Scale, 1+ mile per inch.
Fig. 2. VIRGINIA, WEST VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND.
| Name of river | Bear | Croton | Cumberland | Delaware | Hudson, N. Y. | James |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collected at | Evanston, Wy. | Reservoir, New York City | Reservoir at Nashville, Tenn. | Reservoir at Trenton, N. J. | ............ | Richmond Water Works, Va. |
| Date | Dec., 1873 | 1881 | ............ | ............ | ............ | Oct. 24. 1876, after light rain |
| Analyst | F. W. Clarke | E. Waller | N. T. Lupton | H. Wurtz | C. F. Chandler | W. H. Taylor |
| Reference | Bulletin No. 9, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 30 | Water supply of New York City, 1881 | Am. Chemist, July 16, 1876, p. 16 | Geol. of N. J., 1868, p. 702 | Public Health Papers, Vol. I, Am. Pub. Health Ass. | Ann. Rept. Board of Health, Richmond, Va., 1876 |
| Sodium, Na | .0082 | [34].00298 | .01032 | .00072 | .00244 | .00234 |
| Potassium, K | ...... | .00154 | .00050 | .00178 | .00058 | .00251 |
| Calcium, Ca | .0432 | .00905 | .02987 | .01104 | .02220 | .01284 |
| Magnesium, Mg | .0125 | .00336 | .00280 | .00435 | .00465 | .00377 |
| Chlorine, Cl | .0049 | .00213 | .00299 | .00121 | .00581 | .00105 |
| Carbonic acid, CO2 | [35].0982 | [34].02248 | .05727 | .02552 | .07278 | .02954 |
| Sulphuric acid, SO3 | .0105 | .00441 | .00563 | .00175 | .01257 | .00363 |
| Phosphoric acid, H3PO | ...... | .00172 | Trace | |||
| Nitric acid, HNO3 | ...... | ...... | .00511 | ...... | ...... | .00231 |
| Silica, SiO2 | .0070 | .03360 | Trace | .00852 | .00698 | .01024 |
| Alumina, Al2O3 | .00047 | .00041 | ||||
| Sesquioxide of iron, Fe2O3 | ...... | ...... | ...... | |||
| Sesquioxides of iron and alumina, Fe2O3 and Al2O3 | ...... | .00078 | .00671 | ...... | .00120 | ...... |
| Sesquioxides of iron and manganese, Fe2O3 and Mn2O3 | .00072 | |||||
| Carbonates of iron and manganese, FeCO3 and MnCO3 | ||||||
| Oxide of iron, FeO | ...... | |||||
| Oxide of manganese, MnO | Trace | ...... | ||||
| Hydrogen in bicarbonates, H | .00121 | |||||
| Chloride and sulphate of sodium, NaCl, and Na2SO4 | ...... | |||||
| Ammonia, NH4 | ...... | ...... | .01087 | ...... | .00001 | |
| Organic matter | .00400 | .01666 | .01197 | .00299 | ||
| Carbonates and sulphates of Na, K, and Mg | ...... | ...... | ...... | ...... | ...... | ...... |
| .1845 | .08433 | .13786 | .06795 | .14238 | .07246 |
| Name of river | Los Angeles | Maumee, O. | Mississippi | Ottawa | Passaic | Rio Grande del Norte | Sacramento |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collected at | Hydrant, City ater Works, New Orleans, La. | St. Ann’s Lock, Montreal, Can. | 4 miles above Newark, N. J. | Fort Craig, New Mexico | Hydrant, Sacramento, Cal. | Hydrant at Los Angeles, Cal. | ............ |
| Date | Sept. 8, 1878 | ............ | ............ | Mar. 9, 1854 | 1851 | 1873 | Sept., 1878 |
| Analyst | W. J. Jones | C. F. Chandler | W. J. Jones | T. S. Hunt | E. N. Horsford | O. Loew | W. J. Jones |
| Reference | Rept. Cal. State Board of Health, 1878 | Report of Toledo Water Works, 1881 | Rept. La. State Board of Health, 1882, p. 370 | Geol. of Canada, 1863, p. 567 | Geol. of N. J., 1868, p. 708 | U. S. Geog. Surv. west of 100th M., Vol. III. p. 576 | Rept. Cal. State Board of Health, 1878 |
| Sodium, Na | .02968 | .00162 | .0310 | .00239 | .02357 | .03220 | .00200 |
| Potassium, K | ...... | .00309 | ...... | .00139 | .00163 | .00063 | ...... |
| Calcium, Ca | .01750 | .02645 | .0372 | .00992 | .01459 | .01633 | .01279 |
| Magnesium, Mg | .02097 | .00443 | ...... | .00161 | .00404 | .00123 | .00121 |
| Chlorine, Cl | .01044 | .00250 | .0480 | .00076 | .03192 | .03604 | ...... |
| Carbonic acid, CO2 | .05635 | .04438 | .0383 | .02255 | .02634 | .01025 | .00887 |
| Sulphuric acid, SO3 | .05724 | .01401 | .00194 | .01716 | .04700 | .00397 | |
| Phosphoric acid, H3PO | .02638 | Trace | Faint trace | .0179 | |||
| Nitric acid, HNO3 | ...... | ...... | ...... | Trace | ...... | ||
| Silica, SiO2 | .02005 | .00724 | .02060 | .01342 | Trace | .03167 | |
| Alumina, Al2O3 | .00171 | ...... | Trace | Trace | .00120 | Trace | |
| Sesquioxide of iron, Fe2O3 | .00100 | ||||||
| Sesquioxides of iron and alumina, Fe2O3 and Al2O3 | ...... | ...... | |||||
| Sesquioxides of iron and manganese, Fe2O3 and Mn2O3 | ...... | ...... | |||||
| Carbonates of iron and manganese, FeCO3 and MnCO3 | .00443 | ...... | ...... | .01088 | |||
| Oxide of iron, FeO | Trace | Trace | |||||
| Oxide of manganese, MnO | Trace | ||||||
| Hydrogen in bicarbonates, H | ...... | ||||||
| Chloride and sulphate of sodium, NaCl, and Na2SO4 | ...... | .02431 | |||||
| Ammonia, NH4 | ...... | Trace | |||||
| Organic matter | .00499 | ...... | .01392 | ||||
| Carbonates and sulphates of Na, K, and Mg | ...... | ...... | .0154 | ...... | ...... | ...... | ...... |
| .24475 | .10971 | .1699 | .06116 | .13287 | .15760 | .11484 |
| Name of river | St. Lawrence | Humboldt | Truckee | Walker | Jordan | Mohawk | Genesee |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| South side Point des Cascades | Collected at | Battle Mt., Nev. | Lake Tahoe, Nev. | Mason Valley, Nev. | Utah Lake | Utica, N. Y. | Rochester, N. Y. |
| Date | Mar. 30, 1863 | Dec., 1872 | Oct., 1872 | Oct., 1872 | Nov., 1873 | ||
| Analyst | T. S. Hunt | T. M. Chatard | F. W. Clarke | F. W. Clarke | F. W. Clarke | C. F. Chandler | C. F. Chandler |
| Reference | Geol. of Canada, 1863, p. 567 | U. S. Geol. Surv., Monograph XI, p. 41 | U. S. Geol. Surv., Monograph XI, p. 42 | U. S. Geol. Surv., Monograph XI, p. 40 | Bulletin No. 9, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 29 | Johnson’s Cyclopedia, Vol. IV | Johnson’s Cyclopedia, Vol. IV |
| Sodium, Na | .00513 | .0467 | .0073 | .0318 | .0178 | .0036 | .0044 |
| Potassium, K | .00115 | .0100 | .0033 | Trace | ...... | .0009 | .0023 |
| Calcium, Ca | .03233 | .0489 | .0093 | .0228 | .0558 | .0318 | .0417 |
| Magnesium, Mg | .00585 | .0124 | .0030 | .0038 | .0186 | .0069 | .00896 |
| Chlorine, Cl | .00242 | .0075 | .0023 | .0131 | .0124 | .0023 | .0024 |
| Carbonic acid, CO2 | .06836 | [35].1544 | [35].0287 | [35].0576 | .0608 | .0569 | .0646 |
| Sulphuric acid, SO3 | .00831 | .0477 | .0054 | .0284 | .1306 | .0187 | .0431 |
| Phosphoric acid, H3PO | Trace | ...... | |||||
| Nitric acid, HNO3 | ...... | ...... | ...... | ...... | ...... | ...... | |
| Silica, SiO2 | .03700 | .0326 | .0137 | 0.225 | .0100 | .0067 | .0014 |
| Alumina, Al2O3 | .0013 | ||||||
| Sesquioxide of iron, Fe2O3 | ...... | ...... | |||||
| Sesquioxides of iron and alumina, Fe2O3 and Al2O3 | .0013 | .0014 | |||||
| Sesquioxides of iron and manganese, Fe2O3 and Mn2O3 | |||||||
| Carbonates of iron and manganese, FeCO3 and MnCO3 | ...... | ||||||
| Oxide of iron, FeO | Trace | ...... | |||||
| Oxide of manganese, MnO | Trace | ...... | ...... | ||||
| Hydrogen in bicarbonates, H | ...... | ...... | ...... | ||||
| Chloride and sulphate of sodium, NaCl, and Na2SO4 | ...... | ...... | ...... | ||||
| Ammonia, NH4 | ...... | ...... | ...... | ||||
| Organic matter | ...... | ...... | .0234 | .0250 | |||
| Carbonates and sulphates of Na, K, and Mg | ...... | ...... | ...... | ...... | ...... | ...... | ...... |
| .16055 | .3615 | .0730 | .1800 | .3060 | .1525 | 019526 |
The following table[36] gives the percentage of material carried in suspension by various rivers:
| River. | Drainage Areas in Square Miles. | Mean Annual Discharge (in Cubic Feet.) per Second. | Total Tons Annually. | Ratio of Sediment to Water by Weight. | Height in Feet of Column of Sediment with a Base of One Square Mile. | Thickness of Sediment in Inches if Spread over Drainage Area. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Potomac | 11,043 | 20,160 | 5,557,250 | 1 : 3,575 | 4.0 | .00433 |
| Mississippi | 1,244,000 | 610,000 | 406,250,000 | 1 : 1,500 | 241.4 | .00223 |
| Rio Grande | 30,000 | 1,700 | 3,830,000 | 1 : 291 | 2.8 | .00116 |
| Uruguay | 150,000 | 150,000 | 14,782,500 | 1 : 10,000 | 10.6 | .00085 |
| Rhone | 34,800 | 65,850 | 36,000,000 | 1 : 1,775 | 31.1 | .01075 |
| Po | 27,100 | 62,200 | 67,000,000 | 1 : 900 | 59.0 | .01139 |
| Danube | 320,300 | 315,200 | 108,000,000 | 1 : 2,880 | 93.2 | .00354 |
| Nile | 1,100,000 | 113,000 | 54,000,000 | 1 : 2,050 | 38.8 | .00042 |
| Irrawaddy | 125,000 | 475,000 | 291,430,000 | 1 : 1,610 | 209.0 | .02005 |
| Mean | 334,693 | 201,468 | 109,649,972 | 1 : 2,731 | 76.65 | .00614 |
The composition of rain-water falling near London, as determined by analysis, was as follows:[37]
| Organic carbon | .99 | part in 1,000,000 of water. |
| Organic nitrogen | .22 | “ “ “ “ “ |
| Ammonia | .50 | “ “ “ “ “ |
| Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites | .07 | “ “ “ “ “ |
| Chlorine | 6.30 | parts in“ “ “ |
| Total solids | 39.50 | “ “ “ “ “ |
A comparison of the composition of rain-water with that of springs and rivers gives some idea of the solvent work of water. From a study of the water of nineteen of the principal rivers of the world Murray has compiled the following table[38] showing the amount of mineral matter in average river water: