The heads of these with holy fillets bound,
And all their temples are with garlands crowned.”
In the lives of public persons, their public characters are principally, but not solely, to be regarded. The world is inquisitive to know the conduct of its great men as well in private as in public; and both may be of service, considering the influence of their examples. In preparing this department of our work we have aimed to introduce variety,—selecting representative men from all the various pursuits of life.
The third department of our work has been designated as the Department of Travel. It embraces the principal voyages of discovery and the lives of great navigators and travelers, since the days of Columbus and Vasco de Gama. In the history of scientific expeditions, the five following divisions may be made: 1. The earliest age of the Phœnicians down to Herodotus, 500 years before Christ. The Phœnicians undertook the first voyages of discovery for commercial purposes, or to found colonies. 2. The travels of the Greeks and the military expeditions of the Romans, from 500 B. C. to 400 A. D. The Greeks made journeys to enlarge the territories of science. The armies of Rome, during this period, supplied an extensive knowledge of a part of Asia, Egypt, the northern part of Africa, and Europe to South Britain. 3. The expeditions of the Germans and Normans until 900 A. D. The Normans discovered the Faroes, Iceland and Greenland. 4. Besides the commercial and military voyages of the Arabs and Mongols, the travels of the Christian Missionaries, and other Europeans, down to 1400, furnished much valuable information. 5. The fifth period, from the year 1400 to the present time, is the period particularly embraced in this work. During this time, North and South America, a portion of Asia, and the interior of Africa, have been explored, and the adventurous voyagers in the Arctic and Antarctic seas, have pushed their researches to within twelve degrees of the poles. Sir J. Ross reached the south latitude of 78 deg. 4 min. in the year 1841. Such are the results of the labors of four centuries. The knowledge has been slowly gathered, but it will remain a lasting testimony to the triumphs of intellect. It is but recently that human enterprise has penetrated many of the secrets of the Antarctic regions,—that realm of mighty contrasts,—and it will doubtless pursue the investigation. ‘Meantime the wintry solitudes of the far south will be undisturbed by the presence of man; the penguin and the seal will still haunt the desolate shores; the shriek of the petrel and the scream of the albatross will mingle with the dash and roar of continual storms, and the crash of wave-beaten ice; the towering volcano will shoot aloft its columns of fire high into the gelid air; the hills of snow and ice will grow and spread; frost and flame will do their work; till, in the wondrous cycle of terrestrial change, the polar lands shall again share in the abundance and beauty which now overspread the sun-gladdened zones.’
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
| DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY. | ||
|---|---|---|
| ANCIENT HISTORY. | ||
| Ethiopian History | [18–20] | |
| Mongolian History.—The Chinese | [20–26] | |
| Caucasian History.—Ancient India—Eastern Nations—The Egyptians—Arabians—Syria—The Phœnicians—Palestine—TheJews—The Assyrians and Babylonians—The Medes and Persians—States of Asia Minor—TheLydians—The Persian Empire | [26–53] | |
| Grecian History.—Early History and Mythology—Religious Rites—Authentic History—Sparta—Lycurgus—Athens—PersianInvasion—Pericles—Alcibiades—Decline of Athenian Independence—Alexander theGreat—Concluding Period | [53–78] | |
| Roman History.—The Latins—The Kings—The Commonwealth—Struggle between the Patricians andPlebeians—Invasion of the Gauls—The Samnite Wars—The Punic Wars—The Revolutions of the Gracchi—SocialWars—Marius and Sulla—Pompey, Cicero, Cataline, Cæsar—Gallic Wars—Extinction of the Commonwealth—CivilWars—Augustus—Dissemination of Christianity—Division of the Empire—Downfall of theWestern Empire | [78–112] | |
MIDDLE AGES. | ||
| —The Eastern Empire—Constantine—Julian the Apostate—Theodosius the Great—Justinian;his Code—Arabia—Mohammed—Empire of the Saracens—The Feudal System—Charlemagne—The NewWestern Empire—France—The German Empire—Italy—Spain—General state of Europe—The Crusades—Chivalry—Riseof new Powers—Wm. Tell—The Italian Republics—Commerce—The Turks—Fall of Constantinople—Riseof Civil Freedom | [112–145] | |
MODERN HISTORY. | ||
| Great Britain and Ireland.—Conquest by the Romans; by the Saxons; by the Normans—Early NormanKings—William the Conqueror—Henry—Richard Cœur de Lion—John—Magna Charta—Origin of Parliament—Edwards—Conquestof Scotland—Richard II—House of Lancaster—House of York—House of Tudor—HenryVIII—The Reformation—Edward VI—Queen Mary; Elizabeth—Mary, Queen of Scots—The Stuarts—GunpowderPlot—Revolution—Irish Rebellion—Oliver Cromwell—Trial and Execution of Charles I—TheCommonwealth—Subjugation of Ireland and Scotland—The Protectorate—The Restoration—Charles II—DutchWar—Plague and Fire in London—The Rye House Plot—Death of Charles II—James II—Expeditionof Monmouth—Arbitrary Measures of the King—The Revolution—William and Mary—Establishment of theBank of England—Queen Anne—Union of England and Scotland—Marlborough’s Campaigns—House ofHanover—George I—Rebellion of 1715–16—George II—Rebellion of 1745–46—George III—American StampAct—American War of Independence—French Revolution—Rebellion in Ireland—Union with Great Britain—Warwith U. States—George IV—William IV—Queen Victoria—War with Russia—Alliance with France—Attackon Odessa—Operations in the Baltic—The Crimea—Battle of the Alma—Sebastopol described—Alliesopening Trenches—Bombardment—Explosion of French Batteries and Russian Powder Magazine—The AlliedFleet—Cannonade—Battle of Balaklava—The Turks—The Highlanders—The Russian Cavalry—Capt. Nolan—Battleof Inkermann—Morning of the Battle—The Attack—The Zouaves—Chasseurs—Night after the Battle—Councilof War—Determination to Winter—Reinforcements demanded | [145–256] | |
| History of France.—Clovis, A. D. 486; division of his Empire—The Merovingian Kings—The Carlovingians—Pepin—CharlesMartel—Charlemagne; his Empire—Louis—Division of the Empire—Charles—Arnulf—Charlesthe Simple—Invasion of the Normans—Hugh Capet and his Successors—Philip VI of Valois—Warswith England, 1328–1415—Charles VI—Maid of Orleans—Louis XI—Francis II—France during the War ofReligion—Persecution of the Huguenots—Coligni—The Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572—Henry III—HenryIV—Edict of Nantes—The Age of Louis XIV—Richelieu and Mazarin—Persecution of the Calvinists—Revocationof the Edict of Nantes, 1685—The Last Days of Absolute Monarchy—Louis XV—Louis XVI—TheFrench Revolution—National Assembly—Mirabeau, Dante, Marat, Robespierre—The 10th of August—Dethronementof the King—National Convention—Trial and Execution of the King—Jacobins and Girondists—Exclusionof the Girondists from the Convention—Execution of the Queen, Madame Elizabeth, and the Dukeof Orleans—La Vendee—Fall of Danton and Camille Desmoulins—Overthrow of Robespierre and the Jacobins—Reconstructionof the Government—Napoleon Bonaparte—Italian Campaign—Expedition to Egypt andSyria—Return to France—The First Consulate—Consul for Life—Duke d’Enghein—Napoleon Emperor—AustrianCampaign—Russians—Battle of Austerlitz—Confederation of the Rhine—War with Prussia—Allianceof Prussia and Russia—Victory at Friedland—Peace of Tilsit—Occupation of Portugal—Spain—Annexationof the Roman States and imprisonment of the Pope—New war with Austria—Peace of Vienna—Marriagewith Maria Louisa—Russian Campaign—Conflagration of Moscow—Retreat of the French—Allianceof Russia, Prussia, etc.—Congress of Prague—Austria—Battle of Leipsic—Retreat of the French—Invasionof France by the Allies—Abdication of Napoleon—Louis XVIII—Escape of Napoleon from Elba—Defeat atWaterloo—Death at St. Helena—Louis XVIII—Charles X—Abdication—Louis Philippe—Revolution—LouisNapoleon—War with Russia and alliance with England and Turkey | [256–302] | |
| History of Spain.—Gothic Monarchy—The Moors—Castile—Henry IV—Ferdinand and Isabella—Conquestof Grenada—Christopher Columbus—Discovery of America—Charles V—Hernando Cortez—Conquestof Mexico—Francis Pizarro—Conquest of Peru—Ignatius Loyola—Philip II—War with England—Defeat ofthe Invincible Armada—Philip III—Banishment of the descendants of the Moors—Philip IV—Accession ofthe House of Bourbon—Charles III—The Seven Years’ War—Charles IV—Ferdinand—Joseph Bonaparte—Allianceof the Spaniards and English—Return of Ferdinand—Isabella II | [302–312] | |
| Germany and Austria.—Division of the Empire of Charlemagne, and formation of the German Empire—Successionof Henry the Fowler to the throne of Conrad of Franconia—The Germans build cities—Accessionof Hildebrand—Pope Gregory III—His Excommunication of Henry IV—Strife of Guelphs and Ghibelines—PopeAdrian IV—Tancred—Richard III of England—The House of Hapsburg succeeds that of Swabia—Deathof Albert—Charles IV issues the Golden Bull—Council of Constance—Martyrdom of John Huss andJerome of Prague—Invention of Printing—Luther; the Reformation—Thirty Years’ War—Peace of Westphalia—Insurrectionof Hungarians aided by Turks—The War of Succession—Prince Eugene—Maria Theresa—PragmaticSanction—Revolt of the Netherlands—Confederation of the Rhine—Congress of Vienna—HungarianRevolution of 1848 | [312–326] | |
| History of Russia.—Russia rescued from the Tartars by John Basilowitz—Michael Theodorowitz, First ofthe House of Romanoff, Czar of Muscovy—Reorganization of Russia by Alexis—Reign of Peter the Great—Foundationand embellishment of St. Petersburg—Succession of the Czarina Catherine—Catherine II—Annexationof the Crimea—Dismemberment of Poland—Kosciusko—Suwarrow—Resignation of Stanislaus—Paul—Waragainst the French Republic—Assassination of Paul—Alexander—Coalition against Napoleon, byAustria and England—Peace of Tilsit—Napoleon declares war against Russia—Smolensko—Burning of Moscow—Constantine—Nicholas—Extirpationof Poland—Siege of Sevastopol by France, England, and Turkey—Deathof Nicholas—Succession of Alexander II | [326–334] | |
| HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. | ||
| I. | Colonial History.—Discoveries of Cabot—The Huguenots—Sir Walter Raleigh—Champlain—HenryHudson—Virginia—Jamestown—John Smith—Pocahontas—Indian War—Gov. Berkeley—Nathaniel Bacon—NewEngland Colonies—Puritans—Principles of their early Government—Quaker Persecution—PequodIndian War—King Philip—Royal Governors—Salem Witchcraft—Connecticut—Rhode Island—Dutch Settlementof New Amsterdam—Indian War—Annexation of New Amsterdam to the English Colonies, and change ofname to N. York—Lord Baltimore—Civil War—Carolina—Wm. Penn—Indian Treaty—Frame of Government—Oglethorpe—Wesley—Whitfield—Principlesand characteristics of the Colonists | [334–363] |
| II. | Contest of France and England for America.—King William’s War—The French War—The OhioCompany—George Washington—Braddock—Gen. Wolfe—Rising Colonial prosperity | [363–368] |
| III. | The Revolution.—Stamp Act—N. Y. Congress—War of publications against Britain—Boston Massacre—TeaParty—Lexington—Declaration of Independence—Franklin, Lafayette, Kosciusko—Trenton—Brandywine—Burgoyne’sDefeat—Alliance of France and America—Baron Steuben—D’Estaing—Stony Point—Arnold—Col.Hayne—Capitulation of Cornwallis—Treaty at Paris—Washington—Paralyzed condition ofthe Government—Massachusetts Rebellion 1786—Formation of Government by the Constitutional Convention | [368–394] |
| IV. | Constitutional History.—Federalists and anti-Federalists—Defeat of Harmar and St. Clair—Prohibitionof the Slave Trade—Death of Washington—Purchase of Louisiana—War with Tripoli—Embargo Acts—Warwith England—Campaign of 1812—American Naval Victories—Perry’s victory on Lake Erie—Gen.Harrison—Treaty at Ghent—Battle of New Orleans—Seminole War—Lafayette—Tariff—U. S. Bank—Nullification—Compromiseof 1820—Commercial Bankruptcy—Annexation of Texas—Mexican War—Discovery ofGold in California—Gadsden Treaty | [394–413] |
| BIOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENT. | ||
| Hernando Cortez | [415] | |
| William Penn | [441] | |
| Benjamin Franklin | [467] | |
| Peter the Great | [475] | |
| Count Rumford | [498] | |
| Nicholas Copernicus | [523] | |
| Tycho Brahe | [526] | |
| Galileo | [528] | |
| Kepler | [531] | |
| Sir Isaac Newton | [533] | |
| Huygens | [536] | |
| Halley | [537] | |
| Ferguson | [539] | |
| Sir William Herschel | [544] | |
| Simon Bolivar | [547] | |
| Francia, the Dictator | [554] | |
| Alexander Wilson | [562] | |
| James Watt | [569] | |
| John Howard | [572] | |
| Lord Byron | [598] | |
| Percy Bysshe Shelley | [612] | |
| Oliver Goldsmith | [615] | |
| Edward Gibbon | [619] | |
| David Hume | [623] | |
| Alexander Pope | [627] | |
| John Adams | [634] | |
| Thomas Jefferson | [644] | |
| Samuel Adams | [649] | |
| James Otis | [651] | |
| Fisher Ames | [653] | |
| Aaron Burr | [655] | |
| Alexander Hamilton | [657] | |
| Patrick Henry | [660] | |
| John Hancock | [664] | |
| Ethan Allen | [665] | |
| Benedict Arnold | [667] | |
| Horatio Gates | [680] | |
| Thaddeus Kosciusko | [681] | |
| Nathaniel Green | [685] | |
| Frederick William Augustus Steuben | [688] | |
| Baron de Kalb | [689] | |
| Richard Montgomery | [690] | |
| Gilbert Motier Lafayette | [691] | |
| Israel Putnam | [696] | |
| Stephen Decatur | [698] | |
| Isaac Hull | [700] | |
| Oliver Hazard Perry | [702] | |
| John Marshall | [704] | |
| John Paul Jones | [706] | |
| Andrew Jackson | [710] | |
| Winfield Scott | [713] | |
| Zachary Taylor | [714] | |
| John E. Wool | [724] | |
| Daniel Webster | [726] | |
| Henry Clay | [732] | |
| Levi Woodbury | [735] | |
| Robert Rantoul | [737] | |
| Franklin Pierce | [740] | |
| Samuel Finley Breese Morse | [741] | |
| M. Daguerre | [747] | |
| Victor Hugo | [749] | |
| Omar Pasha | [751] | |
| Edward Everett | [753] | |
| Washington Irving | [754] | |
| William Cullen Bryant | [756] | |
| George Bancroft | [756] | |
| William Hickling Prescott | [758] | |
| Hiram Powers | [759] | |
| DEPARTMENT OF TRAVEL. | ||
| Historical Sketch of Naval Architecture | [761] | |
| Early Maritime Discoveries | [774] | |
| Christopher Columbus | [775] | |
| Ferdinand Magellan | [800] | |
| Sir Francis Drake | [802] | |
| Henry Hudson | [804] | |
| Le Maire and Schouten | [805] | |
| Captain James | [806] | |
| William Dampier | [811] | |
| Captain Woodes Rogers | [814] | |
| John Clipperton | [815] | |
| Commodore Anson | [817] | |
| Captain Byron | [823] | |
| Captain Wallis | [829] | |
| De Bougainville | [832] | |
| Captain James Cook | [837] | |
| Captains Portlock and Dixon | [864] | |
| Monsieur De La Perouse | [870] | |
| George Vancouver | [891] | |
| Perry’s Voyages | [896] | |
| Sir John Franklin | [920] | |
| Travels in Africa—Parke, Denham, Clapperton, Lander and others | [927] | |
| Samuel Hearne | [953] | |
| John Lewis Burkhardt | [955] | |
| James Bruce | [958] | |
| John Ledyard | [966] | |
| John Baptist Belzoni | [967] | |
| George Forster | [974] | |
| Edward Daniel Clarke | [976] | |
| Richard Pococke | [979] | |
| Overland Journey to India | [981] | |
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
| PAGE. | |
| Opium Smuggling | [22] |
| Japanese Funeral Procession | [23] |
| Aga | [30] |
| Japanese Agriculture | [31] |
| Terrace of St. Peter’s | [126] |
| Gibraltar | [127] |
| Marine Arsenal, Constantinople | [232] |
| Place of Kossuth’s Imprisonment | [233] |
| Castle of Eisenstadt | [322] |
| King of Denmark | [323] |
| Captain Smith and Pocahontas | [336] |
| Providence, R. I. | [338] |
| Newport, R. I. | [339] |
| New Haven, Conn. | [342] |
| Philadelphia, Pa. | [343] |
| Halifax, N. S. | [348] |
| Lake George | [349] |
| Castle William | [354] |
| Castle Garden | [355] |
| Wilmington, N. C. | [358] |
| Prison, Phila. | [359] |
| Fort Putnam | [364] |
| Pillar Rock | [365] |
| Place des Armes, New Orleans | [370] |
| Blackwell Penitentiary | [371] |
| Columbus, O. | [402] |
| Depot, Cleveland, O. | [403] |
| Cincinnati, O. | [406] |
| Sandusky City, O. | [407] |
| Battle Monument, Baltimore | [410] |
| Bombardment of Vera Cruz | [411] |
| State House, Wisconsin | [414] |
| View on Grand River, Ohio | [570] |
| Bridge, Conneaut River, O. | [571] |
| Kosciusko’s Monument | [683] |
| Paul Jonas | [707] |
| Gen. Scott | [712] |
| Fort Ancient | [716] |
| Milford, near Cincinnati, O. | [717] |
| Gen. Wool | [725] |
| Daniel Webster | [728] |
| Residence of Daniel Webster | [729] |
| Henry Clay | [733] |
| Hon. Levi Woodbury | [734] |
| Birth Place of John Q. Adams | [736] |
| Franklin Pierce | [738] |
| William R. King | [739] |
| Euclid Creek, O. | [742] |
| Red Bank | [743] |
| Prof. Morse | [744] |
| Daguerre | [746] |
| Victor Hugo | [748] |
| Omar Pasha | [752] |
| Disappointed Gold Seekers | [760] |
| Gold Seeker’s Grave | [760] |
| Naval Architecture, from the tenth to the seventeenthcentury (17 Engravings) | [762–770] |
| City of Panama | [812] |
| Panama Gate | [813] |
| City of Havana | [818] |
| Scene in Havana | [819] |
| Adelaide | [824] |
| Bathurst, N. S. W. | [825] |
| Valparaiso | [834] |
| Iron Bridge, Jamaica | [835] |
| Sidney, N. S. W. | [856] |
| Humboldt | [857] |
| California | [874] |
| Ranche | [875] |
| Post Office | [876] |
| River-bed Claim on the Turon | [877] |
| Removing Goods | [878] |
| Dry Diggings | [879] |
| Portraits of Sir John Franklin’s Expedition,(9 Engravings) | [922–926] |
| Calcutta | [973] |
| Rail Road Bridge | [964] |
| Elk Creek | [965] |
| East Branch Rocky River | [982] |
| West Branch Rocky River | [983] |
AMERICAN ENCYCLOPEDIA.