Fig. 16. A clean, inexpensive milk-house.
(3) By dirt on the milkman
Another source of dirt and disease germs in milk is the milkman or milkmaid. No matter how careful we may be, our clothes hold more or less dust, and all dust contains germs, very often disease germs. When a person is milking a cow, the dust from his clothes is shaken off into the milk. The only way to avoid this is to wear, while milking, a special suit of clothes made of white cloth, which may be washed as soon as it shows the least particle of dirt.
The milker's hands, too, are often dirty. Perhaps he carefully washes his hands after milking, but not before. It is a common custom for milkers to moisten their hands with milk while milking, and to do this frequently. The result is that dirty milk from their hands is constantly dropping into the milk pail. This is a very bad habit, and doubly bad if the milkman has not washed his hands before milking.
Sometimes there are sick people at the dairy farm. Often some one nurses a sick person until milking time and then goes out and milks the cows. When this is done, the milker is almost sure to plant the germs of the disease in the milk. No milk should ever be used from any dairy where there is an infectious disease; and no one who has charge of a sick person, no matter what the nature of the sickness, should ever handle milk that is to be used by others.
Fig. 17. A model bottling establishment.
(4) By dirt in cans and bottles
The cans and bottles in which the milk is placed are frequently sources of dirt and germs. Milk cans and bottles are supposed to be thoroughly washed before milk is put into them, and they should be thoroughly scalded after they are washed. This is not always done, and sometimes the bottles are not washed at all.
Some dairymen will tell you that the bottles and cans are always washed and scalded just before the milk is put into them, and that this is never neglected by any dairyman. That is what a dairyman once told me. Then I asked him how he accounted for the fact that I had found a milk ticket in the bottle with the fresh milk. Of course he could not explain this, though I thought I could explain it for him. The old milk bottle was returned to the milkman with the ticket for the new milk inside it. The deliveryman left the fresh milk, but forgot to take the ticket out of the bottle; and the man who "washed" the bottles must have forgotten to take out the ticket too. Of course, the bottle was not washed at all, and if one bottle goes unwashed, it is reasonable to assume that others are neglected in the same way.