Thomas Hobbes.
Paris, April 15/25, 1651.
THE CONTENTS OF THE CHAPTERS.
| THE FIRST PART.--OF MAN. | ||
| CHAP. | PAGE. | |
| Introduction | [ix] | |
| 1. | Of Sense | [1] |
| 2. | Of Imagination | [3] |
| 3. | Of the Consequence or Train of Imaginations | [11] |
| 4. | Of Speech | [18] |
| 5. | Of Reason and Science | [29] |
| 6. | Of the Interior Beginnings of Voluntary Motions, commonly called the Passions; and the Speeches by which they are expressed | [38] |
| 7. | Of the Ends or Resolutions of Discourse | [51] |
| 8. | Of the Virtues, commonly called Intellectual; and their contrary Defects | [56] |
| 9. | Of the Several Subjects of Knowledge | [71] |
| 10. | Of Power, Worth, Dignity, Honour, and Worthiness | [74] |
| 11. | Of the Difference of Manners | [85] |
| 12. | Of Religion | [94] |
| 13. | Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as concerning their Felicity and Misery | [110] |
| 14. | Of the First and Second Natural Laws, and of Contract | [116] |
| 15. | Of other Laws of Nature | [130] |
| 16. | Of Persons, Authors, and Things Personated | [147] |
| THE SECOND PART.--OF COMMONWEALTH. | ||
| 17. | Of the Causes, Generation, and Definition of a Commonwealth | [153] |
| 18. | Of the Rights of Sovereigns by Institution | [159] |
| 19. | Of the several kinds of Commonwealth by Institution; and of Succession to the Sovereign Power | [171] |
| 20. | Of Dominion Paternal, and Despotical | [185] |
| 21. | Of the Liberty of Subjects | [196] |
| 22. | Of Systems Subject, Political, and Private | [210] |
| 23. | Of the Public Ministers of Sovereign Power | [226] |
| 24. | Of the Nutrition, and Procreation of a Commonwealth | [232] |
| 25. | Of Counsel | [240] |
| 26. | Of Civil Laws | [250] |
| 27. | Of Crimes, Excuses, and Extenuations | [277] |
| 28. | Of Punishments, and Rewards | [297] |
| 29. | Of those things that weaken, or tend to the Dissolution of a Commonwealth | [308] |
| 30. | Of the Office of the Sovereign Representative | [322] |
| 31. | Of the Kingdom of God by Nature | [343] |
| THE THIRD PART.--OF A CHRISTIAN COMMONWEALTH. | ||
| 32. | Of the Principles of Christian Politics | [359] |
| 33. | Of the Number, Antiquity, Scope, Authority, and Interpreters of the Books of Holy Scripture | [366] |
| 34. | Of the Signification of Spirit, Angel, and Inspiration, in the Books of Holy Scripture | [380] |
| 35. | Of the Signification in Scripture of the Kingdom of God, of Holy, Sacred, and Sacrament | [396] |
| 36. | Of the Word of God, and of Prophets | [407] |
| 37. | Of Miracles, and their Use | [427] |
| 38. | Of the Signification in Scripture of Eternal Life, Hell, Salvation, the World to Come, and Redemption | [437] |
| 39. | Of the Signification in Scripture of the word Church | [458] |
| 40. | Of the Rights of the Kingdom of God, in Abraham, Moses, the High-Priests, and the Kings of Judah | [461] |
| 41. | Of the Office of Our Blessed Saviour | [475] |
| 42. | Of Power Ecclesiastical | [485] |
| 43. | Of what is Necessary for a Man’s Reception into the Kingdom of Heaven | [584] |
| THE FOURTH PART.--OF THE KINGDOM OF DARKNESS. | ||
| 44. | Of Spiritual Darkness, from Misinterpretation of Scripture | [603] |
| 45. | Of Demonology, and other Relics of the Religion of the Gentiles | [637] |
| 46. | Of Darkness from Vain Philosophy, and Fabulous Traditions | [664] |
| 47. | Of the Benefit proceeding from such Darkness; and to whom it accrueth | [688] |
| A Review and Conclusion | [701] | |
THE
INTRODUCTION.
Nature, the art whereby God hath made and governs the world, is by the art of man, as in many other things, so in this also imitated, that it can make an artificial animal. For seeing life is but a motion of limbs, the beginning whereof is in some principal part within; why may we not say, that all automata (engines that move themselves by springs and wheels as doth a watch) have an artificial life? For what is the heart, but a spring; and the nerves, but so many strings; and the joints, but so many wheels, giving motion to the whole body, such as was intended by the artificer? Art goes yet further, imitating that rational and most excellent work of nature, man. For by art is created that great Leviathan called a Commonwealth, or State, in Latin Civitas, which is but an artificial man; though of greater stature and strength than the natural, for whose protection and defence it was intended; and in which the sovereignty is an artificial soul, as giving life and motion to the whole body; the magistrates, and other officers of judicature and execution, artificial joints; reward and punishment, by which fastened to the seat of the sovereignty every joint and member is moved to perform his duty, are the nerves, that do the same in the body natural; the wealth and riches of all the particular members, are the strength; salus populi, the people’s safety, its business; counsellors, by whom all things needful for it to know are suggested unto it, are the memory; equity, and laws, an artificial reason and will; concord, health; sedition, sickness; and civil war, death. Lastly, the pacts and covenants, by which the parts of this body politic were at first made, set together, and united, resemble that fiat, or the let us make man, pronounced by God in the creation.
To describe the nature of this artificial man, I will consider
First, the matter thereof, and the artificer; both which is man.