Chitin contains nitrogen, and according to the latest investigations (Ledderhose, “Ueber Chitin und seine Spaltungs-produkte:” Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie, II. 1879) its composition is represented by the formula C15H26N2O10 .
NOTE II., CHAPTER I., p. [29]. THE CRAB’S EYES, OR GASTROLITHS.
The “Gastroliths,” as the “crab’s eyes” may be termed, are found fully developed only in the latter part of the summer season, just before ecdysis sets in. They then give rise to rounded prominences, one on {348} each side of the anterior part of the cardiac division of the stomach. The proper wall of the stomach is continued over the outer surface of the prominence; and, in fact, forms the outer wall of the chamber in which the gastrolith is contained, the inner wall being formed by the cuticular lining of the stomach. When the outer wall is cut through, it is readily detached from the convex outer surface of the gastrolith, with which it is in close contact. The inner surface of the gastrolith is usually flat or slightly concave. Sometimes it is strongly adherent to the chitonous cuticula; but when fully formed it is readily detached from the latter. Thus the proper wall of the stomach invests only the outer face of the gastrolith, the inner face of which is adherent to, or at any rate in close contact with, the cuticula. The gastrolith is by no means a mere concretion, but is a cuticular growth, having a definite structure. Its inner surface is smooth, but the outer surface is rough, from the projection of irregular ridges which form a kind of meshwork. A vertical section shows that it is composed of thin superimposed layers, of which the inner are parallel with the flat inner surface, while the outer becomes gradually concentric with the outer surface. Moreover, the inner layers are less calcified than the outer, the projections of the outer surface being particularly dense and hard. In fact, the gastroliths are very similar to other hard parts of the exoskeleton in structure, except that the densest layers are nearest the epithelial substratum, instead of furthest away from it.
When ecdysis occurs, the gastroliths are cast off along with the gastric armature in general, into the cavity of the stomach, and are there dissolved, a new cuticle being formed external to them from the proper wall of the stomach. The dissolved calcareous matter is probably used up in the formation of the new exoskeleton.
According to the observations of M. Chantran (Comptes Rendus, LXXVIII. 1874) the gastroliths begin to be formed about forty days before ecdysis takes place in crayfish of four years’ old; but the interval is less in younger crayfish, and is not more than ten days during the first year after birth. When shed into the stomach during ecdysis they are ground down, not merely dissolved. The process of destruction and absorption takes twenty-four to thirty hours in very young crayfish, seventy to eighty hours in adults. Unless the gastroliths are normally developed and re-absorbed, ecdysis is not healthily effected, and the crayfish dies in the course of the process. {349}
According to Dulk (“Chemische Untersuchung der Krebsteine:” Müller’s Archiv. 1835), the gastroliths have the following composition:—
| Animal matter soluble in water | 11·43 |
| Animal matter insoluble in water (probably chitin) | 4·33 |
| Phosphate of lime | 18·60 |
| Carbonate of lime | 63·16 |
| Soda reckoned as carbonate | 1·41 |
| 98·93 |
The proportion of mineral to animal matter and of phosphate to carbonate of lime is therefore greater in the gastroliths than in the exoskeleton in general.
NOTE III., CHAPTER I., p. [31]. GROWTH OF CRAYFISH.
The statements in the text, after the words “By the end of the year,” regarding the sizes of the crayfish at different ages, are given on the authority of M. Carbonnier (L’Écrevisse. Paris, 1869); but they obviously apply only to the large “Écrevisse à pieds rouges” of France, and not to the English crayfish, which appears to be identical with the “Écrevisse à pieds blancs,” and is of much smaller size. According to M. Carbonnier (l. c. p. 51), the young crayfish just born is “un centimètre et demi environ,” that is to say, three-fifths of an inch long. The young of the English crayfish still attached to the mother, which I have seen, rarely exceeds half this length.