Peridotites, [416], [453]
Perlenic rocks, [456]
Perlite, [408], [453], [472]
Permiric rocks, [458]
Permirlic rocks, [458]
Permitic rocks, [457]
Perolic rocks, [457]
Perpolic rocks, [456]
Perpotassic rocks, [458]
Perpyric rocks, [457]
Perquaric rocks, [456]
Perrey, A., [537]
Perrine, [538]
Persalane, [455], [459]
Persalic rocks, [454]
Persodic rocks, [458]
Pertilic rocks, [457]
Petrifaction, [223]
“Petrified turtles,” [496]
Petroleum, [465]
Petrology, [1], [393–485]
Petrosilex, [472]
Pfaff, F., [537]
Phanerites, [451]
Phanerocrystalline rocks, [412]
Phenocrysts, [412]
Philosophic geology, [1]
Phonolite, [472]
Photobathic fauna, [670]
Photobathic zone, [670]
Phyllite, [472]
Physiographic geology, [1]
Picrolite, [465]
Pictotite, [465]
Piedmontite, [465]
Piedmont glacier, [254]
Piedmont plain, alluvial, [183]
Piracy, [160]
domestic, [104]
extent of, in Appalachians, [170]
foreign, [104]
of Kaaterskill Creek, [105]
of Plaaterskill Creek, [105]
Pirsson, Louis V., [412] 451, [573]
Pisolite, [465], [496]
Pitchstones, [408], [453], [472]
Plagioclase, [465]
Plain, alluvial, [181], [184]
graded, [169]
outwash, [306]
Planation, [82]
Plant kingdom, geologic contributions of, [652–658]
Plant life and carbon dioxide, [665]
Plant societies, [667]
Plants, contributions to deposits, [652–658]
contribution to limestone, [654]
effect on erosion, [131], [644]
reference table of, [653]
weathering influenced by, [112]
Platte River, [187]
Plaaterskill Creek, piracy of, [105]
Plugs, volcanic, [591]
Plumbago, [465]
Plunging anticline, [155]
Plutonic rocks, [472]
Polar glaciers, [254]
Poincaré, H., [576]
Polic rocks, [456]
Polmitic rocks, [457]
Ponding of streams, [171]
Po River, delta of, [202]
sediment carried by, [107]
Porphyries, [453]
Porphyrite, [472]
Porphyritic rocks, [411]
Porphyry, [472]
Posepny, F., [474]
Potash, in sea-water, [377]
Pot holes, [140]
Potomac River, [168]
sediment carried by, [107]
Potonié, H., [652]
Powell, J. W., [519], [521]
Precipitation, [50]
from atmosphere, [51]
from solution, [41], [225], [239], [375–379]
Precipitation from solution, conditions influencing, [225]
influenced by algæ, [225]
Pressures within earth, based on Laplace’s law, [564]
Prestwich, J., [203], [225]
Propylite, [472]
Protogine, [472]
Protozoa, geologic contribution of, [660]
Provincial faunas, [668]
Pseudomorphs, [465]
Psilomelane, [465]
Psychological factors 651
Pteridophytes, geologic contribution of, [657]
Pteropod ooze, [380], [382]
“Pulpit rocks,” [350]
Pumice, [406], [453], [472]
Push moraine, [301]
Puzzalana, [405]
Pyrite, [465]
Pyroclastic rocks, [404], [406], [472]
Pyrolic rocks, [457]
Pyroxene, [400], [465]
Pyroxenite, [417], [452], [472]
Quaquaversal dip, [504]
Quardofelic rocks, [456]
Quarfelic rocks, [456]
Quartz, [466]
Quartzite, [447], [472]
Quartz-leucophyres, [453]
Quartzophyres, [453]
Quartz-porphyries, [453]
Radiolarian ooze, [380], [382], [425], [661]
Rain, amount of, [51]
erosion by, [57]
mechanical work of, [51]
Rain-drop impressions, [490]
Rainfall, effect on erosion, [128]
Ransome, F. L., [130], [513]
Rapids, development of, [133], [146]
Rate of erosion, conditions affecting, [123]
Ravine, [64]
Raymond, R. W., [474]
Reade, T. M., [225], [366], [561], [572]
Reconstructed glacier, [256]
Red clay, [380], [383], [384]
Red mud, [380]
Red River of Louisiana, [188]
Reid, H. F., [256], [259], [261]
Regolith, [400], [472]
Rejuvenation of streams, [162–163]
criteria of, [164], [165], [166]
Relief, of lithosphere, [11]
of ocean basins, [11]
representation on maps, [30]
Relief of pressure, a cause of volcanic action, [627]
Rendu, L. C., [321], [322]
Restrictive evolution, [672]
Reversed fault, [517], [521]
Reyer, E., [636]
Rhine River, material in solution in, [108]
Rhizopoda, geologic contributions of, [660]
Rhone River, delta of, [203]
material in solution in, [108]
sediment carried by, [107]
Rhyolite, [472]
Rhyolitic structure, of lavas, [41]
Ricard, T. A., [474]
Richthofen, Baron von, [23], [604], [614], [615]
Rigidity, distribution of, [578]
Rill-marks, [372], [489]
Rink, H., [248]
Ripple-marks, [371], [489]
due to wind, [37]
Rio Grande River, sediment of, [107]
River lakes, [198]
River erosion (see [Stream erosion])
Roanoke River, [168]
Roches Moutonnées, [304]
Rock breaking, by changes of temperature, [44], [49]
Rocks, alferric, [454]
alkalicalcic, [458]
alkalimirlic, [458]
alterations of, [426]
aqueous, [467]
arenaceous, [468]
autoclastic, [444]
calcimiric, [458]
“chimney,” [350]
chloritic, [431]
classification and nomenclature, [449]
clastic, [468]
crystalline, [16]
determination of age, [15]
disruption by hydration, [111]
docalcic, [458]
dofemic, [454]
doferrous, [459]
dohemic, [457]
dolenic, [456]
domagnesic, [459]
domalkalic, [458]
domilic, [457]
domiric, [458]
domirlic, [458]
domitic, [457]
dopolic, [456]
dopotassic, [458]
dopyric, [457]
doquaric, [456]
dosalic, [454]
dosodic, [458]
dotilic, [457]
eolian, [469]
femic, [454]
glassy, [406]
holocrystalline, [412]
hypogene, [470]
igneous, [16], [393], [498]
leading elements of, [396]
lendofelic, [456]
lenfelic, [456]
magnesiferrous, [459]
meta-igneous, [471]
metamorphic, [16]
mirlic, [458]
mitic, [456]
organic, [646]
origin and descent of, [393–485]
peralkalic, [458]
percalcic, [458], [459]
perfelic, [456]
perfemic, [454]
perferrous, [459]
perhemic 457
perlenic, [456]
permagnesic, [459]
permiric, [458]
permerlic, [458]
permitic, [457]
perolic, [457]
perpolic, [456]
perpotassic, [458]
perquaric, [456]
persalic, [454]
persodic, [458]
pertilic, [457]
perpyric, [457]
phanerocrystalline, [412]
plutonic, [472]
polic, [456]
polmitic, [457]
porphyritic, [411]
precipitate, [427]
“pulpit,” [350]
pyroclastic, [404], [406], [472]
quardofelic, [456]
quarfelic, [456]
salfemic, [454]
salic, [454]
secondary, [420]
sedimentary, [422], [486]
sodipotassic, [458]
solution of, [427]
specific heat of, [552]
stratified, [14]
talcose, [431]
tilhemic, [457]
Rock terraces, [140], [204]
Rock waste, [12]
Roots, wedge-work of, [112], [131], [150]
Rotation of earth, change in rate of, [575]
effect on stream erosion, [194]
Rotation and vulcanism, [604]
Roth, J., [108]
Running water (see [Streams])
Run-off, [59]
Russell, I. C., [108], [118], [151], [172], [194], [203], [232], [256], [283], [388], [392], [636]
Rutile, [466]
Saint Vincent, [605]
Salfemane, [455]
Salfemic rocks, [454]
Saline lakes (see [Salt lakes])
Saline springs, [235]
Salisbury, R. D., [203], [256]
Salt lakes, [391]
composition of, [372]
deposits in, [388]
Salts, deposition of, [375–378]
in sea-water, [324–326]
Sand, eolian, [26–37]
Sandstone, [422], [434], [472]
stratification of, [487]
Sandstone dikes, [514]
Sanidine, [466]
Sapping, [127], [133]
Satinspar, [466]
Schist, [446], [472]
Schistosity, [443]
Schmidt, J. F. J., [537]
Schoharie Creek, beheaded, [105]
Scoriæ, [405], [473]
Scour-and-fill, [194]
of Missouri River, [195]
Scrope, G. P., [636]
Sea-caves, [350]
Sea-cliffs, [349]
Sea, the (see [Ocean])
Sea-water, aperiodic movements of, [338]
movements generated by attraction, [337]
movements of, [334–342]
salts in, [376], [377], [378]
Sea-waves, caused by earthquake, [535]
Secondary rocks, derivation of, [420]
“Second bottoms,” [205]
Secretions, [497]
Sediment, carried by Danube, [107]
carried by Irrawaddy, [107]
carried by Mississippi, [107]
carried by Nile, [107]
carried by Po, [107]
carried by Potomac, [107]
carried by Rhone, [107]
carried by Rio Grande, [107]
carried by Uruguay, [107]
character of, influenced by land vegetation, [645]
deposited by rivers, [65], [177–204]
deposited in lakes, [387]
deposited in sea, [368–386]
effect on corrasion, [120]
effect on falls, [137]
how carried by streams, [116]
Sedimentary rocks, classes of, [422]
structural features of, [486]
Sedimentation and vulcanism, [629]
Seed-plants, [657]
Segregation of ores, [475]
Seiches, [386]
Seine River, intrenched meanders of, [164]
Selenite, [466]
Septaria, [473], [495]
Serpentine, [431], [466], [473]
Serpentine kames, [306]
Seward, A. C., [652]
Shale, [422], [434], [473]
stratification of, [487]
Shaler, N. S., [227], [349], [357] (and Davis, W. M.), [256]
Shallow-water deposits, [368], [369], [379]
characteristics of, [373]
topography of, [374]
Shearing of glacier ice, [317]
Sheet erosion, [59]
Shell marl, [655]
Shore currents, [342]
deposition by, [355]
Shore deposition and coastal configuration, [363]
Shore drift, [355]
Shore ice, [389]
Shoshone Falls, [135]
Siderite, [425], [466]
Silicified wood, [439]
Silicious deposits, [425]
Sills, [446], [592]
Sketcherly, S. B., [23]
Slate, [473]
Slaty structure, [441]
Slichter, C. S., [221], [563], [576]
Slumps, [231]
Smaragdite, [466]
Smith, E. A., [543]
Snow-fields, [244]
distribution of, [244]
Snowflakes, forms of, [310]
Snow-line, [245]
in Andes, [246]
in Antarctica, [246]
in Greenland, [246]
in Himalayas, [246]
Snow, work of, [244]
Soapstone, [431], [473]
Sodipotassic rocks, [458]
Solms-Laubach, [652]
Solution, by ground-water, [222]
by rivers, [108], [122]
Solution of rocks, [427]
Solvent action, location of, [480]
Sorby, H. C., [367]
Source of streams, [178]
Spatter cones, [609], [610]
Specific heat of rock, [552]
Spermatophytes, geologic contribution of, [657]
Sphenophyllum, [657]
Sphericity, a factor in deformation, [580]
Spherosiderite, [466]
Spinel, [466]
Spit, the, [357]
Sponges, secretions of, [661]
Sporadosiderites, [5]
“Spouting horn,” [351]
Springs, calcareous, [235]
chalybeate, [235]
cold, [234]
common, [235]
deep, [234]
intermittent, [235]
medicinal, [235]
mineral, [235]
saline, [235]
shallow, [234]
sulphur, [235]
Stalactite, [437], [473]
formation of, [227]
Stalagmite 437, [473]
St. Anthony Falls, [136]
Stapff, F. M. 388
Staurolite, [466]
Steam discharge from volcanoes, [635]
Steatite, [431], [466], [473]
Stevenson, D., [341], [344], [370]
Stoping, [632]
Stoss side, [299]
Strachey, R., [51]
Stratification, [486]
Stratified rocks, [14]
Stratigraphic geology, [1]
Stratigraphy and fossils, [647]
Stratigraphy and paleontology, [647]
Stream erosion, [56–177]
economic effects of, [108]
influenced by rock, [124]
influenced by declivity, [123]
influenced by structure, [125], [127]
topography developed by, [92]
Streams, abrasion by, [119]
adjustment in Appalachians, [148]
adjustment of, [146], [147]
affected by rotation of earth, [194]
aggradational work of, [177–204]
antecedent, [169], [171]
characteristics of aggrading, [179], [187]
compared with glaciers, [262]
consequent, [78]
corrasion by, [119]
cross-currents in, [117]
decrease in size of, [179], [180]
deposition by, [177]
drowning of, [170]
effect of change of level on, [161], [171]
erosion by, [57–177]
floods of, [109]
ice of, [118]
intermittent, [71], [72]
mature, [86]
mechanical work of, [226]
migration from synclines to anticlines, [159]
mineral matter in solution in, [225]
old age of, [89]
overloading of, [178], [179], [186]
permanent, [70]
piracy of, [103]
ponding of, [171]
relation of width to meander belt, [193]
solution by, [108], [122]
sources of, [178]
struggle for existence among, [100]
superimposed, [150]
topographic adjustment of, [162], [163], [197]
transportation by, [115], [116]
velocity of, [115]
young, [85]
Stream-terraces, [204–212]
Stream velocity, effect on transportation, [115]
Stream work, [57–212]
Stress-accumulation, [583], [588]
Striæ, [283]
Strike, [501]
Strike fault, [522]
Stromboli, [636]
Structural adjustment of valleys, [147]
Structural features of rocks, [486–525]
arising from disturbance, [500]
of igneous rocks, [498]
of sedimentary rock, [486]
Structural geology, [1], [486]
Structural valleys, [77]
Structure of glacier ice, [308]
Structure of rock, influence on erosion, [125]
Struggle for existence among valleys, [100]
Subaërial erosion, [58]
Sub-atomic forces, causes of crustal movement, [556]
Subdivisions of geology, [1]
Subglacial load, [282]
Subsidence, effect on coast-lines, [331]
Suess, Edw., [538]
Sulphur, [466]
Sulphur springs, [235]
Sun-cracks, [373], [490]
Superglacial load, [282]
Superimposed streams, [150]
Surface moraines, [266]
Susquehanna River, [168]
Switzerland, snow-fields of, [245]
Syenites, [415], [452], [473]
Syncline, [157], [504]
Synclinoria, [504]
Syssiderites, [5]
Tachylite, [473]
Tait, P. G., [552], [572], [573] (and Thompson, J.), [560], [579]
Talc, [466]
Talcose rock, [431]
Talus, [112]
Talus cone, [182]
Talus glacier, [233], [232]
Tarr, R. S., [165]
Temperature, at centre of earth, [571]
atmospheric, [43], [46], [49]
based on Laplace’s law, [564]
effect on erosion, [129]
effects of changes on rocks, [44]
expansion and contraction due to changes of, [44]
in excavations, [569]
of interior of earth, [559–570]
of lavas, [615], [627]
Tennessee River, history of, [168–169]
Tension joints, [514]
Terminal moraine, [266], [301]
Terraces, stream, [204–212]
flood-plain, [205]
rock, [140], [204]
termini of, [210]
wave-built, [363]
wave-cut, [351], [353]
Terrigenous deposits, in sea, [379]
Thallophytes, geologic contribution of, [653]
Thames River, [224]
material in solution in, [108]
Thibetan plateau, [548]
Thompson, James, [322], [560], [579]
Thompson, W. G., [119]
“Thorofares,” [358]
Thrust-fault, [517], [518]
Tides, [4], [338]
effect on rotation, [4]
Tilden, W. A., [620]
Tilhemic rocks, [457]
Till, [473]
Titanite, [467]
Todd, J. E., [195]
Topaz, [467]
Topographic adjustment of streams, [162], [163], [197]
Topographic effects of glacial erosion, [287]
Topographic effects of ground-water, [231]
Topographic map, explanation of, [30]
Topographic maturity, [86]
Topographic old age, [89]
Topographic youth, [86]
Topography, developed by river erosion, [92]
dune, [32]
landslide, [231]
mature, [86]
of alluvial deposits, [196]
of glaciers, [266]
of ocean bottom, [326]
of shallow-water deposits, [374]
youthful 86
Top-set beds, [202]
Trachyte, [473]
Transportation, [110]
by glaciers, [281]
by ocean currents, [367]
by streams, [115], [119]
by waves, [354]
by wind, [22], [25]
Trap, [419], [473]
Travertine, [473]
Trees, uprooting of, [40]
Tremolite, [447], [467]
Tributaries, development of, [78]
position of, [79]
topographic adjustment of, [197]
Tripoli, [661]
Tripolite, [426]
Trout creek, [193]
Tschermak, G., [538]
Tufa (see [Tuffs])
Tufa cones, [611]
Tufa deposits, [611]
Tuffs, [404], [434], [473]
Tuscarora deep, [548]
Two Medicine River, [154], [157]
Tyndall, J., and Huxley, T. H., [322]
Udden, J. A., [22]
Uinta Mountains, lateral moraines of, [303]
Underground water (see [Ground-water])
Undertow, [341]
deposition by, [355]
erosion by, [342], [347]
United States Geological Survey, VI., [32]
Upham, W., [388]
Uprooting of trees, [40]
Uralite, [431]
Uruguay River, sediment carried by, [107]
Usiglio, [375]
Valleys,
affected by folds, [154]
antecedent (see [Streams, antecedent])
canoe-shaped, [155]
consequent, [78]
courses of, [77]
development of, [63], [70], [73], [80]
hanging, [164], [290]
limits of growth, [67]
oldest parts, [76]
profiles of, [66]
relations to lakes, [74]
slopes of, [94]
special forms of, [94]
structural, [77]
struggle for existence among, [100]
Van Hise, C. R., [219], [434], [448], [474], [479], [504], [543], [555], [570]
Vegetation,
effect on dunes, [29]
effect on erosion, [131], [644]
effect on sediments, [645]
effect on weathering, [131]
Veins, [223], [428], [511]
Vermes, geologic contribution of, [662]
Vermeule, C. C., [109]
Vertebrata, geologic contribution of, [663]
Vesuvius, [605]
Virginia, natural bridge of, [156]
Viridite, [467]
Volcanic action, causes of, [623–633]
activity, periodicity of, [607]
ash, [23], [404], [592], [617]
bombs, [406], [592], [617]
cinders, [592]
cones, [500]
débris in sea, [381]
dust (see [Volcanic ash])
eruptions, [594]
and atmospheric pressure, [606]
and tidal strain, [607]
types of, [593]
gases, [617–623]
action of, [617]
kinds of, [618]
proportions of, [620], [622]
sources of, [619], [620], [621], [633]
glass (see [Obsidian])
in sea, [381]
mud, [380]
flows of, [610]
neck, [500]
plug, [500]
rocks, [395–418]
residual gases in, [619]
smoke, [592], [617]
Volcanoes, [599–611]
coincidence in eruption of, [606]
cones of, [608]
distribution of, in curved lines, [603]
distribution of, in latitude, [603]
distribution of, in relation to crustal movements, [601], [604], [628]
distribution of, in relation to land and sea, [599]
distribution of, in time, [599]
independence of, [605], [623]
periodicity of, [607]
relations of, [604–607]
relations to one another, [605]
Volume of ocean, [325]
Vuggs, [437]
Vulcanism, [2], [590–637]
causes of, [623–633]
effects on coast-lines, [332]
in ocean, [332]
Vulcanism and deep sedimentation, [629]
ground-water, [635]
rotation, [603]
Wacke, [422], [473], [645]
Wad, [467]
Walcott, C. D., [194], [246], [371], [438], [440], [441], [502], [503], [509]
Wallace, A. R., [665], [668]
Walther, J., [50], [670]
Warming, E., [667]
Warping, effect of, on streams, [171]
of earth’s crust, [526], [541], [542]
Wasatch Mountains, lateral moraines of, [303]
Washington, H. S., [412], [451], [573]
Waste of glaciers, [273]
Water (see [Streams], Ground-water, Ocean, etc.)
amount of, [7]
geologic activity of, [8]
Water-gaps, [141], [167]
Waterfalls, [132]
development of, [133]
Minnehaha, [137]
Niagara, [139]
Shoshone, [135]
St. Anthony, [135]
Upper Yosemite, [138]
Yellowstone, [135]
Waterfalls and sediment, [137]
Water-lime, [473]
Water-table, [71], [215]
Water-vapor, climatic effects of, [643]
Wave-built terraces, [363]
Wave-cut terraces, [351], [352]
Wave erosion, [342–354]
range of, [346]
topographic features developed by, [349]
Wave erosion and horizontal configuration, [353], [363], [364]
Wave-marks, [490]
Wave-motion, [339]
Waves, [339]
deposition by, [355]
erosion by, [342–354]
force of, [344]
transportation by, [354]
work of, [342–366]
Weathering, [54], [110], [226]
affected by life, [644]
aided by plants, [112]
aided by hot vapors, [113]
effect of gravity, [112]
effect of joints, [151], [153]
importance of, in valley growth, [114]
Wedgework of ice, [45], [48], [150]
of roots, [112], [131], [150]
Weed, W. H., [225], [237], [474], [656]
Wells,
artesian, [242]
flowing, [234], [242], [243]
Wheeling well, temperature of, [569]
White glacier, [263]
Whitfield, J. E. (and Gooch, F. A.), [236]
Williams, H. S., [658]
Willis, B., [157], [168], [169], [257], [344], [355], [365], [516], [543], [550]
Winchell, H. V., [474]
Wind, abrasion by, [38]
effects on plants, [40]
movements of sea, generated by, [336]
transports organisms, [41]
work of, [21–41]
Wind-blown dust, [22]
Wind-blown sands, [25]
Wind-ripples, [37]
Winslow, A., [474]
Wisconsin River, dells of, [152]
Woodward, R. S., [560], [581]
Work of glaciers, [281]
Wyandotte Cave, [227], [228]
Yazoo River, [188]
Yellowstone Park,
geysers of, [238]
hot springs of, [225]
Yellowstone River,
canyon of, [100]
falls of, [135]
Yukon River, delta of, [202]
Zeiller, [652]
Zeolites, [428], [467]
Zircon, [467]
Zittel, K. von, [658], [659]
Zone of fracture, [219], [427]

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The Earth. Johnson’s Encyclopædia. See also statement of Murray in Smithsonian An. Rept., 1899, p. 312. Reprint from Brit. A. A. S., Dover meeting, 1899, and Scot. Geog. Mag., Vol. XV, 1899, p. 511.

[2] Its specific gravity as a whole is about 5.57, and the specific gravity of its outer portion is about 2.7.

[3] For an excellent study of the erosion, transportation, and sedimentation performed by the atmosphere, see Udden, Jour. of Geol., Vol. II, pp. 318–331. See also Pop. Sci. Mo., September, 1896.

[4] The Eruption of Krakatoa. Committee of the Royal Society, 1888.

[5] A brief account of the influence of the dust on sunsets is found in Davis’s Elementary Meteorology, pp. 85 and 119.

[6] Science, New Ser., Vol. IV, p. 816, 1896.

[7] Von Richtofen. “China.”

[8] Sketcherley and Kingsmill. Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc., Vol. LI, 1895, pp. 238–254.