[144] Limited areas of the ocean bottom are actually concave upward; that is, they are basins in the more commonly accepted sense of the term (see [Chapter IX]).
[145] J. Geikie. Earth Sculpture, p. 329.
[146] Murray. Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. XV, p. 507.
[147] Lindenkohl. Science, Vol. X, 1899, p. 807.
[148] This does not hold for tropical latitudes.
[149] National Geographic Magazine, Vol. XI, pp. 377–392.
[150] For causes of ocean-currents, see Croll’s Climate and Time; Proc. Roy. Soc., 1869–73, and Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc., 1871–77.
[151] In the following pages concerning the waves and their work Gilbert’s classic discussion of shore features, in the Fifth Annual Report of the U. S. Geol. Survey, pp. 80–100, is freely drawn on. Another incisive discussion of certain shore phenomena is that of Fenneman, Jour. of Geol., Vol. X, pp. 1–32.
[152] Dana. Manual of Geology, 4th ed., p. 213.
[153] Delesse. Lithologie des Mers de France. Cited by Geikie, Text-book of Geology, 3d ed., p. 438.