The South American Republics, Part 1 of 2

by Thomas Cleland Dawson

---

INDEX

A
Absolutism, of King of Castile in America, [53];
of Francia, [192];
of Lopez, [199], [201];
of John II., [293];
of Pombal, [397];
of Pedro I., [421], [424];
revolt against, [411], [412]
"Adelantados," [23], [34], [166]
Affonso Celso, [492]
Agassiz, Louis, [306]
Agricultural methods, [338], [394], [406], [467]
Alagoas, [309], [355], [405]
Albuquerque, Jeronymo de, [343], [345], [354], [355]
Alcacer-Kibir, battle of, [322], [342]
Alvarengo Peixoto, poet, [399]
Alvarengo, Silva, poet, [399]
Alvear, General Carlos, leader in Buenos Aires, [96], [102];
exiled, [103];
in battle of Ituzaingo, [120], [261], [429];
Montevideo surrenders to, [255]
Amazon, the, estuary discovered, [301];
extent navigable, [308];
explored, [344], [371];
settlements along, [374];
Upper, [382], [392]
Amazonas, state of, [405], [490]
Anchieta, Padre, [329], [336]
Anti-foreign sentiment among Creoles, in Argentina, [34], [86], [267];
in Uruguay, [267];
in Brazil, [396], [417], [423], [426], [432], [433], [439], [442], [455]
Araguaya River, [310], [392]
Arawak Indians, [300]
Architecture, [341]
Argentina, [37-161];
settlement of, [14], [15], [17], [18], [22], [24], [29], [32], [43];
rainfall in, [40];
agriculture and grazing in, [40], [43];
climate in, [41];
area of, [43];
prosperity of, [45], [144], [148];
exports of, [49], [148], [159];
population of, [79], [131], [143], [147], [185];
national colours of, [90],
independence of, [90], [96], [100], [104];
revolt of May 25, 1810, [90], [188], [252], [407];
federalism in, [94], [115], [130], [132], [136], [138], [148], [255];
proposals to make it a monarchy, [104];
civil wars in, [115] et seq.;
war with Brazil, [120], [129], [260], [427], [428], [462];
constitution of, [134], [137], [138];
industrial development in, [141], [160];
war with Paraguay, [141], [142], [189], [200], [206-219], [276], [471];
finances of, [149-153], [156], [157], [160];
war with Chile threatened, [156];
war with Uruguay, [255], [267]
Arroyo Grande, battle of, [268]
Artigas, José, [92], [105], [252-258], [407], [408]
Assassinations, [277], [281], [379], [508]
Asuncion, [22], [33];
founded, [25], [165];
way opened to, [143];
in possession of Brazil, [475]

Audiencia, of Charcas, [16], [53], [61], [176];
of Buenos Aires, [84]
Ayohuma, battle of, [97]
Azores, [8], [292], [346], [387], [412]
B
Bahia (city), early settlement of Brazil, [320];
military and naval post, [322];
population, [324];
industries, [324], [393];
growth, [347];
captured by the Dutch, [351];
captured by the Portuguese, [352];
place of refuge, [355];
siege of, [357];
held by Portuguese, [358], [418];
guerrillas obtain arms in, [362];
ecclesiastical capital, [399];
reception of the Prince Regent, [404];
deposes governor, [412], [436];
garrison re-enforced, [419];
expulsion of Portuguese garrison from, [420]
Bahia (province), position, [310];
Jesuits in, [328];
population, [338];
cattle-raisers of, [372];
insurrections in, [375];
gold-fields in, [391];
attitude toward "Confederation of the Equator," [425];
separatist movement in, [444]
Balboa, Nuñez de, [12]
Basques, [4], [5], [26], [30]
Beckman's rebellion, [375]
Belgrano, Manuel, Creole leader, [89], [93];
expeditions to Paraguay, [91], [92], [188-190];
expedition to Tucuman, [93], [94], [96];
invasion of Bolivia, [97];
commission to Spain, [104];
in Uruguay, [253]
Beresford, General, [83]
Blancos, [126], [129], [266], [272] et seq.
Blandenques, [248]
Bohorquez. See Huallpa Inca.
Bolivar, Simon, [101], [111], [112]
Bolivia (Upper Peru), irrigation in, [14];
silver in, [16], [22], [78], [233];
division of, [75];
gold in, [78];
inhabitants of, [80];
resists revolutionary movement, [91];
Spanish power in, [100];
Rondeau's effort to conquer, [104];
route to, [315]
Bom Jesus stockade, [354], [355]
Bonaparte, Joseph, [87], [251]
Bonaparte, Napoleon, [86], [89], [402]
Bonifacio de Andrada, José, and independence of Brazil, [416], [421];
made prime minister, [418];
letters to Pedro, [419];
and brothers, [423], [432], [439], [446], [449]
Borda, Juan Idiarte, [280], [281]
Botacudo (Aymoré) Indians, [300], [321]
Boundary questions, between Spain and Portugal, [66-68], [72], [77], [172], [181], [233], [239], [244], [245], [342], [372], [376], [387];
between Argentina and Chile, [156], [158];
between Brazil and Paraguay, [203], [208];
between Paraguay and Brazil and Argentina, [222];
of Brazil, [407], [468]
Brazil, [287-512];
settlement of, [23], [316], [318], [319], [321], [323], [336], [342], [372-374], [387], [397];
war with Argentina, [120], [129], [260], [427], [428], [462];
war with Uruguay, [120], [209], [256], [260], [470];
war with Paraguay, [141], [142], [206-219], [276], [471];
area of, [305], [309], [310], [313], [314];
climate, [305], [308-313];
rainfall in, [306], [309-313];
population, [310], [314], [336], [347], [374], [397], [405], [480], [511];
Spanish possession of, [342];
efforts to establish republic in, [381], [399], [409], [476], [479], [482], [488], [492], [495];
independence of, [416], [417], [419], [426], [427];
Constituent Assembly of, [419], [422], [423];
constitution of, [422-424], [439], [444], [500];
Congress of, [427], [430], [432], [440], [443], [447], [449], [451], [464], [466], [475], [486], [500], [507];
regency in, [436] et seq.;
hegemony of, [463], [468], [476];
republic established in, [497], [503], [506]
Brazil-wood, [302-304], [317], [321], [322]
Brazilian Creoles, at war with Spanish Creoles, [66], [68], [105], [240], [242], [245], [248], [254], [256], [382], [388], [389], [408]
Brazilian states, power of governors of, [507]
Brazilians, character and habits, [294], [318], [319], [323], [339], [359], [368], [376], [396], [399], [406], [407], [459], [460], [464], [467], [479], [492], [512]
Brown, William, Admiral, [103], [120], [255], [261], [428]
Buenos Aires (city), founded, [24], [25], [30-32], [168];
foreign commerce forbidden to, [50];
smuggling, [60];
prosperity, [72];
commercial centre, [75], [78];
captured by the British, [83];
captured by the Argentine Creoles, [84];
battle of, [85];
hegemony of, [90], [103];
blockades of, [120], [125], [132], [262], [269], [270];
detached from province, [148]
Buenos Aires (province), division of Argentina, [34];
independent, [61];
Indians exiled to, [63];
intendencia, [75], [79]
C
Cabeza de Vaca, [26]
Cabildos, in Buenos Aires, [32], [90];
organisation and functions, [53-56];
nationality of members, [57];
influence of, [78], [119];
in Montevideo, [252]
Cabot, Sebastian, [22], [165], [233], [317]
Cabral, Pedro Alvares, [295]
Cacao, [78]
Cagancha, battle of, [268]
Calabar (guerrilla chief), [355], [356]
Calchaquie Indians, [63]
Callao, [49]
Camarrão (guerrilla chief), [355], [362]
Campos (city), [347]
Campos Salles, Manoel Ferraz de, [488], [508-510]
Canary Islands, [7], [8], [242], [292], [329]
Cape Horn, [48]
Cape Verde Islands, [8], [292]
Captaincies, [53], [319]
Cardenas, Bishop of Paraguay, [182]
Carib Indians, [300]
Caseros, battle of, [129], [271], [463]
Castilhos, Julio de, [502]
Catamarca, [15], [63], [154]
Cattle industry, in Argentina, [17], [29], [40], [71], [131], [148];
in Uruguay, [238], [268], [273];
in Brazil, [310], [371-373], [390], [393], [406]
Caudillos, [116], [119], [138], [144], [255]
Caxias, Marshal, [143], [218], [452], [453], [475]
Cayenne, [407]
Ceará, location, [309];
settlement in, [345];
Dutch control of, [357];
devastated, [363];
separated from Brazil, [371];
surplus of cattle in, [373];
decline of cattle business in, [393];
adhesion to "Confederation of the Equator," [425];
anarchy in, [438]
Cerrito, battle of, [254]
Chacabuco, battle of, [108]
Chaco, the, [37], [58], [213], [237];
plains of, [166], [186];
matter of arbitration, [222]
Charles IV. of Spain, [86]
Charrua Indians, [71], [235], [244], [247], [265]
Chile, [15], [42], [78], [100], [110]
Cholera in Brazilian army, [216]
Cisplatine Province, [258], [408]
City life, taste for, [56]

Claudio (poet), [399]
Cochrane, Thomas, Admiral, [111], [420], [425]
Coelho, Duarte, [319], [328]
Coffee, productiveness, [306], [313];
districts of cultivation of, [310], [312], [313], [406];
increased production of, [448], [458], [466], [479], [489], [509];
plantation companies, [501];
trade affected by rise of currency, [511]
Colombia, [434]
Colonia de Sacramento, founded, [68], [240], [376];

held by Portuguese, [70], [72], [234], [240];
taken by Spaniards, [77], [246], [388], [389];
port, [230];
attacked, [245]
Colonial governors, corruption of, [56], [64], [65], [393]
Colonial trade, restrictions on, imposed, [48], [49], [63];
evil effects of, [49], [52];
how enforced, [50], [65], [71];
removed, [78], [88], [404];
among colonies, [82];
of Brazil with Portugal, [287], [336], [342], [373], [393]
Colorados, [126], [129], [266], [272] et seq.
Columbus, Christopher, [8]
Commercial routes to Pacific, [21], [47], [48]
Concepcion (Argentina), [116]
"Confederation of the Equator," [425]
Constant, Benjamin, General, [492], [495-497]
Contraband trade, in Argentina, [51], [52], [63-66], [69], [75];
at Colonia, [240], [377];
and Thomas de Souza, [329];
in Brazil, [347], [373], [394]
Copper, [78]
Copper-pan amalgamation process, [16]
Cordoba (city), founded, [30];
rainfall in, [40];
on trade route, [50], [51];
prosperity of, [62], [63]
Cordoba (province), Spaniards pass through, [14];
settled, [15];
intendencia, [75];
Indian stock in, [80];
revolution in, [91], [154];
military state, [121];
governor expelled, [123]
Corrientes (city), founded, [33];
defence of, [58];
desire for independence, [116]
Corrientes (province), flourishing, [34];
ravaged by war, [130], [135];
troubles in, [154];
missions in, [186];
Belgrano in, [188];
invasion of, [210];
relations with Artigas, [255];
alliance with Rivera, [267]
Cortes, Hernando, [12], [20]
Cortes (Portuguese Parliament), [291], [412], [415], [416], [418]
Cotegipe, Baron of, [490], [491]
Cotton, cultivation of, [14], [41], [309], [310], [371], [448];
manufacture, [170], [371], [406];
trade, [405]
Council of the Indies, [53]
Cromwell, Oliver, [366]
Cruelties in war, [91], [93], [276], [384]
Cuestas, Juan L., [281]
Curitiba, [172]
Curupayty, battle of, [142], [215], [475]
Cuyabá, [391]
Cuyo, province of Argentina, [15], [64];
industries in, [17];
political dependency, [17], [33];
detached from Chile, [74];
products of, [78];
inhabitants of, [102];
ruler of, [121], [123]
Cuzco, [41]
D
December 27, 1868, battle of, [219]
Democracy, [56], [81], [83], [432], [437]
Diamond mining, [392], [397]
Dias, Henrique, [355], [362]
Diaz, Bartholomew, [293]
Discoveries, [8], [12], [19], [296]
Drake, Sir Francis, [47]
Drugs, [49]

Duarte Coelho. See Coelho, Duarte.
Duguay-Trouin, Admiral, [384]
Durão, Santa Rita. See Santa Rita Durão.
E
Education, popular, [73];
lack of, among Brazilians, [396];
encouraged in Brazil, [398];
schools, [404], [406], [448];
desire for, [409]
Elections, in Argentina, [140], [143], [146], [154];
in Uruguay, [280];
in Brazil, [464], [475], [478], [485-487], [489], [495], [507]
Emancipation of slaves, in Paraguay, [199];
in Brazil, [456], [461], [476], [479], [481], [482], [490], [491]
Emboaba rebellion, [379]
Encomiendas, [165]
Entre Rios, province of Argentina, [34];
Indians in, [62], [71], [74], [186];
gauchos in, [92], [236], [244], [254], [255];
governor of, [128];
revolutionary movement in, [188];
independent, [270];
ruler of, [471], [472]
Espirito Santo, [310], [333], [338], [347]
F
Federalist party, [119], [121], [123], [126], [263]
Feijó, Padre, Regent of Brazil, [432], [433], [437], [440], [443]
Ferdinand VII. of Spain, [87], [90], [93], [96], [411]
Fernandes Vieira, [361] et seq.
Florés, Venancio, leader of revolutionists in Uruguay, [208], [468];
ruler of Uruguay, [212], [273];
government of his own, [274];
in war against Paraguay, [276];
death, [277]
Fonseca, Deodoro da, [493-497], [500], [501]
Foreign debts, of Argentina, increased, [144], [160],
how met, [149], [152], [157], [160], [161];
of Uruguay, doubled, [277], [280];
of Brazil, increased, [464], [474], [509],
how met, [480], [489], [510]
France, intervenes in Uruguayan civil war, [269];
poaches, [304], [317];
French traders in Brazil, [322], [329], [343];
settlement at Rio, [333];
measures to expel, from Rio, [335];
attempts to colonise Maranhâo, [345];
takes Rio, [383];
ministers of, with Pedro I., [434]
Francia, José Gaspar, [190-197], [256], [258]
Franciscans, [58], [169], [182]
Free Masonry, [409], [415], [484]
French Revolution, [82]
G
Gama, Basilio da, poet, [399]
Gama, Vasco da, [295]
Garay, Juan de, founder of Buenos Aires, [30-33], [58], [237]
Garcia, Aleixo, [316]
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, [270], [442]
Gauchos, origin of, [81];
element in Argentine army, [94], [116];
defend Bolivian frontier, [101], [104];
in Entre Rios, [236], [244];
Uruguayan, [248], [279], [442];
in Rio Grande do Sul, [502]
Glycerio, Francisco, [495]
Goes, Zacarias de, [466]
Gold, in Africa, [8];
in Hayti, [10], [12];
Spain's desire for, [49];
value of, [50];
in Peru, [78];
in Brazil, [310], [378-380], [391-393], [397], [405]
Gonzaga, poet, [399]
Goyaz, [310], [313], [348], [372]
Great Britain, fleet of, before Montevideo, [83-86];
gunboats of, hold Paraguayan flagship, [204];
captured Buenos Aires, [248];
besiege Montevideo, [250], [251];
blockade Buenos Aires, [269];
filibustering of, along Brazilian coast, [343];
importations of, into Brazil, [405], [459];
ministers of, [434];
relations with Brazil, [456]
Guarany (Tupi), Indians, [42], [297]
Guararapes, battle of, [364]
Guayabos, battle of, [255]
Guayaquil, [112]
Guayrá cataract, [171], [178], [179]
Guayrá province, [173], [177], [180]
H
Hayes, Rutherford B., [222]
Hayti, [10], [12]
Henry the Navigator, [292]
Hernandarias Saavedra, [58], [174], [237]
Heyn, Piet, Admiral, [352]
Hides, [49], [60], [78], [148], [241]
Holland, [309], [343], [350] et seq.
Horses, [32], [33], [43], [131], [238]
Huallpa Inca (Bohorquez), [63]
Huaqui, battle of, [92], [253]
Huguenots, [334], [345]
Humaitá, [207], [212-218], [475]
I
Iguassu River, [67], [180]
Ilheos, [320], [344]
Immigration, into Argentina, [45], [130], [136], [141], [144], [159];
into Paraguay, [222];
into Uruguay, [268], [276], [278];
into Brazil, [339], [346], [404], [408], [463], [490], [501], [512]
Incas, [13], [14], [41], [42]
Indian corn, [41], [306], [310]
Indian language, [18], [166], [300], [331]
Indian wars, with Guaranies, [29];
with inferior tribes, [43];
with Andean, [58], [59];
in Argentine, [62], [124], [145];
in Uruguay, [62], [232], [234], [237];
with Calchaquies, [63];
Paulistas' raids, [67], [72], [170], [173], [348];
with Charruas, [71], [244];
in the plains of the Chaco, [166];
with Aymorés, [321], [335];
with Tamoyos, [331];
in Brazil, [333], [343], [373]
Indians, flourishing communities, [18];
Irala's dealing with, [27];
Andean and inferior tribes 42;
Jesuits and, [73], [74], [173], [331];
civilised, [168], [405];
evangelisation of, [170], [173], [327];
social status of, [184];
employment, [185];
Cabral and, [297];
relations with the French, [333], [335];
Brazilian, [298-300]
Indigo, [405]
Intendencias, [75]
Intermixture with Indians, in coast provinces, [18];
in Argentina, [45], [80];
in Paraguay, [166], [192];
in Jesuit Republic, [187];
in Brazil, [318], [346], [398]
Irrigation, [14], [42]
Isabel, Princess of Brazil, [456], [457], [484], [490], [494]
Itamarica, [317], [319], [355], [363]
Ituzaingo, battle of, [120], [261], [429]
J
Januaria, Princess of Brazil, [445], [446]
January 19, 1811, battle of, [189]
Jesuits, their work in Paraguay, [34], [170-176];
republic, [60], [73], [74], [177];
and Bohorquez, [64];
and Paulistas, [66-68], [72], [347], [348];
their work in Uruguay, [71], [238], [245];
their work in Brazil, [169], [326] et seq.;
missions in northern Brazil, [374];
missions on Amazon, [374], [382], [392];
Pombal and, [397]
Jews, [353], [358]
John VI. of Portugal and Brazil, his troops defeat Artigas, [105];
withdraws troops from Uruguay, [254];
relations with Napoleon, [402];
flight to Rio, [403], [404];
Brazil's foreign relations under, [407];
called back to Portugal, [411];
unsupported by Brazil, [412];
in fear of the people, [413];
news of his death, [428]
Jujuy, [15], [94]
Juncal, battle of, [120], [262]
L
Labour, enforced, [194], [201]
Laguna, [386]
Land grants, [56], [338], [390], [406]
Las Piedras, battle of, [92], [253]
Latorre, Lorenzo, [277]
Lautaro society, [96]
Lavalle, General, [268]
Lavalleja, General, [256], [259], [261], [262]
Lima, [16], [51]
Liniers, General, [83], [85], [87], [91], [251]
Local self-government, strong sentiment in favour of, [34];
right of, [115];
struggles for, [380];
effected, [401], [402], [439], [454];
impaired, [444]
Lopez II., unnatural cruelties of, [221]
Lopez, Carlos Antonio, President of Paraguay, [199-205]

Lopez, Francisco Solano, [141], [204-221], [274], [470]
Lynch, Madame, [206]
M
Madeira Islands, [8], [37], [292], [361], [412]
Madeira River, [314], [391], [392]
Magellan, Fernando, [20], [21], [232]
Magellan, Strait of, [21], [47]
Maldonado, [230], [242], [250]
Mandioc, [41], [306], [310], [371]
Maranhão, location of, [309];
French attempt to colonise, [345];
captured by the Brazilian Creoles, [346];
occupied by Maurice, [357];
revolt in, [362], [375];
new state, [371];
Jesuits in, [374];
development hindered, [393];
takes a new start, [397];
Portuguese expelled from, [420];
not represented in Constituent Assembly, [422];
adhesion to "Confederation of the Equator," [425];
civil war in, [438];
revolution in, [446], [452]
Maria Gloria of Portugal, [428]
Mascate rebellion, [381]
Matte (Paraguayan) tea, [78]
Matto Grosso, seized by Lopez, [142], [210];
at the mercy of Lopez, [208];
location of, [314];
beginning of the state, [391];
expedition against, [471];
safety of, assured, [476]
Maurice of Nassau, [356]
Mello, Admiral, [504], [505]
Mem da Sa, [335], [337]
Mendoza, Pedro de, [23], [165], [236]
Mendoza (city), [15], [41], [64], [106]
Miguel, pretender to Portuguese crown, [428], [439]
Military operations among uncivilised Indians, [18], [26]
Minas Geraes, location of, [310],
description of, [311], [313];
gold in, [379], [391], [392], [397];
population of, [397];
literature in, [399];
attitude of, toward Pedro I., [433], [438];
revolution in, [453]
Missions, negotiations concerning, [72], [77], [186], [245], [246], [388], [390];
attacked, [105];
established in Paraguay, [180];
conquered by Rio Grandenses, [248];
loyal to Artigas, [255];
invaded, [407]
Mitre, Bartolomé, resistance of Rioja to, [64];
historian, [98];
established civil government in Buenos Aires, [126];
on Argentine constitution, [137];
in Paraguayan war, [141], [142], [153], [160], [471];
party leader, [154]
Mohammedanism, [325]

Monopolies, of Cadiz merchants, [48], [50], [51], [82];
Portuguese, [374], [393];
abolished, [397], [404]
Montevideo, harbours, [31], [241];
taken by the Spanish, [70];
population of, [78];
sieges of, [92], [250], [253], [254], [269];
captured by the patriots, [103], [255];
captured by the Portuguese, [105], [408];
named, [232];
fortified, [242];
captured by the British, [250];
blockaded, [276];
founded, [386];
Portuguese garrison expelled from, [420]
Montoya, Father, [178]
Moors, [3-5], [288], [290]
Moraes, Prudente, President, [488], [506], [507], [508]
Mules, trade in, [63]
Municipal government, characteristic of Spain, [3], [53];
adaptation of, [44];
Spanish form of, [54];
in Portugal, [290], [291];
of Bahia, [325];
granted to Brazilian towns, [374];
character of, [424]
N
Nabuco, Joaquim, [481]
Napoleon Bonaparte. See Bonaparte, Napoleon.
Natal, [344]
Negroes, [102], [105], [311], [375], [405]
New Granada, [100]
Nobrega, Padre Manuel, [326], [328], [330]
O
Office-holding, [52], [409], [459]
O'Higgins, Bernard, [109], [111]
Ojeda, Alonso de, [301]
Orellana, discoverer of the Amazon, [344]
Oribe, Manuel, retreat of, [256];
president of Uruguay, [265];
leader of party, [265], [267], [461];
defeated Argentine unitarians, [268];
surrendered, [271]
Oruro, [16]
Ouro Preto, Viscount of, [494], [495], [497]
Ouro Preto (city), [399]
P
Pacific, Spanish control of, [21]
Pampas, explored, [32];
character of, [38];
description, [40], [41];
expedition over, [58]
Pampean sea, prehistoric, [229]
Panama, Isthmus of, [12], [21], [48], [49]
Paper currency, in Argentine, [149], [150], [157], [160];
in Paraguay, [223];
in Uruguay, [282];
in Brazil, [458], [463], [464], [466], [473], [479], [480], [501], [507], [509], [510]
Pará, Indians in, [346], [405];
Portuguese possession of, [358];
part of Maranhão, [371];
Jesuits in, [374];
development hindered, [393];
takes a new start, [397];
cotton trade in, [405];
coffee in, [406];
expedition from, to Cayenne, [407];
Spanish constitution in, [412];
Portuguese garrison expelled from, [420];
and Constituent Assembly, [422];
attitude toward "Confederation of the Equator," [425];
action of troops in, [436], [441];
production of rubber in, [490];
prosperity of, [501]
Paraguay (country), [165-224];
settlement of, [25], [27];
Jesuit missions in, [34];
Indians in, [42], [80];
separate province, [61];
intendencia, [75];
population, [75], [220];
products of, [78];
attitude toward revolutionary movement, [91];
war against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, [141], [142], [206-219], [276], [471];
independence of, [184], [189], [190], [222], [476];
commercial isolation of, [192], [197];
Brazilian protectorate of, [221];
Paulistas in, [348]

Paraguay River, the, explorations along, [22], [26];
settlement on, [33];
watershed of, [37];
description of, [38];
free navigation on, [200], [464], [471], [476]
Paraguayan army, discipline in, [214]
Parahyba do Norte, location, [309];
population, [338];
Spaniards take possession of, [343];
reduced by the Dutch, [355];
devastated, [363];
adhesion to the "Confederation of the Equator," [425]
Parahyba do Sul, [312], [347], [373]
Paraná, Marquis of, [463], [464], [465]
Paraná (Brazilian state), [313], [377], [405]
Paraná (city), [134]
Paraná River, the, explorations of, [14], [22], [26], [30], [31], [165];
settlements on, [27], [33], [34], [62], [134], [168];
description of, [38];
Jesuit missions on, [60], [171];
Paulistas on, [67];
open only to Argentine vessels, [200];
free navigation on, [202], [270], [464];
European navies enter, [269];
valley of, [312], [313], [377]
Patagonia, [40], [41], [43], [146]
Paulista pioneers, [318], [348]
Pavon, battle of, [64], [137]
Paysandu, capture of, [210]
Pedro I. of Brazil, [412-416], [421-435], [439]
Pedro II. of Brazil, infancy, [433], [444], [446];
assumes imperial functions, [447];
emperor, [449-457];
power of, [478];
declining health, [488], [494];
speech of, [490];
deposition, [498], [499]
Peixoto, Floriano, [497], [500], [502-505]
Pepper, [406]
Pernambuco (city), founded, [319];
nucleus of settlement of Brazil, [320];
Nobrega visits, [328];
architecture of, [340];
population of, [347];
advantageous position of, [351];
taken by the Dutch, [353], [354];
taken by the Brazilian Creoles, [367];
military revolts in, [438]
Pernambuco (province), location of, [309];
population of, [338], [347];
rich planters of, [339];
Jews in, [358];
civil war in, [380];
sugar industry in, [393];
revolution in, [409];
Spanish constitution in, [412];
Portuguese garrison in, [418];
garrison expelled from, [419];
and Constituent Assembly, [422], [424];
action of troops in, [436];
conservative governor of, [455]
Peru, Pizarro in, [12], [13], [23];
irrigation in, [14];
silver in, [16], [22], [78], [233];
gold in, [78];
Spanish power in, [100];
war against, [111]
Philip II. of Spain, [342]
Piauhy, [309], [372], [393], [422]
Pilocomayo River, [222]
Pinheiro Machado, General, [503]
Pinzon, Vincente Yanez, [301]
Pitagoares Indians, [344]
Pizarro, [13], [23], [316]
Polygamy, [220]
Pombal, Marquis of, [396]
Pope's division of the world, [12], [19], [21], [319]
Porto Seguro, [320], [338], [347]
Portugal, separated from Leon, [4];
and Granada united, [6];
joined to Spanish crown, [47];
general survey of the history of, [288-292];
Philip II., of Spain on the throne of, [342];
separated from Spain, [361];
war with Spain, [382];
revolt of 1820 in, [411]
Portuguese Court, flight of, to Rio, [403]
Portuguese discoveries and conquests, [7], [8], [292];
in South America, [19], [67], [68], [77], [302]
Potatoes, [41]
Potosí, [16], [51]

Press, freedom of, in Brazil, [410], [430], [448], [460], [482];
restricted, [422], [424]
Printing-press in Brazil, [404], [408], [409]
Provincial organisation, [54], [61], [74], [77], [405]
Q
Quicksilver mines, [16]
Quintino Bocayuva, [495], [497]
R
Race elements in population, [405]
Railways, mileage in Argentina, [148];
source of wealth, [161];
building of, in Brazil, [463], [466], [490];
building of, interrupted, [508]
Ramalho, John, pioneer, [316], [318]
Religious lay brotherhoods, [484]
Religious sentiment, in Spain, [5];
in Argentina, [81];
in Portugal, [290];
of Count John Maurice, [356], [358];
in Brazil, [359], [361];
of Fernandez Vieira, [369]
Riachuelo, battle of, [210], [474]
Rice, [78], [306], [405]
Rio Branco, Baron of, [482], [485]
Rio de Janeiro (city), commercial port, [51];
population of, [347], [397];
prosperity of, [373], [501];
attacked and taken by the French, [383];
its reception of the Prince Regent, [404]
Rio de Janeiro (province), why so named, [302];
description of, [312];
nucleus of the settlement of Brazil, [320];
French occupation of, [333] et seq.;
captured by the Portuguese, [336];
population of, [338];
uprising in, [413]
Rio Grande city, captured by the Spaniards, [388];
by the Brazilian Creoles, [389]
Rio Grande do Norte, location, [309];
nucleus of, [344];
reduced by the Dutch, [355];
devastated, [363];
Indians subdued in, [373];
adhesion to the "Confederation of the Equator," [425]
Rio Grande do Sul (city), [387]
Rio Grande do Sul (province), Jesuit missions in, [72], [180];
held by the Portuguese, [77], [244];
people of, [247];
Brazilian province, [270];
and Uruguay, [284];
description of, [313], [314];
Brazilian possession of, [377];
settled, [397];
Spanish Constitution in, [412];
Argentine invasion of, [429];

rebellions in, [441], [442], [454], [502], [504];
Paraguayan invasion of, [473], [474]
Rioja, [15], [63], [64]
Rio Negro, [392]
Rio Real, [338]
Rivadavia, Bernardino, [104], [119], [120], [262]
Rivera, Fructuoso, [255], [259], [261-269], [461]
Roca, Julio, General, successes of, [145];
candidate for president, [147], [157];
his first administration, [150];
party leader, [153];
took command of army, [155];
his second administration, [158], [160];
his followers, [160]
Rodrigues, Alves, President, [511]
Rojas, Diego de, [14]
Rondeau, José, General, [254], [263]
Rosario, [40], [63], [136], [155]
Rosas, Juan Manuel, laudation of, [114];
federalist leader in Buenos Aires, [122] et seq., [266];
growth of his power, [200];
and Montevideo, [268];
relations with Entre Rios, [270];
and Oribe faction, [461]
Rubber, [490], [501], [511]
S
Sabará, [378], [391]

Saldanha Marinho, [482]
Salta, province of Argentina, [15];
intendencia, [75];
social conditions in, [80];
Buenos Airean army passes through, [91];
warfare in, [94];
rebellion in, [155]
San Ildefonso, treaty of, [246], [389]
San John d'El Rei, [400]
San Juan, [15], [40], [64], [137]
San Luiz, [64], [155]
San Martin, José, General, [77], [96-114]
Santa Catharina, [19], [26];
captured by Spain, [77], [246];
description of, [313];
exploration of, [316];
Brazilian possession of, [377];
settlement of, [386], [397];
captured by the Spaniards, [389];
restored to Portugal, [390];
invasion of, [446], [504], [506];
seat of revolutionary government, [504]
Santa Fé, Argentina (city), Spanish settlement of, [29];
desire of, for independence, [116];
founded, [168]
Santa Fé, Argentina (province), governor of, sent Indians and supplies to Buenos Aires, [31];
Indians in, [63], [130];
a part of intendencia of Buenos Aires, [75];
invasion of, [121];
Brazilian army in, [129];
Congress held in, [131];
revolution in, [155];
Creoles of, defeat Charruas, [242];
loyal to Artigas, [255]
Santa Luzia, battle of, [453]
Santa Rita Durão (poet), [399]
Santiago de Chile, [42], [51], [107]
Santiago del Estero (Argentina), [14], [15], [63], [121], [154]
Santo Amaro, [319]
Santos, [51], [316], [318]
São Francisco River, the, why so named, [302];
valley of, [310], [311];
Pernambucos on, [344];
military raids near, [357];
cattle-raisers established on, [372];
gold around headwaters of, [378]
São Paulo (city), menaced by Indians, [333];
prosperity of, [501],
the home of Rodrigues Alvez, [511]
São Paulo (province), opposition to the extension of Spanish dominions, [66];
Jesuits in, [169], [328], [330], [347], [374];
description of, [313];
conditions of, for settlement, [318];
nucleus of settlement of Brazil, [320];
inhabitants of, [322];
spread of Indians in, [332];
not a sugar-raising province, [338];
profits by secret trade, [373];
gold in, [378];
depopulated, [393];
an Englishman in, [407];
revolution in, [453];
representation of, in Chamber of Brazil, [488];
coffee in, [489]
São Vicente, [23], [318]
Saraiva, Aparcicio, [280]
Saraiva, Gomercindo, [503], [504]
Saraiva, José Antonio, [486], [488]
Sarandi, battle of, [120], [260], [427]
Schouten, [48]
Sea-power, of England, [82], [269], [366];
of Spain, [93], [103], [111], [255];
of France, [269];
of Brazil, [426], [462];
of Argentina, [428]
Sergipe, [310], [343], [344], [357]
Seville Junta, [88], [251]
Sheep-raising, [131], [148], [278]
Silver mining, in Bolivia and Peru, [16], [22], [78], [233];
Spain's desire for, [49];
value of, [50]
Sipe-Sipe, battle of, [104]
Slavery, Indian, in Argentine provinces, [17], [33];
tendency of, [56];
Hernandarias opposed to, [59];
forbidden by Spanish Government, [60], [175];
under Spaniards, [165];
Paulistas and, [174], [322], [347];
forbidden by Portuguese Government, [321];
Jesuits fought against, [327];
Mem da Sa and, [335];
Pombal and, [398]

Slavery, negro, [82], [324], [458];
encouraged, [328], [335];
increased, [398];
proportion of slaves in population of Brazil, [405].
See Emancipation of slaves.
Solis, Juan Diaz de, [19], [230]
Soracaba, [373], [453]
Soriano, first settlement in Uruguay, [238], [241]
Souza, Thomas de, [323], [329]
Spain, war with Portugal, [382];
revolt of 1820 in, [411]
Spanish authority unquestioned, [52]
Spanish Creoles at war with Brazilian Creoles, [66], [68], [105], [240], [242], [245], [248], [254], [256], [382], [388], [389], [409]
Spanish discoveries and conquests, [7], [8], [12-15], [301]
Spanish monarchy, structure of, [4], [7], [20]
Spanish possession of Portugal and Brazil, [342]
Spanish treasure fleet, capture of, by the Dutch, [353]
Street-car tax riots, [485]
Sucré (Charcas), [16], [33], [89], [182]
Sugar, districts of cultivation of, [78], [309], [310], [312], [321], [343], [371];
first cultivation of, [317], [321];
industry prosperous, [321], [324], [336], [448]:
annual production of, [338];
trade, [351];
price, [361], [392], [397];
industry decadent, [393];
staple production, [405];
comparative cultivation, [458];
plantation companies, [501]
Suipacha, battle of, [91]
T
Tabocas, battle of, [362]
Tamoyo Indians, [331], [335]
Tandil Mountains, [237]
Tapajos River, [314]
Taxation, [338], [393]
Theresina Christina, Empress of Brazil, [457], [498]
"Thirty-three," the, [259]
Tierra del Fuego, [41]
Tieté River, [347]
Tiradentes, [400]
Tobacco, [78], [310], [393], [405], [448]
Tocantins River, [310], [392]
Tucuman, battle of, [94]
Tucuman (city), founded, [15];
Congress at, [105];
Paz's army in, [123], [124]
Tucuman (province), Spanish rule in, [15], [17];
political dependency, [17], [33], [61];
thriving towns in, [62], [63];
revolt in, [155];
missionary work in, [182]
U
Unitarian party, [119], [121], [123], [126], [263]
United States of America, and Lopez, [202], [203];
arbitrator, [222];
influence of, on Brazil, [399], [500];
recognises Brazil's independence, [426];
does not support Pedro, [434];
prevents commercial blockade, [506]
Urquiza, Justo José, General, defeats allied unitarians and colorados, [126];
governor of Entre Rios, [128];
forms alliance with Brazil and colorado faction in Uruguay, [129], [462], [472];
favours federal constitution, [131-134];
first president of Argentine Republic, [135];
his term expires, [137];
refuses to revolt against Buenos Aires, [142];
revolt against, [144];
his friendship with Lopez, [200];
general-in-chief, [271];
successes in Uruguay, [271], [462];
Lopez angry with, [471]
Uruguay, [34], [75], [227-284];
Indians in, [62], [71], [74];
first settlement, [68];
Spanish territory, [77], [100];
Portuguese troops in, [110];
war with Brazil, [120], [209], [256], [260], [470];
war with Paraguay, [141], [142], [206-219], [276], [471];
area of, [229];
settlement of, [238], [239], [242], [386];
population of, [247], [265], [273], [278];
war with Argentina, [255], [267];
independence of, [255], [259], [260], [263], [430], [461], [463], [476];
Brazilian occupation of, [258], [408];
constitution of, [264];
Brazilian intervention in, [270], [274], [407], [462];
Paulistas in, [348];
rebellion against Pedro, [427];
Brazilian protectorate of, [468]
Uruguay River, the, explored, [22];
harbours, [31];
course of, [38];
Jesuit missions along, [60], [68];
navigation of, [134], [464]
Uruguayana, capture of, [212]
Uspallata Pass, [106]
V
Vasco da Gama. See Gama, Vasco da.
Vasconcellos, Bernardo, in Congress of Brazil, [430], [446];
absent from Rio, [433];
result of work, [440], [441], [443];
death, [461]
Veiga, Evaristo da, [430], [433]
Venezuela, [100]
Vespucci, Amerigo, [302], [306]
Viceroyalties, divided into provinces, [53];
Peru, [61], [74], [176];
Buenos Aires, [74], [75], [80];
Atlantic slope of Spanish South America, [246]
Victoria, [311], [320], [378]
Vidal, guerrilla chief, [362]
Vieira, Antonio, [374]
Vieira, Fernandes. See Fernandes Vieira.
Vilapugio, battle of, [97]
Villegagnon, French adventurer, [334]
Visigoths, [3], [290]
W
Water Witch, incident, [203]
Wheat, [148], [159], [278], [340]
Whitelocke, General, [85]
X
Xingú River, [314]
Y
Yellow fever, [461]
Z
Zeballos, Pedro de, [77]

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