The history of England, from the earliest times to the Norman Conquest

by Thomas Hodgkin

The Political History of England
IN TWELVE VOLUMES

Edited by WILLIAM HUNT, D.Litt., and
REGINALD L. POOLE, M.A.

I.
THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND
FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO
THE NORMAN CONQUEST

THE
HISTORY OF ENGLAND
FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO
THE NORMAN CONQUEST

BY
THOMAS HODGKIN, D.C.L., Litt.D.
FELLOW OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON
FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK AND BOMBAY
1906

CONTENTS.

[CHAPTER I.]
The Prehistoric Foreworld.
B.C.		PAGE
	Palæolithic Man in Britain	[1]
	Neolithic Man in Britain	[3]
	Pre-Celtic stone-workers	[4]
	Celtic workers in bronze and iron	[5]
	Brythons and Goidels	[6]
	Dolicho-cephalic and Brachy-cephalic men	[7]
[CHAPTER II.]
Cæsar in Britain.
	Pytheas the geographer: his description of Britain	[8]
	Cæsar’s conquest of Gaul	[9]
55.	His first invasion of Britain. The voyage	[11]
	The landing	[13]
	First skirmish and naval disaster	[14]
	British war-chariots	[15]
	Return to Gaul and thanksgivings in Rome	[16]
54.	Second invasion. Cassivellaunus heads the resistance of the Britons	[17]
	Battle of the Thames	[18]
	Mandubracius, a rival candidate to Cassivellaunus	[18]
	Cassivellaunus makes a nominal submission	[19]
	Cæsar returns to Gaul	[19]
	Cæsar’s description of Britain	[20]
	His motives for the invasion	[21]
	Note on Cæsar’s points of arrival and departure in his expeditions to Britain	[23]
[CHAPTER III.]
The Century of Suspense.
	Coin-kings of Britain—
	Commius	[26]
	Tincommius, Verica and Eppilus	[26]
	Dubnovellaunus	[26]
	Tasciovanus at Verulamium	[27]
	Cunobelinus: Shakespeare’s Cymbeline	[28]
[CHAPTER IV.]
The Roman Conquest of Britain.
A.D.
41.	Claudius, Emperor of Rome	[29]
	Aulus Plautius, commander of expedition to Britain	[30]
	Mutinous disposition of the troops	[31]
	Battle of the Medway (?)	[31]
	Claudius arrives to complete the conquest	[32]
	Camulodunum captured	[32]
44.	Cogidubnus and Prasutagus, subject allies of Rome	[33]
47.	Aulus Plautius returns to Rome	[34]
	Ostorius Scapula, the new legatus	[35]
	War against the Silures	[35]
51.	Caratacus defeated: sent a captive to Rome	[36]
52.	Didius Gallus, governor	[37]
59.	Veranius, governor	[37]
	Suetonius Paulinus conquers the Druids of Anglesey	[38]
	Revolt of the Iceni under Boadicea	[39]
	Camulodunum sacked	[41]
	London and Verulam sacked	[42]
	Defeat and death of Boadicea	[43]
61.	Recall of Suetonius	[44]
	Trebellius Maximus, an incompetent governor	[45]
71.	Petillius Cerialis, governor, subdues the Brigantes	[46]
75.	Julius Frontinus completes the conquest of the Silures	[46]
78.	Agricola, governor, conquers the Ordovices	[47]
	Wise administration of Agricola	[47]
79.	Probable foundation of Eburacum	[48]
80.	Agricola subdues all the country up to the river Tanaus	[49]
81.	Possible foundation of some of the stations on the Roman Wall	[50]
82–84.	Agricola’s Caledonian campaigns	[50]
84.	Recall of Agricola	[51]
[CHAPTER V.]
The Roman Occupation.
	The Roman Wall between Tyne and Solway	[53]
Circa 120.	Probably built by Hadrian	[54]
	Manner of its construction	[55]
	The Prætenturæ or camps on the line of the wall	[56]
	Troops garrisoning the wall	[57]
Circa 140.	Wall of Antoninus Pius between Firths of Forth and Clyde	[58]
185.	Ulpius Marcellus, governor	[59]
208.	The Emperor Severus in Britain	[60]
	Builder or rebuilder of the wall (?)	[61]
211.	Severus dies at Eburacum	[62]
	Third century a time of disintegration of the empire	[63]
284.	Accession of Diocletian. His system of partnership-emperors	[64]
287–293.	Usurpation of Carausius	[65]
293.	Carausius assassinated by Allectus	[65]
296.	Emperor Constantius overthrows Allectus	[66]
306.	Death of Constantius. Proclamation of Constantine	[67]
367.	Theodosius (father of the emperor) checks the ravages of the barbarians in Britain and relieves London	[68]
383.	Usurpation of Maximus	[69]
	The Notitia Imperii	[70]
409.	The usurper Constantine withdraws the legions to Gaul	[72]
	Roman roads	[73]
	Sepulchral inscriptions	[74]
	Mithraism and Christianity	[75]
	Character of Roman occupation of Britain	[77]
[CHAPTER VI.]
The Anglo-Saxon Conquest.
	Previous location of Jutes and Saxons	[80]
	Angles related to Longobardi	[81]
	Latin authors on the Anglo-Saxon conquest—
	The chronicler, Prosper Tiro	[82]
	Life of Germanus	[83]
	English authors on the conquest—
	Bede	[86]
	The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle on the conquest—	[87]
	Kent	[88]
	Sussex	[89]
	Wessex	[90]
	Deira and Bernicia	[94]
	British version of the conquest—
	Gildas	[95]
	Nennius	[100]
	Summary of results—	[107]
	Did King Arthur exist?	[107]
500 or 516?	British victory of Mount Badon	[99], [107]
577.	Victory of Ceawlin, the West Saxon, at Deorham	[92], [107]
	March of King Cunedag from Lothian to Wales	[102]
	Did the Anglo-Saxon conquest involve the extermination of the Britons?	[110]
[CHAPTER VII.]
The Coming of Augustine.
553.	Procopius held Britain to be the abode of departed spirits	[113]
577?	Gregory and the Anglian lads in the Forum at Rome	[115]
596.	Gregory sends Augustine to Britain	[116]
597.	Interview of the missionaries with Ethelbert, King of Kent	[117]
	Ethelbert baptised	[119]
	Augustine sends report of his mission to Rome	[120]
597.	Gregory’s reply and letters to the Kentish king and queen	[121]
	Essex partly converted. St. Paul’s Church in London built	[122]
	Conferences of Augustine with Welsh bishops	[123]
605?	Death of Augustine. He is succeeded by Laurentius	[125]
616.	Death of Ethelbert	[125]
	Ethelbert as Bretwalda	[126]
	The kings of Kent and Essex apostatise	[127]
	Vision of Archbishop Laurentius. The King of Kent returns to Christianity	[128]
[CHAPTER VIII.]
Edwin of Deira.
	Anglian settlement of Northumbria	[131]
547.	Ida, King of Bernicia. His building of Bamburgh	[132]
593–617.	Reign of Ethelfrid, grandson of Ida	[133]
603.	Battle with the Scots at Dawston Burn	[134]
613.	Battle with the Welsh at Chester	[135]
	Early history of Edwin, son of Aelle, King of Deira	[136]
617.	Edwin defeats Ethelfrid at the river Idle	[137]
	Edwin as Bretwalda	[138]
625.	Marriage with Ethelburga of Kent	[139]
626.	Attempted assassination of Edwin	[140]
	Edwin and Paulinus	[141]
	Debate at Goodmanham. Acceptance of Christianity	[142]
627.	Baptism of Edwin and his family	[142]
633.	Battle of Heathfield against Penda of Mercia and Cadwallon of Wales. Edwin defeated and slain	[144]
[CHAPTER IX.]
Oswald of Bernicia.
563.	St. Columba and the religious settlement of Iona	[147]
615.	Oswald, son of Ethelfrid takes refuge at Iona	[150]
633.	Consequences of the Battle of Heathfield. Disastrous reign of Osric and Eanfrid	[151]
634.	Oswald returns to Northumbria. Victory of Heavenfield over Cadwallon	[152]
	Oswald rules from Bamburgh	[154]
	St. Aidan’s mission planted at Lindisfarne	[155]
	Oswald as Bretwalda	[157]
642.	Oswald defeated by Penda at Maserfield and slain	[158]
	Canonisation of Oswald	[159]
[CHAPTER X.]
Oswy and Penda.
	Early history of Mercia	[160]
	Conversion of Wessex by Birinus	[161]
	Conversion of East Anglia	[163]
637.	Egric, King of East Anglia, slain in battle with Penda	[164]
654.	His successor, Anna, shares the same fate	[165]
	Oswy reigns in Bernicia and Oswin in Deira	[165]
	Marriage of Oswy with Eanfled, daughter of Edwin	[165]
	Murder of Oswin, King of Deira	[167]
	Death of St. Aidan	[167]
	Ravages of Penda	[168]
	Penda’s son, Peada, converted to Christianity	[169]
655.	Battle of the Winwaed. Penda defeated by Oswy and slain	[170]
[CHAPTER XI.]
Territorial Changes—The Conference at Whitby—The Great Plague.
	History of Northumbria. Alchfrid, King of Deira	[171]
	The Bewcastle Cross	[172]
658.	History of Mercia. Wulfhere, son of Penda, throws off the yoke of Oswald	[173]
653.	Sigebert, King of Essex, becomes Christian	[175]
	Temporary relapse of East Saxons into heathenism	[176]
	Wars between Wessex and Mercia	[178]
	Division between Celtic and Roman Churches on the question of date of Easter	[179]
664.	Synod convoked at Whitby to settle this question	[180]
	Chief combatants on either side	[182]
	First appearance of Wilfrid	[183]
	The dispute settled in favour of the Roman Easter	[186]
	Ravages of the great plague	[188]
671.	Death of Oswy	[190]
[CHAPTER XII.]
King Egfrid and Three Great Churchmen: Wilfrid, Theodore, Cuthbert.
671–685.	Chief events of Egfrid’s reign	[191]
	Wilfrid, Bishop of York: his journey to Gaul	[193]
	Ceadda appointed in Wilfrid’s absence	[195]
	Theodore of Tarsus chosen for see of Canterbury	[195]
669.	Theodore arrives in England	[196]
	He restores Wilfrid to diocese of York	[198]
	Egfrid’s wives: Etheldreda and Ermenburga	[199]
	Magnificence of Wilfrid	[200]
	Ermenburga and Theodore both hostile to Wilfrid	[201]
678.	Wilfrid’s diocese divided against his will	[202]
	He appeals to Rome	[203]
	Wilfrid’s imprisonment and exile	[204]
	His missionary work in Sussex	[204]
678.	Early life of St. Cuthbert	[205]
685.	He is made Bishop of Lindisfarne	[207]
685.	King Egfrid’s death on the battlefield of Nechtansmere miraculously revealed to St. Cuthbert	[207]
	Aldfrid, King of Northumbria	[208]
687.	Death of St. Cuthbert	[208]
690.	Death of Theodore	[209]
687.	Wilfrid returns to his diocese	[209]
692.	The quarrel breaks out again. Wilfrid’s second journey to Rome	[209]
705.	Death of Aldfrid. Usurpation of Eadulf. Accession of Osred	[210]
	Synod by the Nidd: the dispute with Wilfrid settled	[211]
709.	Death of Wilfrid	[212]
[CHAPTER XIII.]
The Legislation of King Ine.
686.	Cadwalla, King of Wessex	[215]
688.	His pilgrimage to Rome	[216]
	Ine reigns over Wessex	[216]
726.	His abdication and pilgrimage to Rome	[217]
	Laws of early Kentish kings	[218]
693.	Ine promulgates his laws	[219]
	Open-field system of agriculture	[221]
	Position of the ceorl (free husbandman)	[223]
	Position of the theow (serf)	[225]
	Law of the wergild	[227]
	Position of the thegn	[228]
	Position of the ealdorman	[229]
	Compurgation or oath-helping	[229]
693.	The kings and their witan	[231]
	Note on Anglo-Saxon money—
	Pounds, shillings and pence	[233]
	History of prices: purchasing power of money	[234]
	Special monetary terms: Mancus, Thrymsa, etc.	[235]
[CHAPTER XIV.]
The Eighth Century.
	Review of the life of Bede	[237]
735.	Death of Bede	[239]
709.	Death of Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborne: his literary works	[241]
	The poet Cynewulf: verses on the Ruthwell Cross	[242]
	Religious decline: Bede’s letter to Archbishop Egbert	[243]
	Sham monasteries	[244]
	Rapid succession of Northumbrian kings: Ceolwulf and Eadbert	[245]
Circa 756.	Northumbrian capital transferred to Corbridge	[247]
716–757.	Ethelbald, King of Mercia	[249]
	His wars with Wessex	[249]
757–796.	Offa, King of Mercia	[250]
	Offa’s Dyke	[251]
	Correspondence between Offa and Charlemagne	[252]
786.	Cynewulf, King of Wessex—romantic story of his death	[255]
784–802.	Beorhtric, King of Wessex: his evil-minded wife, Eadburh	[255]
[CHAPTER XV.]
Early Danish Invasions—Egbert and Ethelwulf.
790.	First affray with the Danes	[257]
	Scandinavian ravages in the ninth century	[259]
	Danish methods of fighting	[261]
	Consolidation of England due to the Danes	[262]
802.	Egbert becomes King of the West Saxons	[263]
829.	Egbert, Overlord of Mercia, and Bretwalda	[264]
	Northumbria recognises Egbert’s supremacy	[264]
835–838.	Danish raids	[265]
839.	Death of Egbert: accession of Ethelwulf	[265]
	Ethelwulf’s ministers: Swithun and Ealhstan	[266]
851.	Victory over the Danes at Ockley	[267]
853.	War with Rhodri Mawr, King of Wales	[267]
855.	Ethelwulf with his little son Alfred visits Rome	[268]
	He endows the Schola Saxonum at Rome	[270]
856.	His second marriage to Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald	[270]
	Rebellion of Ethelbald and division of the kingdom	[271]
	Death of Ethelwulf. His testamentary gifts	[271]
[CHAPTER XVI.]
Ethelwulf’s Sons—Danish Invasions to the Baptism of Guthrum.
848.	Birth of Alfred the Great	[272]
	His childhood: two visits to Rome	[273]
	Episode of the book of ballads	[273]
858.	Ethelbald marries his father’s widow, Judith	[274]
860.	Death of Ethelbald: accession of Ethelbert	[275]
866.	Ethelbert succeeded by Ethelred: Alfred Secundarius	[275]
	Danish invasions. Martyrdom of St. Edmund, King of East Anglia	[277]
871.	“The year of battles”	[278]
	Battle of Aescesdune: the Danes defeated	[279]
	Death of Ethelred: accession of Alfred	[280]
	The Danes harry Mercia	[281]
875–883.	Wanderings of the body of St. Cuthbert	[282]
876.	Danish attacks on Wessex renewed under Guthrum	[283]
877.	Danes at Chippenham: Alfred retires to Athelney	[283]
878.	Ubba slain: Alfred defeats the Danes at Ethandune	[284]
	“Peace of Wedmore.” Baptism of Guthrum	[285]
[CHAPTER XVII.]
Alfred at Peace.
878–892.	Fourteen years of comparative peace	[286]
Circa 886.	Aelfredes and Guthrumes Frith: its conditions: boundary between the two nations	[287]
	Family life of Alfred	[289]
	His mysterious sicknesses	[290]
	His exertions to raise the intellectual level of his subjects: foreign scholars invited to his court	[291]
	His translation of Gregory’s Regula Pastoralis	[292]
	His translation of Orosius’s History	[293]
	Narrative of Arctic voyager Ohthere	[294]
	His share in composition of Saxon Chronicle	[295]
	His translation of Bede’s Ecclesiastical History	[295]
	His translation of Boethius’s Consolation of Philosophy	[296]
	Administration of his household	[298]
	Alfred’s Dooms	[299]
	Greater leniency in the penalties inflicted, as compared with those under Ine	[301]
	Local moots	[302]
	Condition of the servile class	[303]
	Folcland and Bocland	[304]
[CHAPTER XVIII.]
Alfred’s Last Days.
892.	Danish invasions recommenced	[307]
893.	Faithlessness of the pirate Hasting	[309]
894.	The Danes at Chester	[310]
895.	Danish encampment by the river Lea	[311]
896.	End of the invasion: pestilence	[312]
897.	Alfred’s navy: sea-fight at the Isle of Wight	[313]
900?	Death of Alfred: his burial-place	[314]
	Note on the extent of the Danelaw—
	Distribution of the Danes in districts east of the Watling Street boundary as evidenced by place-names	[315]
[CHAPTER XIX.]
Edward and His Sons.
900.	Accession of Edward “the Elder”	[318]
900–904?	Rebellion of Ethelwald	[319]
	Conquest of Danish kingdoms beyond the Watling Street	[320]
912–918.	Prowess of Edward’s sister Ethelfled, “the Lady of the Mercians”. Her fortresses	[321]
	Edward continues her work of castle-building	[323]
924.	Alleged recognition of Edward as overlord by Constantine II., King of Scots	[325]
924–925.	Death of Edward: accession of Athelstan	[328]
	Doubts as to Athelstan’s legitimacy	[329]
	Character of Athelstan. His relation to continental powers	[330]
	Story of the adoption of Hakon of Norway	[331]
	Dealings with Northumbria and the Scots	[332]
937.	Battle of Brunanburh. Discussion of its site	[334]
	Ballad of Brunanburh	[335]
	Athelstan as “King of all Britain,” and Basileus	[336]
	Mysterious death of Athelstan’s brother, Edwin	[337]
940.	Death of Athelstan. Succeeded by his brother Edmund	[338]
942.	Edmund delivers the Five Boroughs from Danish thraldom	[340]
943.	Wulfstan, Archbishop of York, helps the Danes against Edmund	[340]
945.	Alleged “cession of Cumberland” to Malcolm, King of Scotland	[341]
946.	Edmund assassinated by a robber. Accession of Edred	[339]
948.	Eric, of Denmark, chosen King of Northumbria. Edred’s war with him and Archbishop Wulfstan	[342]
954.	End of the Northumbrian kingdom	[342]
955.	Death of Edred	[343]
[CHAPTER XX.]
Edgar and Dunstan.
955–959.	Short and troublous reign of Edwy	[344]
	Early history of Dunstan	[345]
	Coronation banquet of Edwy. Dunstan forces Edwy to return to his nobles	[349]
957.	Banishment of Dunstan	[350]
958.	Archbishop Oda annuls the marriage of Edwy and Elfgiva	[351]
957.	Edgar set up against Edwy. Division of the kingdom	[351]
958–959.	Death of Edwy. Edgar sole king	[352]
	Recall of Dunstan, who is made Bishop of Worcester	[352]
960.	Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury	[352]
966.	Westmorland harried by Thored	[353]
968.	Thanet harried by Edgar	[353]
	Monastic reform; expulsion of canonici	[354]
	Oswald and Ethelwold help on the reform	[355]
973.	Edwin’s coronation. Water pageant on the Dee	[356]
	Legendary dealings with Scottish and Welsh kings	[357]
	Story of Edgar’s immense navy	[357]
	Character of Edgar. His marriage with Elfrida	[359]
975.	Death of Edgar	[359]
[CHAPTER XXI.]
Edward the Martyr—Old Age of Dunstan—Normans and Northmen.
975.	Accession of Edward “the Martyr”	[360]
	Anti-monastic policy of Elfhere in Mercia. Banishment of Oslac, Earl of Northumbria	[361]
977–979.	Three meetings of the Witenagemot on the monastic question. Catastrophe at Calne	[362]
978.	Edward assassinated at Corfe	[364]
	Accession of Ethelred II.	[365]
	Closing years of Dunstan. His remonstrances against Ethelred’s spoliation of Church lands at Rochester	[365]
988.	Death of Dunstan	[365]
	Story of the Dukes of Normandy	[367]
927.	Duke William Longsword	[368]
943.	Duke Richard the Fearless	[369]
	Origin of the house of Plantagenet	[370]
	Harold Blue-Tooth, King of Denmark	[371]
	Sweyn of Denmark dethrones his father	[371]
	Harold Fair-hair, King of Norway	[372]
[CHAPTER XXII.]
Ethelred the Redeless.
	Imbecility of this king	[374]
	Severe criticisms of the Saxon Chronicle on his management of affairs	[375]
982–1016.	Calendar of thirty-four years of Danish invasions	[376]
991.	Lay of Brihtnoth, hero of the battle of Maldon	[378]
	Saxon armour	[381]
	Payments of tribute to the Danes: gafol (commonly called Danegeld)	[382]
992.	Beginning of the “inexplicable treasons” of Ealdorman Elfric	[383]
994.	Sweyn and Olaf Tryggvason invade England	[384]
	Bishop Alphege ambassador to Olaf	[384]
995–1000.	Subsequent career of Olaf Tryggvason	[385]
1000.	Norway conquered by Denmark and Sweden	[385]
	Ethelred ravages Cumberland	[385]
1002.	Marriage of Ethelred to Emma of Normandy	[386]
	Massacre of Danes on St. Brice’s Day	[387]
1008.	Taxation ordered for building of ships	[388]
1009.	Treasons of Ealdorman Edric Streona	[388]
	London vainly attacked by the Danes	[389]
1011.	Canterbury sacked by the Danes	[389]
1012.	Archbishop Alphege martyred	[390]
1013.	Sweyn and his son Canute land in England	[391]
	The English submit. Ethelred flees to Normandy	[392]
1014.	Death of Sweyn. Return of Ethelred	[393]
1014.	Canute’s brutal mutilation of hostages	[394]
1015.	More villainies of Edric Streona	[394]
1016.	Edmund Ironside, son of Ethelred, continues the war	[395]
	Death of Ethelred. Accession of Edmund II. (Ironside)	[396]
	Series of battles between Edmund and Canute	[396]
	Edmund defeated at Assandune	[397]
	Partition of the kingdom. Death of Edmund	[397]
[CHAPTER XXIII.]
Canute and His Sons.
1016.	Canute sole King	[399]
	Edwy “King of the Ceorls”	[399]
	Four great earls under Canute	[401]
	Edric killed: Thurkill banished	[401]
1017.	Canute marries Emma, widow of Ethelred	[402]
	Numerous executions	[402]
	Family of Leofwine	[402]
	Godwine, son of Wulfnoth	[403]
1018.	Danish troops dismissed	[404]
1023.	Translation of the body of St. Alphege	[405]
	Northumbrian and Scottish affairs	[406]
1018.	Great Scottish victory at Carham: loss of the Lothians	[408]
1031.	Malcolm II. owns the supremacy of Canute	[409]
1026.	Canute’s pilgrimage to Rome	[410]
	Alliance with Emperor Conrad II.	[413]
1025.	Canute’s unsuccessful campaign against St. Olaf, King of Norway	[415]
	Canute orders the murder of Jarl Ulf, his brother-in-law	[414]
1028.	St. Olaf defeated. Norway conquered	[414]
	Relations with Normandy	[415]
1035.	Death of Canute	[416]
	England divided between his sons Harold Harefoot and Harthacnut	[417]
1036.	Unsuccessful expedition of the Etheling Alfred	[418]
	His murder, and cruel treatment of his followers	[419]
1037.	Queen Emma banished to Flanders	[420]
	Disputes between Harold and Archbishop Ethelnoth	[420]
1040.	Death of Harold: accession of Harthacnut	[421]
	Severe tax laid upon the people	[421]
1041.	Edward, son of Ethelred, invited over from Normandy	[421]
1042.	Death of Harthacnut	[422]
[CHAPTER XXIV.]
Legislation of the Later Kings.
	Importance of property in cattle	[424]
	Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ: Insurance against cattle-stealing	[425]
1042.	The Anglo-Saxon Hundred and its gemôt	[428]
	The Danish wapentake	[429]
	The Anglo-Saxon burh and its development into the borough	[429]
	The trinoda necessitas: fyrd-fare, burh-bote and bridge-bote	[432]
	The shire and its gemôt	[432]
	Ealdormen, earls and shire-reeves	[434]
	Table of wergilds in the North-leoda laga	[435]
	Rectitudines singularum Personarum	[436]
	Various classes of dependants; the geneat, cotsetla and gebur	[437]
	Tendency towards administrative strictness. The offence of oferhyrnesse	[438]
	The borh or warrantor: institution of the tithing	[439]
	Ordeals	[440]
	Grants of sake and soke	[441]
	Tendencies towards feudalism	[441]
[CHAPTER XXV.]
Edward the Confessor.
1042.	Accession of Edward	[442]
1043.	Harsh treatment of Queen Emma	[442]
1045.	Edward marries Edith, daughter of Earl Godwine	[443]
1047.	Foreign relations: Magnus of Norway	[444]
1048.	Edward joins the Emperor Henry III. against Baldwin	[445]
1049.	Edward’s vow of pilgrimage to the Holy Land: Westminster Abbey planned	[445]
	Internal History: ships paid off: army tax (here-gyld) abolished	[445]
	Siward, Earl of Northumbria	[447]
	Leofric, Earl of Mercia	[448]
	Vast power of Earl Godwine and his family	[448]
	Misconduct of Sweyn, son of Godwine	[449]
1049.	Sweyn murders his cousin Beorn	[451]
1052.	Death of Sweyn	[451]
	Edward’s foreign relatives: their unpopularity	[452]
	Ecclesiastical favourites: Robert Champart	[452]
1051.	Eustace of Boulogne and the men of Dover	[453]
	Godwine heads resistance to the foreigners	[454]
	Exile of Godwine and temporary ruin of his family	[455]
	Visit of William the Norman to England	[457]
1052.	Death of Queen Emma	[457]
	Return of Earl Godwine and reinstatement of his family	[459]
	Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury	[460]
	Death of Earl Godwine: his son Harold all-powerful	[461]
1057.	Return and death of the Etheling Edward	[461]
	Scottish affairs: Macbeth’s murder of the young King Duncan	[462]
1054.	Siward of Northumbria aids Malcolm against Macbeth	[463]
1055.	Death of Siward. His earldom given to Tostig	[463]
1037.	Welsh affairs: Victories of Griffith ap Llewelyn	[464]
1055.	Leofric’s son Elfgar outlawed	[465]
	Harold’s wars with Griffith	[466]
	Griffith marries Aldgyth, daughter of Elfgar	[467]
1063.	Death of Griffith	[467]
1064?	Harold’s visit to Normandy and oath to Duke William	[469]
1065.	Northumbria rebels against Tostig Godwineson	[470]
	Tostig banished: his earldom given to Morkere, son of Elfgar	[471]
	Harold marries Aldgyth, widow of Griffith	[471]
	Dedication of Westminster Abbey	[472]
1066.	Death of Edward the Confessor	[472]
[CHAPTER XXVI.]
Stamford Bridge and Hastings.
1066.	Election of Harold	[474]
	Duke William prepares to invade England	[475]
	Appearance of the comet	[476]
	Unsuccessful invasion of Tostig	[477]
	Invasion of Harold Hardrada of Norway and Tostig	[479]
Sept. 20.	Edwin and Morkere, sons of Elfgar, defeated at Fulford	[479]
	Harold marches northward	[480]
Sept. 25.	Battle of Stamford Bridge. Harold Hardrada and Tostig slain	[481]
Sept. 28.	William the Norman lands at Pevensey	[482]
	Story of the voyage of his fleet	[483]
	William entrenches himself at Hastings	[483]
	Movements of Harold	[485]
	Battle of Hastings (or Senlac). Numbers and weapons of the hostile armies	[486]
	Incident of the Malfosse	[488]
	Harold slain	[489]
	William’s supper on the battlefield. Disposal of the body of Harold	[490]
	Battle Abbey	[491]
Appendix I.	On Authorities	[493]
II.	Genealogy of Northumbrian kings	[509]
III.	Genealogy of West Saxon kings before Egbert	[510]
INDEX		[511]
MAPS.
(At the End of the Volume.)
[Roman Britain.]
[Anglo-Saxon Britain.]

ERRATA.

Page 332, line 12, for “Guthred” read “Guthfred”.