London: J. M. DENT & CO.


First Edition, February 1906
Reprinted July 1906


CONTENTS

PAGE
I.On the Natural History of the Man-Like Apes[1]
II.On the Relations of Man to the Lower Animals[52]
III.On Some Fossil Remains of Man[111]
IV.The Present Condition of Organic Nature[151]
V.The Past Condition of Organic Nature[168]
VI.The Method by which the Causes of the Present and Past Conditions of Organic
Nature are to be Discovered.—The Origination of Living Beings[186]
VII.The Perpetuation of Living Beings, Hereditary Transmission and Variation[208]
VIII.The Conditions of Existence as Affecting the Perpetuation of Living Beings[225]
IX.A Critical Examination of the Position of Mr. Darwin’s Work, “On the
Origin of Species,” in Relation to the Complete Theory of the Causes of the
Phenomena of Organic Nature[245]
X.On the Educational Value of the Natural History Sciences[264]
(Lecture delivered at St. Martin’s Hall, July 22, 1854).
XI.On the Persistent Types of Animal Life[283]
(Lecture delivered at the Royal Institution, June 3, 1859.)
XII.Time and Life[287]
(Macmillan’s Magazine, December 1859.)
XIII.Darwin on the Origin of Species[299]
(Westminster Review, April 1860.)
XIV.The Darwinian Hypothesis[337]
(Times, December 26, 1859.)
XV.A Lobster; or, The Study of Zoology[352]
(Lecture delivered at South Kensington Museum, May 14, 1860).

INTRODUCTION

Forty years ago the position of scientific studies was not so firmly established as it is to-day, and a conflict was necessary to secure their general recognition. The forces of obscurantism and of free and easy dogmatism were arrayed against them; and, just as in former centuries astronomy, and in more recent times geology, so in our own lifetime biology, has had to offer a harsh and fighting front, lest its progress be impeded by the hostility born of preconceived opinions, and by the bigotry of self-appointed guardians of conservative views.