The Crayfish: An Introduction to the Study of Zoology.

by Thomas Henry Huxley

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The subjoined list indicates the chief books and memoirs, in addition to those mentioned in the text and in the Appendix, which may be advantageously consulted by any one who wishes to study more fully the biology of the crayfishes.

• I.—NATURAL HISTORY.
  • ROESEL VON ROSENHOF. Der Monatlich-herausgegeben Insekten Belustigung. 1755.
  • CARBONNIER. L’Écrevisse, Paris, 1869.
  • BRANDT AND RATZEBURG. Medizinische Zoologie. Bd. II., pp. 58–70.
  • BELL. British Stalk-eyed Crustacea, 1853.
  • SOUBEIRAN. Sur l’Histoire naturelle et l’Éducation des Écrevisses. Comptes Rendus, LX., 1865.
  • CHANTRAN. Observations sur l’Histoire naturelle des Écrevisses. Comptes Rendus, LXXI., 1870.
  • —— Sur la Fécondation des Écrevisses. Ibid., LXXIV., 1872.
  • —— Expériences sur la Régénération des Yeux chez les Écrevisses. Ibid., LXXVII., 1873.
  • —— Observations sur la Formation des Pierres chez les Écrevisses. Ibid., LXXVIII., 1874.
  • —— Sur le Mécanisme de la Dissolution intrastomacale des Concrétions gastriques des Écrevisses. Ibid., LXXVIII., 1874.
  • STEFFENBERG. Bijdrag til kanne domen on flodkraftens natural historia, 1872. Abstract in Zoological Record, IX.
  • VALLOT. Sur l’Écrevisse fluviatile et sur son parasite l’Astacobdelle branchiale. Comptes Rendus Acad. Sciences, Dijon. Mémoires, 1843–44. Dijon, 1845.
  • PUTNAM. On some of the Habits of the Blind Crayfish. Proceedings Boston Society of Nat. History, XVIII. {358}
  • HELLER. Ueber einen Flusskrebs-albino. Verhand d. Z. Bot. Gesellschaft, Wien. Bd. 7, 1857, and Bd. 8, 1858.
  • LEREBOULLET. Sur les variétés Rouge et Bleue de l’Écrevisse fluviatile. Comptes Rendus, XXXIII., 1857.
  • GIRARD. Quelques Remarques sur l’Astacus fluviatilis. Ann. Soc. Entom. France, T. VII. 1859.
• II.—ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.
  • BRANDT AND RATZEBURG. Op. cit.
  • MILNE EDWARDS. Histoire naturelle des Crustacés. 1834.
  • ROLLESTON. Forms of Animal Life. 1870.
  • HUXLEY. Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals. 1877.
  • HUXLEY AND MARTIN. Elementary Biology. 1875.
  • SUCKOW. Anatomisch-Physiologische Untersuchungen. 1818.
  • KROHN. Verdauungsorgane des Krebses. Gefässsystem des Flusskrebses. Isis, 1834.
  • VON BAER. Ueber die sogenannte Erneuerung des Magens der Krebse und die Bedeutung der Krebssteine. Müller’s Archiv, 1835.
  • OESTERLEN. Ueber den Magen des Flusskrebses. Müller’s Archiv, 1840.
  • T. J. PARKER. On the Stomach of the Freshwater Crayfish. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 1876.
  • BARTSCH. Die Ernährungs- und Verdauungsorgane des Astacus leptodactylus. Budapester Naturhistor. Hefte II. 1878.
  • DESZŎ. Ueber das Herz des Flusskrebses und des Hummers. Zoologischer Anzeiger, I. 1878.
  • LEREBOULLET. Note sur une Respiration anale observée chez plusieurs Crustacées. Mém. de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Strasbourg, IV., 1850.
  • WASSILIEW. Ueber die Niere des Flusskrebses. Zoologischer Anzeiger, I. 1878.
  • LEMOINE. Recherches pour servir à l’histoire des systèmes nerveux, musculaire et glandulaire de l’Écrevisse. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Sé. IV. T. 15, 1861.
  • DIETL. Die Organization des Arthropoden Gehirns. Zeitschrift für Wiss. Zoologie, XXVII., 1876.
  • KRIEGER. Ueber das centrale Nervensystem des Flusskrebses. Zoologischer Anzeiger, I., 1878.
  • LEYDIG. Das Auge der Gliederthiere. 1864. {359}
  • MAX SCHULZE. Die Zusammengesetzten Augen der Krebse und Insekten, 1868.
  • BERGER. Untersuchungen über den Bau des Gehirns und der Retina der Arthropoden. 1878.
  • GRENACHER. Untersuchungen über das Sehorgan der Arthropoden. 1879.
  • O. SCHMIDT. Die Form der Krystalkegel im Arthropoden Auge. Zeitschrift für Wiss. Zoologie, XXX., 1878.
  • FARRE. On the organ of hearing in the Crustacea. Phil. Trans. 1843.
  • LEYDIG. Ueber Geruchs- und Gehörorgane der Krebse und Insekten. Müller’s Archiv, 1860.
  • HENSEN. Studien über das Gehörorgan der Decapoden. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, XIII. 1863.
  • GROBBEN. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der männlichen Geschlechtsorgane der Dekapoden. 1878.
  • BROCCHI. Recherches sur les Organes génitaux mâles des Crustacés décapodes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Sé. VI. ii.
  • LEYDIG. Zur feineren Bau der Arthropoden. Müller’s Archiv, 1855.
  • —— Handbuch der Histologie. 1857.
  • HAECKEL. Ueber die Gewebe des Flusskrebses. Müller’s Archiv, 1857.
  • BRAUN. Ueber die histologischen Vorgänge bei der Häutung von Astacus fluviatilis. Würzburg Arbeiten, II.
  • BAUR. Ueber den Bau der Chitinsehne am Kiefer des Flusskrebses und ihr Verhalten beim Schalenwechsel. Reichert u. Du Bois Archiv, 1860.
  • COSTE. Faits pour servir à l’Histoire de la Fécondation chez les Crustacés. Comptes Rendus, XLVI. 1858.
  • LEREBOULLET. Recherches sur la mode de Fixation des Œufs aux fausses pattes abdominales dans les Écrevisses. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Sé. IV. T. 14, 1860.
• III—DEVELOPMENT.
  • RATHKE. Ueber die Bildung und Entwickelung des Flusskrebses, 1829.
  • LEREBOULLET. Recherches d’Embryologie comparée sur le développement du Brochet, de la Perche et de l’Écrevisse. 1862. {360}
  • BOBRETSKY. (A Memoir in Russian, of which an abstract is given in Hofmann and Schwalbe, Jahresbericht für 1873 (1875)).
  • REICHENBACH. Die Embryonanlage und erste Entwickelung des Flusskrebses. Zeitschrift für Wiss. Zoologie. 1877.
• IV.—TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF CRAYFISHES.
  • A. General.
    • MILNE EDWARDS. Op. cit.
    • ERICHSON. Uebersicht der Arten der Gattung Astacus. Wiegmann’s Archiv für Naturgeschichte, XII. 1846.
    • DANA. Crustacea of the United States Exploring Expedition. 1852.
    • DE SAUSSURE. Note carcinologique sur la Famille des Thalassinides et sur celle des Astacides. Rev. et Magazin de Zoologie, IX.
    • HUXLEY. On the Classification and the Distribution of the Crayfishes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society. 1878.
  • B. European and Asiatic.
    • RATHKE. Zur Fauna der Krym. 1836.
    • GERSTFELDT AND KESSLER. Cited in the text.
    • DE HAAN. Fauna Japonica. 1850.
    • LEREBOULLET. Description de deux nouvelles Espèces d’Écrevisses (A. longicornis, A. pallipes). Mém. Soc. Science Nat. Strasbourg. V. 1858.
    • HELLER. Crustaceen des südlichen Europa. 1863.
    • KESSLER. Ein neuer russischer Flusskrebs, Astacus colchicus. Bulletin de la Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes de Moscou, L. 1876.
  • C. American.
    • STIMPSON. Crustacea and Echinodermata of the Pacific shores of North America. Journal of Boston Society of Natural History VI.; 1857–8.
    • DE SAUSSURE. Mémoire sur divers Crustacées nouveaux des Antilles et du Méxique. Mém. de la Société de Physique de Genève T. XIV., 1857.
    • VON MARTENS. Südbrasilische Süss- und Brackwasser Crustaceen (A. pilimanus, A. brasiliensis), Wiegmann’s Archiv, XXXV., 1869.
    • ——. Ueber Cubansche Crustaceen. Ibid. XXXVIII.
    • HAGEN. Monograph of the North American Astacidæ. 1870. {361}
  • D. Madagascar.
    • AUDOUIN AND MILNE EDWARDS. Sur une Espèce nouvelle du genre Écrevisse (Astacus). Écrevisse de Madagascar (A. Madagascariensis)., Mém. du Muséum d’Hist. naturelle, T. II. 1841.
  • E. Australia.
    • VON MARTENS. On a new Species of Astacus. Annals & Mag. of Natural History, 1866.
    • HELLER. Reise der “Novara.” Zool. Theil. Bd. II. 1865.
  • F. New Zealand.
    • MIERS. Notes on the Genera Astacoides and Paranephrops. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, IX., 1876.
    • —— Paranephrops. Zoology of “Erebus” and “Terror,” 1874. Catalogue of New Zealand Crustacea, 1876.
    • —— Annals of Natural History, 1876.
    • WOOD-MASON. On the mode in which the Young of the New Zealand Astacidæ attach themselves to the Mother. Ann. & Mag. Natural History, 1876.
  • G. Fossil Astacomorpha.
    • OPPEL. Palæontologische Mittheilungen, 1862.
    • BELL. British Fossil Crustacea. Palæontographical Society.
    • P. VAN BENEDEN. Sur la Découverte d’un Homard fossile dans l’Argile de Rupelmonde. Bulletin de l’Acad. Royale de Belgique. XXXIII., 1872.
    • VON DER MARCK UND SCHLÜTER. Neue Fische und Krebse von der Kreide von Westphalen. Palæontologica, XV. 1865.
    • COPE. On three extinct Astaci from the freshwater tertiary of Idaho. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, XI., 1869–70.

INDEX.

• Abdomen, [19], [141]
  • development of, [213]
• Abdominal appendages, [143]
  • development of, [217]
• Abdominal somite, characters of, [142]
• Ætiology, [47]
• AGASSIZ, [308]
• Alimentary canal, [51]
  • development of, [213], [222]
• Ambulatory legs, [168]
• American Crayfishes, [243], [247]
• Amœba, [285]
• Amurland Crayfishes, [304]
• Antenna, [23], [172]
  • development of, [214], [218]
• Antennule, [23], [173]
  • development of, [214], [218]
• Anthrapalæmon, [341]
• Anus, [29]
• Apodeme, [99], [158], [175]
• Appendage, [24], [143], [161], [173]
  • abdominal, [143]
  • cephalic, [170]
  • thoracic, [164]
• Archenteron, [211]
• Arctogæal province, [314]
• Areola, [235]
• ARISTOTLE, referred to, [4]
• Arteries, [71]
• Arteries, development of, [224]
• Arthrobranchia, [75]
• Arthrophragm, [158]
• Arthropoda, [279], [284]
• Articulations, [95]
• Asiatic Crayfishes, [304]
• Astacina, [254]
• Astacoides, [250], [313]
• Astacomorpha, [338]
• Astacopsis, [250], [264]
• Astacus, division into sub-genera, [290]
• Astacus
  • angulosus, [302], [310]
  • colchicus, [302], [310]
  • dauricus, [304], [310]
  • fluviatilis,
    • anatomy, general account of, [17]–[31]
    • attachment of young to mother, [40], [351]
    • branchial formula, [266]
    • development, [205]–[226]
    • distribution, geographical [44], [288], [298]
    • distribution, chronological, [44]
    • ecdysis, [32], [350]
    • general characters, [6]
    • growth, [31], [349]
    • habits, [8] {364}
    • histology, [174]
    • mortality, [127]
    • muscular system, [90]
    • myths concerning, [44]
    • name, origin of, [13]
    • nervous system, [101]
    • newly hatched young, characters of, [219]
    • nutrition, [48]
    • occurrence, [5], [8]
    • organs of
      • alimentation, [51]
      • circulation, [68]
      • excretion, [82], [353]
      • hearing, [116]
      • reproduction, [128]
      • respiration, [75], [353]
      • sight, [118]
      • smell, [114]
      • taste, [115]
      • touch, [113]
    • prehension of food, [49]
    • putrid, effect of smell of, [45]
    • reproduction of lost limbs, [38]
    • reproduction, sexual, [39], [128], [135], [350]
    • sexual characters, [7], [20], [32], [145], [241]
    • somites and appendages, [143]
    • systematic description, [230]
    • use as food, [10], [289]
    • varieties, [289]
  • fontinalis, [290]
  • japonicus, [304]
  • klamathensis, [305]
  • leniusculus, [305]
  • leptodactylus, [299], [302], [303], [310], [320]
  • nigrescens, [244]
  • nobilis, [290], [295], [296], [299], [310]
  • oreganus, [305]
  • pachypus, [302], [310]
  • pallipes, [290]
  • politus, [344]
  • saxatilis, [290]
  • Schrenckii, [304], [310]
  • torrentium, [290], [294], [298], [310], [311]
  • tristis, [290]
  • Trowbridgii, [305]
• Atya, Atyidæ, [331], [336]
• Auditory organ, [116]
  • setæ, [116]
• Australian
  • Crayfishes, [306]
  • province, [314]
• Austrocolumbian province, [314]
• Axius, [271]
• Ball, R., quoted, [36]
• Basipodite, [143]
• BELL, T., quoted, [37], [42]
• Bile-duct, [61], [66]
• Biological sciences, scope of, [4]
• Blastoderm, [207]
• Blastomere, [205]
• Blastopore, [209]
• Blood, [31], [68], [176]
  • corpuscles, [69], [176]
  • development of, [224]
  • sinuses, [50], [69]
• BOBRETSKY, referred to, [356]
• BOLIVAR, Dr., [298]
• Branchiæ,
  • Astacoides, [266]
  • Astacopsis, [264] {365}
  • Astacus, [25], [75], [265]
    • development of, [224]
  • Cancer, [276]
  • Homarus, [257]
  • Palæmon, [270]
  • Palinurus, [264]
  • Penæus, [267]
• Branchial
  • chamber, [25]
  • formula,
    • Astacoides, [266]
    • Astacopsis, [264]
    • Astacus, [266]
    • Cancer, [277]
    • hypothetically complete, [268]
    • Palæmon, [270]
    • Palinurus, [265]
    • Penæus, [267]
• Branchiobdella, [356]
• Branchiostegite, [25]
  • development of, [217]
• BRAUN, quoted, [352]
• Brazilian Crayfishes, [306]
• Cæcum, [61]
• Calcification of exoskeleton, [197]
• Californian Crayfishes, [243]
• Cambarus, [44], [247], [310], [312]
• Cancer, [272], [283]
• Carapace, [19]
  • development of, [214]
• CARBONNIER, M., quoted, [297], [349], [350]
• Cardia, [52]
• Caridina, [330]
• Carpopodite, [165]
• Cell, [66], [199]
• Cell-aggregate, [190], [199]
  • division, [200]
  • theory, [202], [204]
• Cephalic
  • appendages, [170]
    • development of, [217]
  • flexure, [163]
  • somites, [154]
• Cephalon, [19], [141]
• Cephalothorax, [19]
• Cervical groove, [19]
  • spines, [234]
• CHANTRAN, M., quoted, [348], [350], [351]
• Chelæ, [22]
• Chilian Crayfishes, [308]
• Chitin, [50]
  • composition of, [347]
• Chæraps, [250]
• Chorology, [46]
• Circulation, [73]
  • organs of, [68]
• Common knowledge and science, [3]
• Connective tissue, [178]
  • development of, [224]
• COPE, Prof., quoted, [316]
• Cornea, [118]
• Coxopodite, [143]
• Coxopoditic setæ, [78]
• Crab, see Cancer
• Crab’s-eye, see Gastrolith
• Crangon, [272]
• Crayfish,
  • origin of name, [12]
  • common, see Astacus fluviatilis
• Crayfishes,
  • Amurland, [304]
  • Asiatic, [304]
  • Australian, [306]
  • Brazilian, [306]
  • Californian, [243]
  • Chilian, [308]
  • definition of, [254]
  • Eastern North American, [247], [305]
  • European, [288], [297]
  • evolution of, [331]
  • Figian, [306], [313]
  • Japanese, [304], [313]
  • Mascarene, [308], [313]
  • northern and southern, compared, [252]
  • Novozelanian, [306], [313]
  • southern, [249]
  • Tasmanian, [306]
  • Western North American, [305], [313]
• Crustacea, [271], [278]
• Crystalline cones, [121]
• Cuticle, [33], [50], [175], [192]
• Cyclas, [356]
• Dactylopodite, [165]
• Daphnia, asexual reproduction of, [128]
• DARWIN, C., referred to, [4]
• DE HAAN, quoted, [313]
• Development, [205]
  • abdomen, [213]
  • abdominal appendages, [217]
  • alimentary canal, [213], [222]
  • antennæ, [214], [218]
  • antennules, [214], [218]
  • blood and blood vessels, [224]
  • branchiostegite, [217]
  • carapace, [214]
  • cephalic appendages, [217], [219]
  • connective tissue, [224]
  • ear, [225]
  • eye, [225]
  • eyestalk, [214], [218]
  • gills, [224]
  • heart, [224]
  • kidney, [224]
  • labrum, [218]
  • mandibles, [214]
  • muscles, [224]
  • nervous system, [213], [224]
  • reproductive organs, [225]
  • rostrum, [217]
  • thoracic appendages, [217], [219]
• Digestion, [63]
• Distribution, [46]
  • chronological, of crayfishes, [44], [316], [339]
  • table of, [345]
  • geographical, of crayfishes, [44], [288]
  • causes of, [335]
  • results of study of, [308], [314]
• DORMER, quoted, [356]
• DULK, quoted, [349]
• Ear, [116]
  • development of, [225]
• Ecdysis, [32], [350]
• Écrevisse
  • à pieds blancs, [289], [297]
  • à pieds rouges, [289], [297]
• Ectoderm, [141]
• Ectostracum, [194]
• Edelkrebs, [290]
• Endoderm, [141]
• Endophragmal system, [157]
• Endopleurite, [158]
• Endopodite, [145]
• Endoskeleton, [17]
• Endosternite, [158]
• Endostracum, [194]
• Engæus, [250], [306]
• Enoplocytia, [342]
• Epiblast, [211]
• Epidermis, [140]
• Epimeron, [143]
• Epiostracum, [192]
• Epipodite, [167] {367}
• Epistoma, [155]
• Epithelium, [140], [177]
• Equus excelsus, occurring with fossil crayfishes, [316]
• Eryma, [341]
• Evolution of crayfishes, [331]
• Excretion, organs of, [82]
• Exopodite, [145]
• Exoskeleton, [17]
  • chemical composition, [347]
• Eye, [118]
  • compound, [122]
  • development of, [225]
• Eye-stalk, [24], [173]
  • development of, [214]
• Family, [252]
• Fat-cells, [180]
• Fibre, muscular, [185]
• Fibril, muscular, [185]
• Figian Crayfishes, [306]
• Filament, muscular, [185]
• Filter of stomach, [58]
• Flagellum, [167]
• Food-yelk, [206]
• Foot-jaws, see maxillipedes
• Forceps, [22]
• Foregut, [61]
  • development of, [213], [222]
• Fossil crayfishes, [316]
• FOSTER, Dr. M., referred to, [110]
• France, consumption of crayfish in, [10]
• Function, [22]
• Galaxidæ, [315]
• Gammarus, [323]
• Ganglion, [103], [105]
• Ganglionic corpuscle, [87], [103]
• Gastric mill, [53]
• Gastrolith, [29], [347]
  • chemical composition, [349]
• Gastrula, [211]
• GAY, quoted, [356]
• Genus, [249]
• Geographical distribution, see Distribution
• GERBE, M., quoted, [350]
• Germinal
  • disc, [209]
  • layer, [206]
  • spot, [133]
  • vesicle, [133]
• GERSTFELDT, Dr., quoted, [290]
• Gills, see Branchiæ
• GIRARD, quoted, [356]
• GORUP-BESANEZ, quoted, [353]
• Green-gland, [83], [353]
  • development of, [224]
• GROBBEN, Dr., quoted, [354]
• Growth of crayfish, [31], [349]
• Guanin, [82], [353]
• Gullet, see Œsophagus
• GÜNTHER, Dr., quoted, [315]
• HAGEN, Dr., quoted, [305], [312]
• Haplochitonidæ, [315]
• HARVEY, quoted, [5]
• Head, see Cephalon
• Hearing, organ of, [116]
• Heart, [27], [71]
  • development of, [224]
• HELLER, Dr., quoted, [298], [330]
• Hepatic duct, see Bile duct
• Hind gut, [61]
  • development of, [214], [223]
• Histology, [176]
• Histriobdella, [356]
• Homaridæ, [263] {368}
• Homarina, [261]
• Homarus, [13], [42], [257], [332]
• Homology, homologous, homologue, [148]
• Hoploparia, [342]
• Hypoblast, [211]
• Idothea, [323], [334]
• Impregnation, [135], [350]
• Integument, [50]
• Interseptal zone, [183]
• Intestine, [29], [61]
• Ischiopodite, [165]
• Japanese Crayfishes, [313], [314]
• Jaws, [23]
• JOHNSTON, J., quoted, [42]
• KESSLER, quoted, [298], [304]
• Kidney, see Green gland
• KLUNZINGER, referred to, [330]
• Labrum, [51]
  • development of, [218]
• LAMARCK, referred to, [4]
• LEREBOULLET, quoted, [353]
• Legs, ambulatory, [168]
• LEMOINE, referred to, [353]
• LEYDIG, referred to, [115], [353]
• Liver, [30], [64]
  • development of, [223]
  • nature of secretion, [352]
• Lobster,
  • common, see Homarus
  • Norway, see Nephrops
  • Rock, see Palinurus
• LOVÈN, referred to, [327]
• Machine, living, [128]
• M^cIntosh, Dr. W. C., quoted, [288]
• Mandible, [23], [51], [170]
  • development of, [214]
• MARTENS, VON, [306]
• Mastodon mirificus, occurring with fossil crayfishes, [316]
• Maxillæ, [23], [170]
• Maxillipedes, [23], [164]
• Medullary groove, [213]
• Megalopa stage of development, [283]
• Meropodite, [165]
• Mesoblast, [212]
• Mesoderm, [141]
• Mesophragm, [158]
• Metamere, [143]
• Metastoma, [51]
• Metope, [278]
• Midgut, [61]
  • development of, [211], [214], [223]
• MILNE-EDWARDS, quoted, [13], [289]
• Mollusca, [284]
• Morphology, [46], [138]
  • comparative, [230]
• Mortality of crayfishes, [128]
• Morula, [206]
• Mosaic vision, [122], [354]
• Motor plates, [189]
• Mouth, [51]
• MÜLLER, JOHANNES, referred to, [122]
• Muscle, [57], [90], [175], [181]
  • development of, [224]
  • histology of, [90], [181]
• Muscles
  • of abdomen, [99] {369}
  • of chela, [93]
  • of stomach, [57]
• Myosin, [186]
• Myotome, [174]
• Mysis, [281], [323]
  • relicta, origin of, from M. oculata, [327]
• Mysis stage of development, [280]
• Natural
  • History, [3]
  • Philosophy, [3]
• Nauplius stage of development, [215], [280]
• Nearctic province, [314]
• Nephrops, [259], [332]
• Nerve, [101]
  • auditory, [117]
  • optic, [118]
• Nerve-cells, [103], [187]
  • fibres, [101], [188]
• Nervous system, [105]
  • development of, [213], [224]
  • functions of, [354]
• Noble crayfish, see Astacus nobilis
• Nomenclature, binomial, [13], [15]
• Norway lobster, see Nephrops
• Novozelanian province, [314]
• Nucleated cell, [199]
• Nucleolus, [187]
• Nucleus, [177], [200]
  • changes of, in cell-division, [200]
• Œsophagus, [51]
• Olfactory organ, [114]
• Organ, [22]
• Origin of crayfish, evidence as to, [320], [331]
• Ovary, [31], [129]
  • structure of, [131]
• Oviduct, [129]
• Oviposition, [351]
• Ovisac, [132]
• Ovum, [129]
  • structure of, [133]
• Palæarctic province, [314]
• Palæmon, [268], [328]
• Palinuridæ, [263]
• Palinurus, [261], [264]
• Palp, [171]
• Paranephrops, [250], [306], [313]
• Paraphragm, [158]
• Parasites of crayfish, [356]
• Parastacidæ, [252], [256], [306], [313]
• Parastacus, [250], [306]
• Pemphix, [341]
• Penæus, [267], [280]
• Pericardium, [69]
• Perivisceral cavity, [50]
• Phyllobranchia, [271]
• Physiology, [46]
• Pleurobranchia, [79]
• Pleuron, [96], [143]
• Podobranchia, [75], [165]
• Podophthalmia, [279]
• Pore-canals, [195]
• Post-orbital
  • ridge, [233]
  • spine, [232]
• Potamobiidæ, [252], [256]
• Prawn, see Palæmon
• Prehension of food, [49]
• Procephalic lobes, [160]
  • development of, [213]
• Propodite, [165]
• Protopodite, [143]
• Prototroctes, [315] {370}
• Protozoa, [285]
• Pseudastacus, [343]
• Pylorus, [52]
• Race, [292]
• RATHKE, quoted, [356]
• RÉAUMUR, quoted, [33]
• Reflex action, [108]
• REICHENBACH, quoted, [356]
• Renal organ, see Green-gland
• Reproduction
  • of lost limbs, [38]
  • sexual, [39], [128], [135], [350]
• Reproductive organs, [128]
  • development of, [225]
• Respiration, anal, [353]
• Respiratory organs, see Branchiæ
• Retropinna, [315]
• ROBIN, quoted, [352]
• Rock lobster, see Palinurus
• ROESEL VON ROSENHOF, quoted, [41], [43]
• RONDOLETIUS, referred to, [4]
• Rostrum, [157]
  • development of, [217]
• Salivary glands, [352]
• Salmonidæ, parallel between their distribution, and that of Astacidæ, [315]
• Sarcolemma, [90], [182]
• SARS, G. O., referred to, [327]
• SARTORIUS VON WALTERHAUSEN, quoted, [322]
• Scaphognathite, [80], [170]
• Schizopod stage of development, [280]
• SCHLÜTER, [317]
• SCHMIDT, O., quoted, [354]
• SCHRANK, [290]
• Science, physical, [3]
• Science and common sense, [1]
• Segmentation, [174]
• Self-causation, [112]
• Sensory organs, [113]
• Septal
  • line, [183]
  • zone, [183]
• Setæ, [197]
• Shrimp, see Crangon
• SIEBOLD, VON, referred to, [331]
• Sight, organ of, [118]
• Sinus, sternal, [69]
• Smell, organ of, [114]
• Somite, [143], [161], [355]
  • abdominal, [142]
  • cephalic, [154]
  • thoracic, [150]
• SOUBEIRAN, M., quoted, [349]
• Southern Crayfishes, [249]
• Species, [243], [290]
  • morphological, [291]
  • physiological, [296]
• Spermatozoa, [129], [135], [354]
• Spontaneous action, [112]
• Squame of antenna, [172]
• Steinkrebs, see Astacus torrentium
• Sternum, [96], [143]
• Stomach, [29], [51]
• Stone-crayfish, see Astacus torrentium
• Striated spindle, [121]
• Swimmeret, [20]
• Taste, organ of, [115]
• Teleology, [47], [137]
• Tendon, [92], [175] {371}
• Tergum, [96], [143]
• Terminal plates, [189]
• Terminology, scientific, [14]
• Testis, [129]
  • structure of, [133]
• Thoracic appendages, [164]
  • development of, [217]
  • somites, [150]
• Thorax, [19], [141]
• Tissue, [175]
• Touch, organ of, [113]
• Transformism, [318]
• TREVIRANUS, referred to, [4]
• Tribe, [252]
• Trichobranchiæ, [263]
• Troglocaris, [337]
• Valves
  • of heart, [73]
  • of stomach, [59]
• VAN HELMONT, quoted, [45]
• Variety, [290], [292]
• Vas deferens, [130]
• Vent, see Anus
• Vertebrata, [284]
  • eye of, [122], [125]
• Visual
  • pyramid, [121]
  • rod, [121]
• Vitelline membrane, [133]
• Vitellus, [133]
• Voluntary action, [112]
• VON DER MARCK, [317]
• WARD, J., referred to, [354]
• WASSILIEW, quoted, [353]
• Whirlpool of life, [84]
• WILL, quoted, [353]
• WOOD-MASON, quoted, [44]
• Yelk, [133]
• Yelk-division, [205]
• Young of Astacus, newly hatched, characters of, [219]
• Zoæa stage of development, [280]

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

Original spelling and grammar have been generally retained, with some exceptions noted below.

Ditto marks have been removed. In the List of Woodcuts, the ditto marks have been replaced with em dashes.