The South American Republics, Part 2 of 2

by Thomas Cleland Dawson

INDEX

A
Abascal, General, Viceroy of Peru, [73-78], [163], [168], [260]
Abibe Mountains, [408]
Acha, General, [276]
Aconcagua River, the, [223];
plain of, [168]
Acosta, Juan, [56]
Acosta, President of Colombia, [464], [465]
Acre River, the, [280]
"Adelantados," [26], [349], [414], [417]
Agua Dulce, battle of, [484], [485]
Alansi, valley of, [291]
Alacantra, Francisco, [26], [46]
Alfaro, President of Ecuador, [339], [341]
Alfinger, Adelantado of Venezuela, [349]
Almagro, partner of Pizarro, [23], [24], [27], [32], [36], [136], [239], [298];
at war with Pizarro, [41-43], [239], [301];
execution of, [43], [44], [136], [239]
Almagro the younger, [49], [50]
Alonso, President of Bolivia, [281]
Alpaca, the, [3], [4]
Alvarado, Spanish adventurer, [44], [88];
Governor of Guatemala, [298]
Amar, Viceroy of Bogotá, [430]
Amat, Don Manuel, [154], [155]
Amazon River, the, discovery of, [44], [114], [279], [293]
Amazon, forested plains of, [4], [5], [40], [67], [303], [351], [424]
Andagoya, Pascual de, [22]
Andean plateau, the, [3], [235], [285], [288], [302], [312], [335], [342]
Andean valleys, [10];
gold in, [349], [354]
Andes, the, [4], [135], [245], [317], [342], [347], [409] et passim
Andes, army of the, [168], [173], [174], [185], [186]
Andrade, Creole revolutionist, [396]
Andueza, Creole revolutionist, [396]
Angol, besieged, [145]
Angostura (city), [374]
Anserma, founded, [409]
Antigua, founded, [404], [405]
Antioquia, great mineral province of Colombia, [387], [407-409], [412], [416], [417], [419], [422], [433], [437], [451]
Antioquia, state of, [407], [457], [461], [462], [467]
Antofogasta, [119], [120], [122], [277]
Apples, [66]
Apuré River, the, [355], [374-376], [406], [437];
army of, [372], [380]
Aragua Valley, the, [350]
Araucania, colonised, [216]

Araucanians, the, independent spirit of, [138-147], [150], [151], [155];
treaty of, with Spanish, [150], [151];
missions established among, [201];
at war with Chile, [206], [216]
Arauco, besieged, [145]
Araure, battle of, [368]
Arce, President of Bolivia, [278]
Arenales, General, [81], [89], [258]
Arequipa (city), founded, [44], [80], [99], [103], [108], [110], [112]
Arequipa (province), [39], [41], [77], [104], [259]
Argentina, [11], [13], [18], [71], [142], [245];
civilised tribes of, [58], [350];
revolution in, [76], [160], [161], [317];
civil wars in, [78], [186], [261], [267], [271], [323]
Argentine, army, the, [80], [81], [98], [185], [186], [257], [258];
navy, the, [78], [79], [173], [183], [184];
pampas, [99]
Argentine Republic, the, [140];
expansion of, [155], [230], [231];
boundary treaty of, with Chile, [209], [210]
Arica (city), [108], [123], [125]
Arica (province), arrangement between Peru and Chile concerning, [127], [278]
Asses, [66]
Atacama desert, the, [239]
Atahuallpa, Inca empire divided between Huascar and, [14], [308];
fratricidal war between Huascar and, [16-19], [238], [295], [296];
sends ambassador to Spaniards, [21];
treacherously captured by Pizarro, [30], [31], [48];
offers ransom, [31], [246];
murder of, [32], [238], [297]
Atrato, River, the, [403-406];
Valley, [405], [472]
Audiencias, royal, established, [67], [71], [250], [251], [254], [267], [308], [417], [420], [426]
Auqui Toma, [294]
Ayachucho, plain of, [95];
battle of, [96], [97], [256], [264], [266], [322]
Ayohuma, battle of, [256], [258]
Azuay, nudo of, [17], [291-293], [295], [298]
Aztecs, the, [412]
B
Balboa, Nuñez de, discoverer of the Pacific, [22], [23], [404]
Balcarce, General, [185]
Ballivian, General, [273], [274]
Balmaceda, Chilean Liberal leader, [214-216], [218-220], [222-225];
death of, [226]
Balta, Colonel, President of Peru, [113], [114], [116]
Bambona, battle of, [444]
Bananas, [66], [303], [352]
Baquedano, General, [213], [219], [225]
Barcelona (city), founded, [352];
captured, [372]
Barcelona (province), [362]
Barinos (province), [362], [363], [366]
Barley, [66], [303], [343]
Barquisimeto, founded, [350], [351];
destroyed by earthquake, [363];
captured, [368]
Barreiro, General, [377], [378], [441]
Bastida, Rodrigo, [403], [404]
Belgrano, General, [258]
Bello, civil code prepared by, [200]
Belzu, General, [274], [275]
Benalcazar, Sebastian de, conquers Quito, [298], [299], [409], [410], [413], [414]
Beni River, the, [246], [279], [280]
Bermudez, Colonel, [130], [381]
Biobio River, the, [138], [139], [141], [145-147], [150]
Blanco, Guzman, Dictator of Venezuela, [391], [394-396], [398]
Blanco, the, [119-121]
Bogotá, (city) [308], [312], [316], [317], [378], [384], [420], [448];
founded, [413];
one of the centres of Spanish-American culture, [422];
Archbishop of, banished, [425], [457], [461];
revolutionary junta in, [431];
seat of federal government, [435], [442], [470], [471];
punishment of, [438], [439]
Bogotá (province), [376], [416], [419], [434], [437];
vice-royalty of, [71], [250], [313], [327], [356], [385], [416], [420], [426];
jurisdiction of, [356], [420], [426], [429];
audiencia of, [417];
presidency of, [418];
named New Granada, [419];
declares itself an independent state, [433]
Bolivar, Simon, the "Liberator" of South America, [79], [86], [368], [382], [384], [435];
Dictator of Peru, [90], [98], [447];
military exploits of, [92], [264], [317], [321], [366], [367];
President of United States of Colombia, [99], [322], [378], [442], [443], [448], [450], [451];
plan of, for South American Confederation, [99], [267], [320-322], [384], [442], [443], [450], [451];
constitutions, [99], [101], [268], [270], [385], [386];
undertakes conquest of Quito, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, [101], [318], [383], [384], [447];
wins battle of Ayachucho, [264];
welcomed in Bolivia, [267];
political theories of, [268], [322], [448], [451];
forced to retire from Peru, [270];
drives Spanish from Venezuela and New Granada, [317], [370], [372], [374], [375], [378], [433-435], [439], [440], [444];
interview of, with San Martin, [321];
life of, devoted to South American independence, [366], [388], [451];
army of, [376], [380], [381], [440], [441], [452];
proclamation of, [376];
overthrow of, [323], [326], [448], [450], [451];
death of, [326], [387], [388], [452];
character and education of, [364-366];
native city of, [387];
apotheosis of, [455]
Bolivar, State of, [460], [463], [466]
Bolivia (Upper Peru), [235-281];
description of [235], [236];
Inca conquest of, [13], [18], [236], [238];
military roads in, [36], [239], [244], [251];
Spanish conquest of, [36], [239], [248], [250];
Inca cities in, [44], [59];
capital of, [44];
precious metals found in, [44], [238-242], [245-247];
railroads in, [54], [277], [279], [280];
audiencia established in, [67], [250] (see also Charcas);
the battleground of war of independence, [76], [77], [86], [97], [255 et seq.], [268];
republic of, created, [99], [267], [268];
Bolivar the Father of, [99], [266], [267];
named, [99], [268];
first president of, [99], [268-270];
constitutions of, [99], [268], [270], [273], [278], [322];
the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, [101-103], [105], [197], [270-273], [281];
boundary treaty of, with Chile, [117], [281];
at war with Chile, [118], [271], [272], [281];
secret treaty of, with Peru, [118];
nitrate territory of, [211], [278];
early civilisation of, [236], [239], [249];
rainfall in, [236];
fertility of, [238];
population of, [239], [244], [269];
character of population of, [239], [260], [269], [272], [273], [357];
Spanish cities in, [241], [242], [249];
cattle-raising in, [242], [243], [248];
Spanish colonial system in, [243], [245], [249];
taxation in, [243], [269], [270], [276];
missions established in, [245], [279];
printing-press, in, [245];
battles in, [257-260], [264-266], [272], [273], [281];
sturdy spirit of patriots in, [258-262], etc.;
commerce of, [267], [272], [281];
period of civil war and anarchy in, [272 et seq.];
slavery abolished in, [273];
greatest silver producing country of the world, [277], [278];
rubber production of, [278-280];
without seaports, [278], [280], [281];
treaty of, with Brazil, [280];
international position of, [281]

Bonaparte, Joseph, [311], [312], [360]
Bonaparte, Napoleon, [77], [159], [311], [365], [435]
Borrero, Antonio, President of Ecuador, [339]
Bourbon dynasty, the, [70], [154], [250]
Boves, organises troop of llaneros, [368], [369];
death of, [370]
Boyacá River, the, [378];
battle of, [86], [256], [317], [378], [441]
Boyacá, state of, [467]
Brazil, treaty of, with Bolivia, [280];
loyalty of, [337]
Brown, Admiral William, [78]
Buccaneers, [69], [70], [150]
Buenaventura, [49]
Buenos Aires, viceroyalty of, [67],

[71], [155], [251], [257];
smuggling in, [71], [152], [251];
revolutionary junta in, [76], [160], [161], [438];
pampas of, [78], [149];
importance of, [156], [158]
Bunes, General, [198], [199]
C
Cabildos, in Bogotá, [431];
in Bolivia, [249];
in Chile, [160], [161];
in Ecuador, [313];
in Venezuela, [360], [361], [385]
Cacao, native to South America, [66], [238], [303]
Cacao industry in Colombia, [428];
in Ecuador, [303], [328], [332], [341];
in Venezuela, [352], [390], [395]
Caceres, President of Peru, [126-131]
Cacha, the last Cara shiri, [292], [294]
Caciques, [64], [243], [244], [248]
Cadiz, [70], [361], [380], [443];
monopoly, the, [152], [352]
Cajamarca, [17], [20], [21], [29], [31]
Calabozo, [368], [375]
Caldas, Colombian scientist, [438]
Calderon, Garcia, [126]
Cali (city), [408], [409], [432]
Cali (province), part of presidency of Quito, [420]
Calivio, battle of, [433]
Callao, engulfed by tidal wave, [71];
Peruvian fleet at, [104];
Spanish fleet at, [112], [184], [186]
Callao Castle, [80], [84], [97], [321]
Caluchima, [296]
Camano, José, President of Ecuador, [339]
Camargo, patriot leader, [258], [260]
Campero, Narcisco, President of Bolivia, [278]
Cañan (province), [288], [291], [296], [298]
Cañaris, the, Indian tribe, [14], [16], [17], [296], [297]
Candamo, Señor, President of Peru, [131]
Cancha-Rayada, battle at, [176-178]
Cañete (city), founded, [143], [144];
besieged, [145], [146]
Cañete, Marquis of, the "good viceroy," [57], [58]. See Mendoza
Canizaries, Doña Manuela, [313]
Canseco, General, President of Peru, [113]
Canterac, Spanish commander, [85], [89], [93], [96], [97]
Canto, Colonel, [223], [224]
Cape Codera, [351]
Cape Gracias á Dios, [403], [404], [405]
Cape Horn, [69], [152], [209], [235]
Cape San Roman, [347]
Captaincies-General, [67], [71], [148], [355], [356], [419], [426]
Carabobo, battle of, [86], [317], [381], [443]
Caracas (city), revolutionary junta in, [76], [361];
founded, [350];
sacked, [351], [354];
made a captaincy-general, [356], [392], [426];
destroyed by earthquake, [363];
Bolivar's birthplace, [382], [386], [387];
under jurisdiction of Bogotá, [426];
revolution in, [447]

Caracoles, silver mines of, [208]
Cara Indians, the, confederacy of, [11], [12], [16], [288], [289];
invade Ecuador, [11], [286], [287];
conquered by Incas, [11-14], [288-296]
Caranquis, the Indian tribe, [13], [293], [294]
Caras, description of, [286-290], [293], [412];
staple articles of food of, [290], [303];
conquered by Spanish, [299]
Carbojal, Spanish commander, [53], [56]
Caribbean Sea, [70], [71], [348], [405], [406], [414], [470]
Carib Indians, the, [268], [290], [413]
Carrasco, Captain-General of Chile, [159-161]
Carrera, José, creole leader, [162], [164], [166], [167], [173], [182]
Carrera, Juan, [162], [173], [181], [182]
Carrera, Luiz, [162], [173], [181], [182]
Carrillo, [126]
Cartagena (city), revolutionary junta in, [366], [431];
Bolivar takes service with, [366], [433];
besieged, [380], [381], [429], [435-437], [480];
oldest fortress in America, [406-409], [428], [436], [442];
surrender of, [443]
Cartagena (province), [417], [419], [420], [431], [432]
Cartago (city), [408], [409];
Carujo, Venezuelan revolutionist, [389]
Casanare (province), [424]
Casanare River, the, [376], [377], [437];
plains of, [406], [440]
Cassava, [66]
Castilla, Don Ramon, President of Peru, [106-110], [112], [274];
character and ability of, [108];
death of, [113]
Castilla, Don Ruiz de, President of Quito, [312], [314]
Castilla, Marshal, [118];
Castro (city), [151]
Castro, President of Venezuela, [396], [398], [399]
Castro, Vala de, Governor of Peru, [46], [49], [50], [52], [300]
Cattle, introduced into South America, [66], [151], [352]
Cattle-raising in Bolivia, [243], [261];
in Colombia, [421];
in Venezuela, [354], [355], [390], [395]
Cauca (province), northern division of Quito presidency, [324], [326];
State of, [460], [466], [468]
Cauca River, the, [49], [312], [408], [409], [411], [412], [422], [432], [433]
Caudillos, the, Bolivian, [256], [269], [270]
Caupolican, Arauncanian chief, [144]
Ceballos, José, [361], [368], [369]
Central America, Colombia's claim to, [429]
Cerro de Pasco Mountains, [4], [9], [11], [17], [18], [32], [36], [81], [262], [264], [289]
Chacabuco, battle of, [78], [168], [170], [172], [256], [261], [317]
Chanca Indians, the, [9]
Chancos, battle of, [467]
Charcas (Sueré), Indian capital of Bolivia, [44], [59], [240];
audiencia of, [71], [250], [251], [267];
revolutionary junta in, [76];
Spanish capital of Upper Peru, [242], [249], [301];
jurisdiction of, [250], [251]
Charles IV. of Spain, [311]
Charles V., Emperor, authorises conquest of Peru, [25], [26], [41], [60];
appoints governor for Venezuela, [349]
Chaves, Francisco, [47]
Chibcho Indians, the, [412-414];
civilisation of, [412]
Chile, Inca conquest of, [11], [12], [18], [135];
Spanish conquest of, [36], [43], [44], [60], [136], [139-149];
captain-general of, [67], [148], [154], [155], [158], [160], [161];
war of independence in, [76], [78], [112], [156 et seq.], [190], [261], [317];
junta established in, [161];
at war with Peru and Bolivia, [104], [105], [118], [119], [208], [211], [281];
boundary treaty of, with Bolivia, [117], [118], [206];
boundaries of, [117], [147], [150], [155];
defeats allies, [121-125];
captures Lima, [125], [126], [213];
mineral products of, [117], [136], [138], [144], [148], [199], [208];
nitrate industry of, [117], [118], [126], [206], [211];
gains control of nitrate region, [212], [220-222];
navy of, [118-121], [183-185], [204];
characteristics of inhabitants of, [135], [136], [149], [150], [190];
area of, [135];
rainfall in, [135];
population of, [135], [136], [152], [230];
agricultural conditions in, [136], [148], [199];
battles in, [141], [143-145], [164], [167], [176-178], [180-182], [187], [223-225], [272];
Spanish cities of, [145], [151], [154], [155];
at war with Araucanians, [147], [206];
the colonial period in, [148-155];
immigration into, [149], [156], [199], [203];
growth of commerce in, [148], [152], [154], [158], [162], [199], [200], [203], [230];
smuggling in, [152];
taxation in, [152], [158];
prosperity of, [154-156], [158], [203], [208], [216];
universities in, [154], [198];
the capital of, [154], [158];
seismic disturbances in, [154];
Cuyo separates from, [155];
landed aristocracy of, [158], [159], [162], [189], [201];
liberal reforms in, [162], [168], [200], [206-208], [214-217];
slavery abolished in, [162];
Spanish authority re-established in, [163], [166], [168], [316];
independence of, proclaimed, [176];
civil wars in, [189 et seq.], [200-203], [215-226];
constitutions of, [193], [196], [206];
strong government established in, [196], [197], [271], [272];
qualifications for suffrage in, [196], [206];
becomes dominant power on Pacific coast, [198];
political conditions in, [198-203], [207], [214], [215], [227-229];
financial conditions of, [98], [200], [211-213];
religious conditions in, [199], [201];
adopts civil and criminal codes, [200], [207];
at war with Spain, [203], [204], [337];
debt of, [208];
boundary treaty of, with Argentina, [209], [210];
boundary disputes with Argentina, [209], [210], [230], [231];
chief exports of, [211];
paper money issued in, [212];
under jurisdiction of Buenos Aires, [251]
Chilean (city), [145], [151], [164]
Chiloë Islands, the, explored, [143], [149], [188], [192], [197]
Chimilas Mountains, [410]
Chincha Islands, the, seized by Spain, [112], [203]
Chinchon, Countess of, cure of, [70]
Chinese coolies in Peru, [111]
Chiquitos Indians, the, [245], [250]
Chocolate, Europe indebted to Peru for, [66];
Ecuador supplies large amount of, [332]
Chorrillos (city), [125]
Coal mines, [208]
Cochabamba (city), [243], [249], [258]
Cochrane, Lord Thomas, Admiral, [79-83], [186-188], [190]
Cochrane, the, [119-121]
Cocoa palm introduced into South America, [66]
Coffee-raising, [341], [390], [395]
Colombia (New Granada), plateau of, [13], [312], [406], [410], [414], [419];
Spanish exploration of, [22], [347], [348], [403-406], [410-414];
native tribes of, [23], [406], [409], [410], [412-414], [416];
first permanent settlement in, [406], [416];
Spanish conquest of, [407-418];
revolutionary spirit in, [366], [430 et seq.];
war of independence in, [86], [316], [317], [430-444];
formation of United States of, [98], [99], [318], [322], [378], [382], [461];
provinces in confederation of, [98], [99], [267], [318], [320-322], [337], [378], [443];
Bolivar, President of confederation of, [99], [322], [378], [442], [443], [448], [450], [451];
southern part under jurisdiction of Quito, [312];
Constitution of Cucutá, [322], [386];
confederation of, breaks up, [324], [388], [451], [452];
at war with Peru, [324];

civil wars in, [333], [337], [417], [450-458], [460], [470], [476], [481-485];
boundaries of, [403];
gold in, [404], [406-409], [412], [414], [416], [424];
cities founded in, [404-406], [408], [409], [413-416], [424];
climate of, [405], [406], [410], [422], [424], [425];
rainfall in, [405];
tropical forests of, [406];
fertility of, [406], [410], [412], [414], [420], [421];
Indian slavery in, [406], [416];
negro slaves in, [422], [425];
early civilisation of, [404], [409-412];
population of, [409], [410], [413], [422], [424];
territorial divisions of, [416];
royal commissioners sent to, [417], [427];
erected into a presidency, [418], [419];
jurisdiction of presidency, [419], [420];
colonial period of, [419-429];
names of, [419], [458], [459], [461];
education in, [420], [422], [454], [456], [461];
roads built in, [420], [428];
river transportation in, [420];
creoles of, [421], [422], [427], [428], [430], [431], [476];
agricultural products of, [421], [424], [428];
Antioquia, great mineral province of, [422];
commercial conditions in, [422], [425], [427], [428], [485];
taxation in, [422], [424], [427], [428], [481];
authors of, celebrated, [422];
mineral products of, [424];
Spanish colonial system in, [424], [427], [428], [431];
decrease in population of, [425];
smuggling in, [425];
religious conditions in, [425], [437], [455-458], [461], [462], [469], [470];
governors of, [425], [428], [437];
diseases rife in, [426];
"Rebellion of the Communes" in, [427];
viceroys of, [428], [430], [431];
exports of, [428], [464];
claim of, to Central America, [429];
Congress of, [432], [433], [437], [439];
battles in, [433], [437], [439], [441], [443], [461], [462], [467], [482];
independence of, recognised, [442], [446];
financial conditions in, [446], [447], [455], [463-466], [468], [472], [485];
public debt of, [446], [447], [468], [469], [478], [479];
credit of, [447];
liberty of the Press in, [450], [457];
numerous constitutions of, [452], [455], [457], [460-462], [468], [469], [475], [478], [480];
political conditions in, [454-462], [465], [469], [476], [480], [481];
right of suffrage in, [454], [459-461], [469];
steam navigation introduced into, [455];
death penalty abolished, [456], [461];
campaign of, against Ecuador, [462];
power of judiciary in, [462], [469];
receipts from Panama railway, [464];
franchise of railway extended, [465];
becomes a consolidated republic, [468], [469], [479];
name changed to Republic of, [468], [480];
length of presidential term in, [469], [481];
paper currency in, [470], [478], [485];
negotiates treaties with United States, [470];
rejects treaties, [471], [485], [486];
Panama declares her independence of, [471];
threatens war against United States, [472];
future of, [472];
appeals to United States, [480];
demands of, in regard to Panama Canal, [485], [486]
Colombian army, the, [98], [267], [323], [326], [337]
Colon (city), [405];
burned, [480];
captured, [485];
adheres to Panama, [488]
Colonia (city), [152]
Columbus, Bartholomew, [404]
Columbus, Christopher, [347], [348]
Concepcion, founded, [139], [140], [142], [151];
burned, [145];
destroyed by tidal wave, [154];
patriots capture, [164];
southern capital of Chile, [191]
Concordat signed by Ecuador, [337]
"Conquistadores," the, [50], [56], [424]
Copiapo, valley of, [137];
mines of, [199]
Copper, [8], [117], [211], [238], [239]
Copper-pan amalgamation process, [241]
Coquimbo, founded, [138];
northern capital of Chile, [151], [190]
Cordero, Luis, President of Ecuador, [340], [341]
Cordilleras, the, [4], [11], [33], [259], [286], [290], [376], [408]
Cordoba, General, [387], [451]
Cordoba, Gonzalo de, [21]
Coro (city), [348-350], [360], [361], [406], [413], [420]
Corregidors, [60], [64], [69], [243], [248], [249];
abolished, [72], [254]
"Corregimentos," [64]
Cortes, Hernando, conqueror of Mexico, [22], [26], [44], [407]
Cortes, the Spanish, [166],436
Cotopaxi, eruption of, [298]
Cotton, [3], [8], [111], [113], [238], [412]
Council of the Indies, [304]
Covadonga, the, [119]
Coya (city), [145]
Creoles, [65], [66], [243], [279], [308], [310], [421];
growth of revolutionary ideas among, [72], [74], [77], [84], [159], [160], [257], [311], [312], [338], [359-362], [388], [430];
characteristics of, [272], [273], [357], [396], [422];
education among, [307], [309], [310], [336], [353], [384];
new race of, [354]
Crespo, President of Venezuela, [396]
Croix, General Theodore de, [72]
Cuaspud, battle of, [337], [462]
Cuba, captain-general of, [429]
Cubagua, island of, [348]
Cucutá (city), [382];
Colombian Congress meets at, [443], [448]
Cucutá, constitution of, [322], [443]
Cuenca (city), [100]
Cuenca (province), [291], [298], [312], [314], [323], [324], [327];
plateau of, [288], [307], [308]
Cumaná, oldest city in South America, [348], [351], [383]
Cumaná (province), [356], [362];
transferred to jurisdiction of Venezuela, [426]
Cundinamarca, State of, [465], [467], [469]
Cuyo (province), [78], [149];
separation of, from Chile, [155]
Cuzco, plateau of, [3], [4], [9]
Cuzco (city), Inca capital, [5], [12], [18], [19], [32], [33], [59], [63], [103], [108], [291], [295];
military road from, [9], [18], [28];
possessed by Spanish, [32-36], [39], [238], [258]
D
Darien, gold-mines of, [22];
Gulf of, [403], [404]
Daza, General, [278]
De Lesseps, Ferdinand, [482]
Drake, Sir Francis, [428]
Ducasse captures Cartagena, [428]
Duchisela, long reign of, [288]
E
Earthquake, of 1751, [154];
of 1812, [363]

Echenique, General, President of Peru, [109], [110]
Ecuador, Cara conquest of, [11-13], [286-288];
Inca conquest of, [12], [13], [17], [24], [288], [291-296];
character of inhabitants of, [24], [27], [286], [287], [289], [307], [342], [343], [357], [409];
gold and silver in, [27], [53], [307];
military roads in, [12], [28], [307], [336];
Spanish conquest of, [58], [67], [297 et seq.];
Inca cities in, [59];
war of independence in, [76], [86], [309 et seq.], [437];
incorporation of, with Colombia, [98], [267], [318], [320-322], [443];
the founder of, [101], [327];
description of, [285-287], [290], [291];
climate of, [285], [290];
fertility of, [286], [290], [341-343];
taxation in, [301], [307], [328], [336];
area of, [302], [303];
population of, [302], [303], [342], [343];
European grains and fruits introduced into, [303], [308];
cacao industry of, [303], [328], [332], [341];
Catholic Church in, [305], [306], [309], [337];
education in, [307], [309];
the capital of, [307];
decrease in population of, [307], [308], [328];
negro slavery in, [307];
presidency of Quito erected, [308], [321], [323], [324], [326], [327];
under jurisdiction of New Granada, [308];
audiencia established in, [308];
junta appointed in, [313], [314];
open cabildo summoned, [313];
battles in, [293], [298], [316], [318], [324];
independence of, declared, [324], [452];
named, [324];
treaty of, with Colombia, [327];
civil war in, [328], [329], [337-341], [451];
civil and constitutional government in, [329];
reforms in government of, [330], [331], [336];
financial conditions of, [31], [336];
second South American republic recognised by Spain, [331];
prosperity of, [332];
numerous constitutions of, [333-335], [339];
railways of, [342];
manual industries of, [342];
future of, [342], [343];
under jurisdiction of Bogotá, [426];
Colombian campaign against, [462]
Eldorado, [241], [349]
Elephantiasis, [426]
Elias, Campo, patriot leader, [368], [369]
Emeralds, [27], [412], [417], [424]
Encalada, Blanco, [80]
Encomiendas, system of agricultural, [38], [46], [53], [65], [240], [242];
abolished, [50], [51], [243], [417]
England, granted privilege of exporting negroes to South America, [70];
war between Spain and, [158];
fleet of, destroys Venezuelan navy, [398];
recognises independence of Colombia, [446]
Errazuriz, President of Chile, [207], [228]
Esmeralda, the, capture of, [82], [119];
sale of, to Japan, [340]
España, creole leader, [359], [360]
Estremadura (province), [21], [26]
F
Falcon, General, [391-394]
Federmann, explorer, [414]
Ferdinand VII. of Spain, deposition and imprisonment of, [159], [311], [312], [360], [365], [370], [380];
restoration of, [435]
Fernandez, conspiracy of, [276]
Flores, Antonio, President of Ecuador, [340]
Flores, General, the founder of Ecuador, [101], [323], [324], [326-329], [333], [451]
France, war between Spain and, [152], [256], [311], [312];
recognises republic of Panama, [488]
Franciscans, the, [68]

Freire, General, [104], [191-194], [197]
French scientists in Quito, [309]
Fruits introduced into South America, [66], [151], [303], [308]
G
Gallo heads insurrection, [202]
Gamarra, General, Dictator of Peru, [101-105], [270]
Garrapata, battle of, [467]
Gasca, Pedro de la, [54], [56], [57], [301]
Gatajo, battle of, [341]
Gauchos, [171], [261], [438]
Gavilan, battle of, [172]
Goajira, peninsula of, [348], [403], [404]
Goats,

[66]
Gold, Spain's desire for, [26], [35], [53], [65], [66], [69], [241], [352];
in Bolivia, [240], [246], [247];
in Chile, [136], [138], [144];
in Colombia, [404], [406-409], [412], [414], [416], [424];
in Ecuador, [27], [53], [299], [307];
in Peru, [25], [27], [32], [36];
in Venezuela, [352]
Goyeneche, General, [257], [361]
Grains introduced into South America, [66], [151]
Grapes, [66];
cultivation of, forbidden, [159]
Grau, Miguel, Admiral, [119-121]
Great Britain, action of foreign office in regard to Bolivia, [275];
threatened rupture between United States and, [398];
abandons Isthmian colony, [429].
See also England.
Gröningen, victory of, [62]
Guaicaipuro, Indian chief, [350]
Gual, creole leader, [359], [360]
Gual, Pedro, [391]
Guamanga, founded, [44], [49], [50], [60], [106], [126];
battle at, [49], [50]
Guano deposits, [109], [113], [114], [116], [127], [128], [206], [210]
Guarany, Indians, the, [249];
language, [306]
Guatamala, [39], [298]
Guayaquil (city), founded, [299];
best port on Pacific coast of South America, [86], [101], [105], [299], [323], [324], [326], [335];
population and wealth of, [328], [332], [341]
Guayaquil (province), [312], [314], [317], [327], [444];
cultivation of cacao and sugar-cane in, [308]
Guayaquil, Gulf of, [12], [20], [25], [27], [285], [341]
Guiana (province), under jurisdiction of Bogotá, [356];
transferred to jurisdiction of Venezuela, [361], [426]
Guiana, British, [398]
Guipuzcoa Company, the, [354-356], [358]
Gutierrez brothers, the, [114], [116]
Gutierrez, President of Colombia, [465]
H
Hague international tribunal, the, [399]
Hayti, Bolivar flees to, [372];
gold placers of, [404], [406]
Heath, explorer, [278]
Heredia founds Cartagena, [406], [408]
Herran, General, President of New Granada, [454], [455], [458]
Herrera, General, [103], [485]
Hides, exportation of, [354], [428]
Honda (city), [420]
Honduras, [403]
Horses, [20], [27], [39], [66], [243], [261]
Huacho, San Martin lands at, [81]
Huaina Capac, Inca emperor, campaign of, [12];
conquest of Quito by, [12-14], [18], [292-294], [308];
death of, [14], [295]
Hualcopo, Cara shiri, [290-292], [295]
Huanacabamba (province), [288]
Huanca, Auqui, [17]
Huanchaca, mines of, [278]
Huaqui, battle of, [170], [256], [257]

Huascar, Inca empire divided between Atahuallpa and, [14];
fratricidal war between Atahuallpa and, [16-19], [238], [295], [296];
execution of, [31]
Huascar, the, [119-121], [212]
Humachiri, battle of, [259]
"Husares de la Muerte," cavalry corps, [182]
I
Ibague (city), [416]
Ibarra, [287], [293]
Iglesias, President of Chile, [126], [127]
Immigrants, into Peru, [111], [149];
into Chile, [156], [203];
into Ecuador, [307]
Imperial (city), founded, [140];
besieged, [142], [145], [146]
Inca Indians, the, home of, [3], [4];
civilisation of, [3], [24], [25], [236], [290], [412];
migration of, [4]
Incas, language of, [4], [10], [13];
religion of, [5], [13];
social and industrial organisation of, [5], [6], [10], [59], [249], [289], [295];
capital of, [5], [12], [18], [19], [32-35], etc.;
emperors of, [5], [6], [8-10], [12], [14], [16], [28-32], [34-38], [40], [61], [62];
death of last emperor of, [63];
conquests of, [6], [8-19], [236], [288 et seq.];
irrigation system of, [6], [10], [25], [59];
empire of, [8], [9], [11], [13], [22], [292-294];
military roads built by, [9], [10], [12], [28], [29], [38], [59], [239], [244], [251], [307];
armies of, [11], [18], [19], etc., [237];
Spanish conquest of, [20-40], [297];
population of, [25], [65], [244], [303];
reduced to slavery, [38], etc., [242-244], [348];
cities built by, [20], [38], [44], [59], [60], [240]
Independencia, the, [119], [212]
Indians of South America, the, early civilisation of, [3], [4], [236], [286], [289], [410], [412];
various tribes of, [3], [5], [8-14], [23], [59], [135], [238], [245], [286-289], [292], [293], [350], [405], [410], [413];
language of, [4], [9], [10], [11], [136], [238], [306];
characteristics of, [24], [25], [77], [136], [249], [252], [253], [289], [303], [307], [421], [422];
conquered by Spanish, [24], [25], [27-40];
oppression and slavery of, [38], [58], [59], [63-65], [68], [69], [242-244], [253], [254], [348], [406], [416], [422], [425-428];
rebellions of, [38-40], [72], [77], [251], [253], [254], [258], [259];
Spanish legislation in behalf of, [57], [243], [254], [417];
impressment of, [64], [69], [242], [253], [416], [425];
missions established among, [151], [244], [250], [306], [352]
Indigo, [303]
Inquisition established, in Peru, [69];
in Colombia, [437]
Ipecacuanha, Europe indebted to Peru for, [66]
Iquique, Peruvian port, [119], [122]
Iquitos (city), [114]
Irish mercenaries in Bolivar's army, [376], [380]
Irrigation in South America, [6], [10], [25], [59], [135]
J
Jauja (city), [54], [60], [84], [89], [92-94]
Jauja, valley of the, [9], [18], [33], [35], [36], [39], [44], [49]
Jemappes, battle of, [359]
Jesuits, in Bolivia, [245], [279];
in Colombia, [455], [461];
in Ecuador, [309], [334], [337];
in Peru, [68], [71], [309]
Jiron, Governor of New Granada, [425]
Jubones, plateau of, [288], [291]
Juncal, battle of, [372]
Junin, battle of, [93], [321]
Jurisprudence, Spanish system of, in South America, [66], [200], [304]

K
Koerner, Colonel, [223], [225]
L
La Donjuana, battle of, [467]
La Fuente, Dictator of Peru, [102], [106]
La Guaira, [350], [356], [359], [369]
La Mar, General, President of Peru, [100], [101], [324]
La Palma, battle of, [110]
La Paz, founded, [60], [241], [249];
spirit of independence in, [76], [77], [257], [260], [361]
La Puerta, decisive battles of, [369], [375]
Lara, General, deported, [99]
Las Casas, famous book of, [50], [59]
La Serna, General, Viceroy of Peru, [84], [91];
army of, [93-95], [261], [264]
Las Heras, patriot commander, [171], [172], [177], [181]
Lastra, General, [194]
Las Trincheiras, [368]
Latacunga, valley of, [287], [292], [293]
La Torre, General, [374], [380], [381]
Lautaro, Araucanian chief, [141], [142]
Leiva founded, [420]
Leon, creole leader, [355]
Leprosy, [426]
Lima (city), founded by Pizarro, [36], [46], [60];
Incas attempt to take, [39], [42];
Pizarro in, [46], [52];
political, social, and commercial centre of South America, [67], [71];
viceroyalty of Peru established at, [50], [60], [67], [70], [71], [142], [148], [304], [426];
jurisdiction of, [67], [250], [251], [304], [308];
earthquakes in, [71];
revolutionary spirit in, [73], [75], [76], [81-84], [317];
evacuated by the Spaniards, [84], [89];
Bolivar at, [99], [321], [323];
insurrections in, [114], [116], [131];
Chilian army captures, [125], [126], [213];
public library of, destroyed, [126]
Linares, Doctor, [275], [276]
Linnæus names chinchona, [70]
Lircay, victory at, [194]
Llamas, [3], [4], [150], [238]
Llaneros, the, origin of, [354], [424];
cavalry troops of, organised, [368];
valour of, [369], [371-374], [376-378], [381], [382], [385], [389], [431], [434], [438], [439], [450]
Llanos, [354], [368], [372], [375], [377], [406], [413], [437], [440]
Loja (city), built by Spaniards, [60]
Loja (province), [101], [288], [291], [298], [307], [338]
Loncomilla, battle of, [200]
Lopez, General, President of Colombia, [452], [455], [457]
Lopez, tyrant of Paraguay, [248], [465]
Los Andes, [396]
Louis XIV. and war of Spanish Succession, [152]
Loyola, founder of Jesuit order, [245]
Lugo, adelantado, [414], [417]
Luque, partner of Pizarro, [23]
M
MacGregor captures Barcelona, [372]
Madeira Falls, the, [280]
Madeira River, the, [244], [246], [278-281]
Madrid, Pizarro goes to, [25];
legislation at, in behalf of Indians, [50], [417];
commissions from, [58];
revenue sent to, [69];
government, [70], [147], [309], [418];
French king on throne of, [152]
Madrid, Dictator of Colombia, [437]
Magdalena River, the, [366], [380], [406], [408-410], [412-414] et passim;
named, [403];
Valley, [312], [381]

Magdalena, State of, [463], [466], [468], [480]
Magellan, Straits of, [69], [140], [209]
Maipo, battle of, [79], [179-182]
Maize, [3], [4], [8], [39], [238], [248], [290], [303], [352];
Europe indebted to Peru for, [66]
Mallarino, President of New Granada, [458]
Manabi, [292], [293]
Manaos, [280]
Manco Capac, first Inca sovereign, [5], [6]
Manco Capac, brother of Huascar, [34], [38-41]
Manso, Governor, [154]
Maracaibo Bay, [406], [409], [441]
Maracaibo (city), sack of, [354];
refused to bend delegates to Caracas, [361]
Maracaibo, Gulf of, [347], [348],

[351], [403], [406]
Maracaibo, Lake, [351], [383]
Maracaibo (province), under jurisdiction of Bogotá, [356], [426];
transferred to jurisdiction of Venezuela, [356], [426];
revolt in, [380];
separated from Caracas, [392]
Marco, General, [170]
Margarita, Island of, [348], [367], [426]
Margarita (province), [362]
Mariño, Dictator of Venezuela, [367], [369], [370], [378], [389]
Marquez, President of New Granada, [454]
Marroquin, President of Colombia, [469], [470], [484]
Martin, Alonso, [405]
Maturin captured, [367]
Maule River, the, [11], [135], [136], [138], [142], [145], [164], [166]
Medina Celi joins patriots, [264], [265]
Melgarejo, Dictator of Bolivia, [276], [277]
Mello, Geronimo, explores Magdalena River, [414]
Melo, General, [458]
Mendoza, Andre Hurtado de, Marquis of Cañete, "the good viceroy," [57], [58], [60], [142];
death of, [61]
Mendoza, Garcia de, campaign of, [142], [143];
founds Cañete, [143]
Mendoza (province), [140], [149]
Menendez, President of Peru, [107]
Mercury, [69]
Merida (city), founded, [350];
destroyed by earthquake, [363]
Merida (province), [362], [363], [366]
Meta River, the, [377]
Meuqueta, zipa of, [412]
Mexico, [22], [39], [290]
Miranda, Francisco, patriot leader, [359], [360], [362], [363]
Mississippi River, the, [27]
"Mitta," [64], [65]
Mocha, [293], [316]
Mochica language, the, [11]
Mojos Indians, the, [245], [250], [279]
Molina, Governor of Ecuador, [315]
Mollendo railroad, the, [54], [277]
Monagas, President of Venezuela, [388], [390]
Monteagudo, Dr., [182]
Montes, General, [316]
Monteverde, General, [363], [364], [367], [368], [370]
Montilla, General, [381]
Montt, Jorge, President of Chile, [220], [227]
Montt, Manuel, President of Chile, [199-201];
proclaims martial law, [201]
Montt, Pedro, [228]
Montufar, Carlos, [314]
Montufar, Juan, [313]
Moquegua, [124]
Morales, General, [277], [370], [372], [383]
Moreno, Garcia, President of Ecuador, long administration of, [335-339], [462];
character of, [336]

Morgan, sacked Maracaibo, [354]
Morillo, Marshal, in Venezuela, [370-372], [436-439];
report of, [375];
resigns, [380]
Mosquera, Tomas, President of Columbia, [452], [454], [455], [458], [460-464]
Mosquito Coast, the, [419]
Munecas, priest, [259]
Murillo, President of Colombia, [459], [462], [466]
N
Napo River, the, [300]
Napoleon. See Bonaparte
Nariño, Dictator of Colombia, [431], [432], [434]
Narvarte, Doctor, [390]
Naxichi, battle at, [16]
Negroes, [70], [273], [351], [352], [357], [394], [416], [422], [425]
Neiva (city), [416]
Neiva, President of New Granada, [420]
New Granada, captain-general of, subject to viceroy of Peru, [67];
viceroyalty of, created, [71], [308], [312], [426];
jurisdiction of, [420];
revolutionary junta installed in, [76];
war of independence in, [86], [98], [101], [261], [312], [317], [318], [320], [322], [326], [370], [435], [442];
provinces in Colombian confederation, [376], [443];
opposition to Bolivar's government in, [385], [387];
recognises independence of Venezuela and Ecuador, [388], [452];
name of, extended to presidency of Bogotá, [419];
influence of first president of, [452], [454];
army of, [452], [458];
constitution of 1832, [452], [455], [457];
name of, changed, [458], [459], [461].
See also Colombia.
"New Laws," the, [51], [54], [57], [59]
Nicaragua, [27], [403];
Canal, [485]
Nicuesa, Diego de, [404], [405]
Nieto, Dictator of Peru, [102]
Nitrates, [113], [114], [117], [277];
extent of region, [117], [206];
taxed, [118], [211]
Noboa, Diego, [334]
Nombre de Dios founded, [405]
"Nudos," [4], [8], [287], [291], [292]
Nuñez, Rafael, President of Colombia, [468];
political ideas of, [478-480];
death of, [481]
O
Oats, [66]
Obando, General, President of New Granada, [452], [454], [457], [458]
Ocana (city), captured, [366], [433];
national assembly held at, [385], [448];
founded, [420];
battle near, [437]
Ocumare, [359], [372]
O'Higgins, Ambrose, career of, [156], [158]
O'Higgins, Bernardo, gallantry of, [164];
saves Santiago, [166];
defeated, [167];
dictator, [171], [173], [181], [182], [190];
resignation of, [191]
Ojeda, Alonso de, explorations of, [22], [403];
names Venezuela, [347], [348]
Olañeta, renegade Argentine, [91];
death of, [97], [263-265]
Olives, [66], [159], [352]
Opon River, the, [410]
Oranges, [66]
Oratorio, battle of, [460]
Orbegoso, Dictator of Peru, [102-105]
Ordoñez, General, [171]
O'Reilly, General, [81]
Orellana, discoverer of the Amazon, [44], [300];
refounds Guayaquil, [299]
Orinoco, River, the, [78], [348], [355], [356], [374], [377], [442];
plains, [354], [367], [424], [441];
valley, [442]
Orton River, the, [279]
Oruro, silver mines of, [242], [249], [266], [277]

Osorio, General, re-establishes Spanish authority in Chile, [167], [168];
defeated by San Martin, [174], [176-181]
Osorno, founded, [143]; besieged, [145], [146]
Ospina, President of New Granada, [459-461]
Otavalo, capture of, [293], [294]
P
Pacamdré Indians, the, [293]
Pachacutec, See Yupanqui.
Pacheco, President of Bolivia, [278]
Pacific Ocean, the, discovery of, [22], [404], [405]
Padilla, patriot leader, [258], [260]
Paez, José Antonio, patriot leader, [79], [371], [372], [375], [377], [380], [381], [385], [387];
Dictator and President of Venezuela, [389-391], [447], [450]
Paillamachu, Araucanian chief, [144-146]
Paita (city), [28]
Paita (province), [285], [288], [289]
Pampas, [78], [99], [149]
Pampas River, the, [94]
Pamplona, revolutionary junta in, [431]
Pamplona (province), [349], [366], [411], [416], [419], [437]
Panama (city), founded, [22], [23-25], [298], [341], [412];
Pizarro sends to, for aid, [39];
pan-American Congress at, [323]
Panama Canal, the, [470-472], [482], [485-489]
Panama, Gulf of, [27]
Panama hats, manufacture of, [342]
Panama, Isthmus of (province), [22], [23], [27], [69], [352], [404], [405], [417], [419], [420], [429], [432], [470]
Panama (province), audiencia of, [420], [426];
joins Colombian confederation, [443];
rebels against Colombia, [454]
Panama railway, the, [455], [480], [484], [488];
receipts from, [464], [470]
Panama, State of, [461], [463],466, [469], [470];
Colombian misrule in, [471], [478], [480], [481], [487];
declares independence, [471], [488];
republic of, recognised, [471], [488];
neutrality and free transit guaranteed to, by treaty of 1846, [480], [487], [488];
insurrections in, [484];
provisional government in, [488];
canal treaty with United States, [488], [489]
Pando, José Manuel, President of Bolivia, [280]
Paraguay, [67], [71], [248], [357]
Paraguay River, the, [280]
Paraná River, the, [249]
Pardo, Don Manuel, first civilian President of Peru, [114], [116];
aristocratic party founded by, [131]
Parra, President of Colombia, [466]
Pasco, [92]
Pasto (city) founded, [409], [413]
Pasto (province), [49], [312], [314], [316], [324];
part of presidency of Quito, [326], [327], [420];
high tableland of, [409], [414], [424], [454];
loyal to Spain, [432-434], [442], [444];
rebellion in, [451]
Paul, Rojas, [396]
Paya Pass, the, [377]
Peaches, [66]
Pearl fisheries, [348]
"Pelucones," [192]
Peons, impressment of, [394-396]
Perez, President of Chile, [202], [206]
Perez, Santiago, President of Colombia, [466]
Peru, early inhabitants of, [3], [4], [357];
antiquity of civilisation in, [3];
fertility of, [4], [8], [41], [44], [80];
climate of, [4], [285];
Inca empire established in, [5-20], [296];
system of irrigation in, [5], [6], [10];
copper mines of, [8], [117];
military roads in, [9], [10], [12], [28], [33], [36], [38], [59];
battles in, [11], [13], [16], [17], [19], [39], [43], [50], [56], [78], [88], [92], [93], [96], [97], [101], [105], [107], [110], [124], [125], [213], [272], [324];
Inca cities of, [20], [59], [60];
Spanish conquest of, [20-40], [58], [67], [297];
mineral wealth of, [24], [25], [27], [32], [36], [53], [65], [66], [69], [109], [113], [114], [116], [127], [128];
extent of, [28], [41], [44], [58], [67], [71];
Spanish cities in, [36], [44], [59], [60];
Indian rebellions in, [38], [72], [77];
governors of, [44], [49], [50], [52];
viceroyalty of, see Lima;
viceroys of, [50-52], [58], [60-63], [70], [72], [74], [78-80], [82], [84], [261], [301], [304], [308];
slavery prohibited in, [50], [57], [111];
industrial development of, [53], [108], [111], [113], [114], [127-129], [132];
revenue to Spain from, [53], [60], [64-66], [69], [77];
civil wars in, [57], [99-103], [106-108], [110], [113], [127];
Spanish colonial system established in, [61-66];
taxation in, [64], [66], [69], [109];
population of, [65];
university in, [67];
Spanish language in, [68];
religious conditions in, [68], [69], [132];
discovery of virtues of quinine, [70];
earthquakes in, [71];
Jesuits expelled from, [71];
creoles of, [72], [74], [76], [77], [84], [110], [123], [130];

revolutionary spirit in, [72-76], [81], [82];
navy of, [78], [101], [104], [109], [118], [197], [325];
war of independence in, [80-97], [185], [186], [261], [316];
Spaniards evacuate capital of, [84];
proclaimed a republic, [85];
financial conditions in, [89], [110], [114], [115], [130], [132];
congress of, [98], [99];
Bolivar, Dictator of, [98], [322], [447];
Bolivarian constitution imposed on, [99], [322];
revolts from Bolivar's government, [99-101], [270], [323], [324], [448];
state of anarchy in, [101-103];
further constitutions of, [102], [111];
at war with Chile, [104], [119-125], [190], [197], [198];
capital of, captured by Chileans, [125], [126], [212], [213];
at war with Bolivia, [104], [273];
treaty of peace with Bolivia, [105];
commerce in, [108];
railways in, [109], [113], [122], [128];
debt of, [109], [114], [128];
insurrections in, [110], [113], [114], [116], [123], [130-132];
immigration into, encouraged, [111];
treaty of alliance with Chile, against Spain, [112];
naval battles of, [112], [119-121], [212];
at war with Spain, [112], [203], [204], [337];
revenue from nitrates, [113], [114];
first civilian president of, [114];
guano deposits of, [116], [127], [128];
currency of, [116];
treaty of alliance with Bolivia, [118], [119];
nitrate region owned by, [117], [119], [121], [122], [212];
loses nitrate province, [123], [125];
losses of, in Chilean war, [125], [127];
mediation of United States between Chile and, [125];
treaty of peace with Chile, [127];
reorganisation of, [128];
British creditors of, [128];
rubber industry in, [129];
political conditions in, [130-132];
hopeful signs of the times for, [131];
cause of revolutions in, [132];
Upper, formed into republic of Bolivia, [240], [266-268];
re-establishes independent existence, [272];
at war with Colombia, [324], [451];
surrenders southern provinces, [324]
Peru-Bolivian Confederation, the, [101-103], [105], [197], [197], [270-273], [281]
Peruvian bonds, [114], [116]
Peruvian Corporation, the, [128], [129]
Pezet, President of Peru, [111], [112]

Pezuela, General, [82], [260]
Philip II. of Spain, [53], [54], [61]
Piar, negro chief, [372], [374]
Pichincha, battle of, [86], [444]
Pierola, General, [116], [123], [126], [130];
President of Peru, [131]
Pigeons, [66]
Pigs, [66]
Pinto, Anibal, President of Chile, [209], [213]
Pinto, General, President of Chile, [193]
"Pipiolas," [192]
Pisagua captured, [122]
Pisco, [80], [81]
Piura (city) founded, [60], [297]
Piura (province), [288]
Piura, valley of, [291]
Pizarro, Francisco, the conqueror of Peru, early life of, [21], [22];
with Ojeda and Balboa, [22], [404], [405];
partners of, [23];
failure of first exploring expedition, [23];
second expedition of, [23-25];
authorised by Charles V. to conquer Peru, [25], [26];
third expedition of, [26], [27];
reinforced by de Soto, [27];
lands in northern Peru, [27], [28], [297];
meets Inca emperor, [29];
treachery of, [28-34], [238];
establishes Spanish government, [35], [44];
founds cities, [36], [44];
territory awarded to, [36], [41];
crushes Indian rebellion, [38-40];
Almagro quarrels with, [41-43];
treachery of, towards Almagro, [42], [43], [48], [136], [239];
extends Spanish conquest throughout Inca empire, [44], [136], [240], [407], [408];
conspiracy against, [46];
murder of, [47-50], [300];
character of, [48]
Pizarro, Gonzalo, valour of, [26], [56];
at siege of Cuzco, [38];
capture of, [42];
Governor of Quito, [44], [299-301];
Governor of Peru, [50-53], [240], [301];
defeat and death of, [56], [240], [301]
Pizarro, Hernando, joins expedition to conquer Peru, [26], [38];
capture and release of, [42], [43];
capture and death of Almagro by, [43], [136];
develops mining industry of Bolivia, [44];
establishes feudal lordships, [239], [240]
Pizarro, Juan, [26], [38]
Plantain introduced into Ecuador, [303], [308]
Plate provinces, the, [71]
Plate River, the, [67], [245], [251];
Valley, [155], [236]
Platinum, [424]
Plaza, Leonidas, President of Ecuador, [341]
Poll-taxes, [64], [243], [427]
Popayán (city) founded, [409]
Popayán (province), [49], [53], [301], [312], [314], [408], [409], [417], [424], [432], [433], [444], [454];
part of presidency of Quito, [324-327], [420];
lost to Ecuador, [327]
Portales, Chilean statesman, [194], [196], [197];
death of, [197], [198]
Porto Bello captured, [429]
Portuguese, the, [67], [261], [316]
Potatoes, native to South America, [3], [4], [8], [238], [248], [287], [290], [303], [332], [343], [352];
introduced into Europe, [66]
Potosí, silver mines of, [44], [53], [65], [99], [240], [241], [258];
yield of silver from, [278]
Poultry introduced into South America, [66], [151]
Prado, General, President of Peru, [112], [116], [123]
Presidencies, [71], [418], [420], [426]
Preston, Amyas, [351]
Prieto, General, President of Chile, [194], [196-198]
Printing-press, the, [245]
Promancians, the, [138]
Puerreyedon, Argentine dictator, [183]
Puerto Cabello, [347], [359], [360], [366], [372];
British attacks on, [356];
captured by patriots, [382], [383], [385]

Pumacagua, Indian leader, [77]
Puna, bleak plateau of, [36], [236], [239], [268]
Puna, island of, [27], [292]
Puno, [97]
Purus River, the, [280]
Puzuela, General, Viceroy of Peru, [78]
Q
Quartz mining in Bolivia, [246]
Quesada, Jimenez de, conquest of, [410], [412-414];
founds Bogotá, [413];
exiled, [417];
names New Granada, [419]
Quiapo, Spanish victory at, [144]
Quichua language, official medium of Inca empire, [9], [10], [238], [295], [306];
reduced to a written language, [306]
Quicksilver, discovery of, in Peru, [241]
Quillin, treaty of, [150]
Quillota, [224]
Quindio mountain range, [409], [411]
Quinine, Europe indebted to Peru for, [66];
discovery of virtue of, [70];
origin of name, [70]
Quinoa grain, the, native to South America, [3], [4], [238], [290], [303]
Quintana, Dictator of Chile, [173], [174]
Quinua, village of, [95]
Quito (city), the Cara capital, [12], [307], [341];
Incas possess, [13], [14], [59], [238];
Spanish occupation of, [44], [49], [53], [406], [413], [416];
revolutionary spirit in, [76], [313], [314], [334], [335], [339], [383], [430], [432];
city of convents, [306];
population of, [307], [308];
French scientific monuments in, [309]
Quito (province), Cara kingdom of, [11], [286-288];
the shiri of, [12], [14], [290];
Inca conquest of, [12], [18], [293], [294];
Spanish conquest of, [28], [36], [38], [299];
erected into a presidency, [71], [308], [309], [323], [324], [326], [327], [418], [426];
under jurisdiction of New Granada (Bogotá), [308], [420];
audiencia of, [308];
declared independent, [324];
provinces attached to presidency of, [420]
Quizquiz, Indian general, [17];
defeats Huascar, [19], [20], [35], [238], [296];
defeated by Pizarro, [33], [34], [297]
R
Rada, Juan de la, [46], [49]
Railroads in Bolivia, [279], [280];
in Chile, [203];
in Peru, [54], [113], [277]
Ramirez, Spanish general, [77], [78]
Rancagua, battle of, [167-170]
Reyes, General, President of Colombia, [471], [472]
Reyes, Lake of, [92]
Rice, [66], [303]
Riesco, German, President of Chile, [228]
Rimac, valley of the, [36]
Riobamba, [12], [288], [292], [293], [298]
Rio Negro, battle at, [457]
Riva Aguëro, President of Peru, [76], [88], [89]
Rivas, patriot commander, [370]
Riveralta, [279], [280]
Robledo, Jorge, [408]
Robles, Colonel, [221]
Robles, President of Ecuador, [334], [335]
Roca, Ramon, President of Ecuador, [333]
Rocafuerte, Vicente, President of Ecuador, [328-330];
wise administration of, [330-332]
Romana, President of Peru, [131]

Rosas, Doctor, Governor of Chile, [154];
title of, [154];
founds university, [154];
establishes radical junta, [162], [163]
Rubber, forests, exploitation of, [129];
Bolivia furnishes large per cent. of, [280]
S
Saenz, Manoela, [450]
Sagamoso, valley of, [377]
St. Vincent, battle of, [311]
Salabarrieta, Policarpo ("La Pola"), fate of, [439]
Salaverry, Dictator of Peru, [102], [103]
Salgar, President of Colombia, [465]
Salt, [353], [424]
Salta, gauchos of, [259]
Samano, General, [316], [433], [437], [439-441]
Sanclemente, President of Colombia, [469], [482]
San Felipe, university of, founded, [154]
San Felix, battle of, [374]
San Fernando, fortress of, [374], [375]
San Francisco hill, battle at, [122]
San Francisco, mining camp at, [350]
San Juan, valley of, [149]
San Luiz, valley of, [149]
San Martin, General, equips "Army of the Andes," wins battle of Chacabuco, and liberates Chile, [78], [168-171], [184], [261], [317];
creates a fleet, [79], [172-174], [183], [184];
raises armies for conquest of Peru, [80-82], [84], [171-174], [176], [178], [185], [186], [262];
proclaims independence of Peru, [85];
President of Peru, [85];
resigns presidency, [88], [263], [321];
famous interview of, with Bolivar, [86], [321];
declines governorship of Chile, [171];
defeat of, [176-173];
wins battle of Maipo, [179-181];
one of the greatest of South American patriots, [318]
San Miguel founded by Spanish, [36], [297]
San Roman, General, President of, Peru, [111]
Santa Cruz (city), [249], [258], [279]
Santa Cruz, General, commands Peruvian army, [88];
defeat of, [89], [90], [262], [263];
Dictator of Bolivia, [101], [102];
President of Peru-Bolivian Confederation, [103], [104], [197], [270], [271];
overthrow of, [105], [198], [272]
Santa Maria, President of Chile, [213]
Santa Marta (city), [326], [406], [414], [436]
Santa Marta Mountains, [403]
Santander, [442-444], [446-448];
first legal President of Colombia (New Granada), [450], [452];
title of, [454]
Santander (city), "Rebellion of the Communes" in, [427]
Santander, State of, [460], [461], [467]
Santiago (city), [11], [126], [135], [142],

[145], [186], [223-225];
revolutionary junta installed in, [76], [160], [161];
founded, [137];
discovery of gold near, [138];
population of, [151];
universities established in, [154], [198];
social centre of Chile, [158]
Sarsaparilla, [303]
Sayri Tupac, Inca emperor, [61], [62]
Sebastian founded, [404]
Segoria, battle of, [460]
Seville junta, the, [314], [360], [362]
Sheep introduced into South America, [66], [242], [243], [248]
Shiris, the, of Quito, [12], [14], [16], [287-296]
Silver, in Bolivia, [44], [239-242], [245], [246];
in Chile, [199], [208];
in Colombia, [424];
in Ecuador, [307];
in Peru, [24], [25], [53], [65], [66], [69], [117]

Sinu River, the, [408]
Slavery, Indian, [38], [69], [71], [242-244], [348], [406];
negro, [273], [394], [416], [422], [425]
Smallpox, ravages of, [142], [426]
Smuggling, [70], [71], [152], [251], [353], [354], [394], [425]
Socorro (city), revolutionary junta in, [431], [432]
Socorro, plateau province of, [312], [376], [413], [416], [437]
Solar, Vice-President of Peru, [130]
Sorata (city), the rival of Potosí, [246];
destroyed, [247]
de Soto, Hernando, [27]
Soublette, General, [390]
South America, animals native to, [3], [4], [238];
tribes of, [4], [5], [9], [13], [66], [238], [248], etc.;
productions of, [3], [5], [8], [66], [70], [238], [303];
Spanish law in, [61], [66], [200], [253], [304];
animals introduced into, [66], [242], [243];
benefits to, from Spanish occupation, [66], [151], [303];
commerce except with Spain forbidden to, [66], [69-71], [152], [251], [355], [356];
Lima the political, commercial, and social centre of, [67];
negroes imported into, [70], [416];
spread of revolutionary ideas in, [73], [74], etc.;
character of revolution in, [84];
plan for constitutional monarchy in, [84];
success of wars of independence in, [97], [188], [265], [318], [322], [383];
Argentine preponderance among republics of, [155];
description of Andean plateau of, [235], [285];
theatre of the war of independence in, [255];
revolution in, saved from extinction, [258];
plan for one great confederacy in, [269], [322];
countries of, [322];
harbours of, [341];
oldest city of, [348];
first independent republic in, [362];
oldest fortress in, [407], [428], [436];
manner of founding Spanish cities in, [424]
South Sea, the, [405]
Spain, conquest of South America by, see Peru, Chile, etc.;
royal commissioners sent from, [46], [49], [54], [417], [427];
colonial system of, [62 et seq.], [70], [243], [307], [351-356], [424], [427], [428];
colonial government of, [57], [59], [249], [301], [303], [353];
commercial monopoly of, [66], [69-71], [152], [250], [251], [352-356], [424];
war of succession in, [70], [152], [159], [250], [256], [311], [312], [354], [360], [370];
at war with France, [77], [159], [256], [311], [312];
revolution in, [82], [359], [370], [430], [443];
at war with Peru and Chile, [111], [112], [203], [204], [337];
reforms in system of colonial government of, [154], [253], [254], [301], [349], [417];
at war with England, [158]
Spanish, adventurers [21], [22], [26], [27], [53], [58], [67], [242], [300], [301], [348], [404], [407], [413], [414];
armies in South America, [29], [39], [50], [52], [80], [81], [141], [142], [144], [146], [147], [150], [155], [168], [170], [174], [181], [239], [253], [258-261], [263], [264], [298], [301], [315-318], [350], [366], [367], [371], [375], [376], [380], [413], [436], [437], [440], [443];
constitution, the, [370];
constitutional law, [304]
Spanish crown, revenue of, from Peru, [32], [53], [60], [64-66], [69], [77];
from South America, [417], [425]
Spanish fleet, [79], [80], [142], [174];
seizes Chincha Islands, [112], [203];
at Callao, [112], [186];
at Valparaiso, [204];
defeated, [360], [383];
at Cartagena, [436]
Sucré (Charcas), [44]
Sucré, General, Bolivar's great lieutenant, destroys Spanish army, [86];
takes Colombian army to Peru, [89], [264], [321];
wins battle of Ayachucho, [93-97], [266], [321], [322];
numbers and quality of army of, [95], [318];
first President of Bolivia, [99], [268], [322];
administration of, [269];
overthrow of, [270], [323];
wins battle of Pichincho, [318], [444];
murder of, [326], [452]
Sugar-cane, introduced into South America, [66], [303];
cultivation of, [111], [113], [308], [352], [355], [390], [428]
Sugar Loaf, the battle of, [105]
Suipacha, battle of, [256], [257]
Sun-god, worship of the, [5], [13], [298]
T
Tacna (city), revolutionary expedition to, [82];
result of campaign, [123], [213]
Tacna (province), [122], [123];
yielded to Chile, [127]
Talca (city), captured, [166];
independence of Chile proclaimed at, [176]
Talcahuano (city), [163], [164], [171], [174]
Tambo, battle of, [316], [437]
Tarapacá, province of Peru, [106];
nitrate deposits of, [212]
Tarija (city), [249]
Tarqui, decisive battle of, [324], [325]
Taxation, [64], [66], [69], [118], [152], [158], [211], [243], [269], [270], [276], [301], [307], [328], [336], [353], [424]
Teques Indians, the, [350]
Tiocajas nudo, [291];
battles of, [291], [293], [294], [298]
Titicaca, Lake, [8], [39], [54], [71], [78], [256], [258];
placer gold around, [240], [246];
Jesuit mission at, [245];
basin, [4], [11], [236], [239];
plateau, [8], [41], [99], [240];
copper and silver mines of, [8], [240]
Titu Yupanqui, [62], [63]
Toa, Cara Princess, [288]
Tobacco, Europe indebted to Peru for, [66];
in Chile, [159];
in Colombia, [424], [427];
in Venezuela, [352], [353], [355]
Tocaima (city), [416]
Tocuyo founded, [349], [350]
Toledo, Don Francisco de, founder of Spanish colonial system, [62-67];
arrives at Lima, [62];
puts to death last Inca emperor, [63];
Libro de Tasas of, [63]
Tolima, plateau of, [411], [419]
Tolima, State of, [467]
Tolu founded, [408]
"Toquis," [139], [144], [150]
Torata (city), [124]
Torico, General, [106]
Toro, Captain-General, [160], [161]
Torres, Camilo, Dictator, [437]
Trafalgar, battle of, [311]
Treaties, [117], [118], [150], [151], [206], [209], [210], [280], [281], [327], [470], [471], [480], [485-489]
Trinidad, Island of, captured by British, [356], [359]
Trujillo, birthplace of Pizarro, [21]
Trujillo (city) founded by Pizarro, [36], [60], [350]
Trujillo, province of Venezuela, [362], [363], [366]
Trujillo, President of Colombia, [468]
Tucuman (province), subject to viceroyalty of Lima, [67];
attached to viceroyalty of Buenos Aires, [78];
thinly populated, [78];
cattle-raising in, [243];
subject to audiencia of Charcas, [250];
battle of, [258]
Tumbez (city), [25], [53], [301];
Spaniards land at, [20], [28]
Tumibamba, Huascar captured at, [20]
Tumusla, [265]
Tundama, plateau of, [413]
Tunjá (city), founded, [414];
captured by Bolivar, [378]
Tunjá (province), [312], [376], [377], [413], [416]

Tupac Amaru, last Inca emperor, [62];
death of, [63]
Tupac Amaru, lineal descendant of Inca emperors, [72], [251];
heads Indian rebellion, [72], [251], [252];
cruel death of, [72], [253]
Tupac Yupanqui, Inca emperor, conquests of, [10], [11], [14], [18], [135], [289-292], [295];
death of, [12], [292]
U
Uira Cocha, Inca emperor, [8], [9]
Ulloa, ——, [308]
"Ulmens," [139], [150]
Umachiri, battle of, [78]
Union, the, [120], [123]
United States, the, threatened rupture between Great Britain and, [398];
recognises independence of Colombia, [446];
undertakes Panama Canal, [470], [471], [482], [485];
negotiations of, with Colombia, [470], [471], [488];
appealed to by Colombia, [471], [480];
neutrality and free transit guaranteed to Panama by, [480], [487], [488];
Colombia rejects treaty with, [486], [487];
recognises republic of Panama, [488];
treaty of, with Panama ratified, [488], [489]
United States of Colombia, the, [98], [99], [322], [378].
See Colombia.
Universities, [67], [154], [198]
Urbina, General, [334], [338]
Urco, Inca emperor, [9]
Urdaneta, General, [452]
Uruguay in possession of Portuguese, [261], [316]
V
Valdez, General, [88], [96], [262]
Valdivia (city), besieged, [141], [142], [145];
taken by Dutch, [150];
size of, [151];
strength of, [171], [187];
possessed by Spanish, [171], [185];
captured by patriots, [187]
Valdivia, Pedro de, conqueror of Chile, [43], [44], [137-139], [240];
cities founded by, [137], [139];
capture and death of, [141]
Valencia, founded, [350];
loyal to Spain, [363], [364], [439];
patriots in, [367], [369], [372]
Valmy, battle of, [359]
Valparaiso (city), [104], [119], [120], [262], [285], [317], [341];
size of, [151];
bombarded, [204];
battle at, [223-225]
Valparaiso Bay, [220]
Valverde, Friar, [30]
Varas, Chilean Minister, [200], [201]
Vargas, Doctor, President of Venezuela, [389]
Veintemilla, General, President of Ecuador, [339]
Vela, Blasco Nuñez de, Viceroy of Peru, [50-53]
Velez (city) founded, [410], [414]
Venezuela, sighted by Columbus [347];
named, [348];
cities founded in, [348-350], [352];
colonisation of, [348];
governors of, [349], [426];

fertility of, [349], [350], [352], [395];
granted to Welser family, [349];
settlement of, [349-351];
savage tribes of, [350];
subject to viceroyalty of Lima, [67];
under jurisdiction of Bogotá and Caracas, [71], [356], [419], [426];
revolutionary spirit in, [76], [358-361], etc.;
revolts against Bolivar, [79], [101], [323], [378];
war of independence in, [86], [261], [316], [317], [362], [364], [366-370], [378-383], [388], [434], [437], [451], [452];
in Colombian confederation, [98], [322], [376], [378], [384], [443];
Bolivarian constitution of, [99], [385];
separates from confederation, [99], [324], [385], [387], [388], [451];
cattle-raising in, [345], [355], [395];
topography of, [351], [352];
negro labour in, [351], [352], [357];
agricultural products of, [352], [358], [390], [395];
exports from, [352], [390];
commercial conditions of, [352-358], [390-392], [395], [396], [398], [399];
gold placers of, [352];
taxation in, [353], [389], [391], [392], [395];
education in, [353];
trading posts in, [354];
made a captaincy-general, [355], [419];
captains-general of, [356], [360], [361];
boundaries of, fixed, [356];
population of, [357], [390];
characteristics of population of, [357], [358];
Bonaparte claims allegiance of, [360];
first independent republic of South America, [362];
constitution of 1811, [362];
financial conditions in, [362], [394-396], [398];
earthquake in, [363];
important battles of war of independence in, [369], [374], [375], [378], [381-383];
impoverished by wars, [384], [394];
constitution of 1831, [389], [391], [394];
civil wars in, [387-392], [396-398];
political conditions in, [389-392];
roads built in, [390];
bank established in, [390];
slavery abolished, [391];
liberty of the press permitted, [392];
religious conditions in, [392], [395];
smuggling in, [394];
stable currency of, [395];
railroads built in, [395], [396];
debt of, [396];
boundary dispute with British Guiana, [398];
foreign relations of, [398];
navy of, destroyed, [398];
progress of, [399];
provinces under jurisdiction of, [426]
Vernon, Admiral, [428]
Viceroyalties, of Bogotá, [71], [250], [356], [420], [426];
of Buenos Aires, [71], [251];
of Lima, [50], [67], [250], [375];
of Quito, [86], [418], [420]
Vicuña, Claudio, President of Chile, [193], [194], [219], [226]
Vicuñas, [238]
Vidal, Dictator of Peru, [102], [106]
Vilcabamba, [40], [61], [63]
Vilcañota nudo, the, [4], [8]
Villapugio, battle of, [170], [258]
Villarica, gold-mines of, [144-146]
Viluma, battle of, [256], [260]
Vista Florida, Dictator of Peru, [102]
Vivanco, Peruvian general, [106]
W
Welser family, the, Venezuela granted to, [349]
Wheat introduced into South America, [66], [151], [211], [303], [332], [343], [352], [421], [428]
Wheelwright, William, establishes first Pacific steamship line, [198]
Windward Islands, the, [347]
Wool, [8]
Y
Yahuarcocha Lake, [294]
Yahuar Huaccac, Inca emperor, [8]
Yngavi, decisive battle of, [105], [107], [273]
Yucay, valley of, [61]
Yungay, battle of, [105], [198], [272]
Yupanqui, Inca emperor, [9]
Z
Zaldua, President of Colombia, [479]
Zaruma, plateau of, [288], [291]
Zenufana (Antioquia), [407]