Toledo established her water-works in 1873-’74, after plans of J. D. Cook, C. E. The water is taken from the Maumee River, through a hexagonal crib, made of two rows of piling, with the space filled with broken stone and coarse gravel, and conveyed, through wrought-iron pipe and five foot brick conduit five hundred feet long, to filter gallery of 19,000 square feet. The filtering material is 24 inches of broken stone, 6 inches of 2-inch gravel, 6 inches of 1-inch gravel, 6 inches of ½-inch gravel, 6 inches of ¼-inch gravel, and 24 inches of fine sand. Maximum depth of water is four feet. The filtered water is discharged into a clear-water reservoir by means of gathering drains and an effluent pipe, and thence to the pump well. There are two Worthington engines, each of five million capacity, pumping against a 260-foot lift, into a stand-pipe. The cost of the works to December 31, 1880, including interest, was $1,145,476.62; population, 50,143; miles of pipe, 46.87; meters, 40; taps, 1,616; daily consumption, 3,262,000 gallons.
London is supplied with water by the following companies:
| NAME OF COMPANY. | SOURCE OF SUPPLY. | AVERAGE DAILY SUPPLY. | NO. HOUSES SUPPLIED. | ESTIMATED POPULATION. |
| Kent Water Co. | Chalk Wells. | 6,828,700 | 43,901 | 250,000 |
| New River Co. | Lea River and other sources. | 27,179,000 | 123,493 | 900,000 |
| East London Co. | Lea & Thames Rivers. | 24,754,919 | 107,851 | 808,882 |
| Southwark & Vauxhall Co. | Thames River. | 19,264,250 | 80,146 | 502,350 |
| West Middlesex Co. | “ “ | 10,468,138 | 47,039 | 332,792 |
| Grand Junction Co. | “ “ | 12,017,830 | 3?,709 | 321,381 |
| Lambeth Water Co. | “ “ | 13,671,900 | 52,529 | 367,703 |
| Chelsea Water Co. | “ “ | 8,134,300 | 28,395 | 210,000 |
| NAME OF COMPANY. | CAPACITY OF SUBSIDING RESERVOIRS IN MIL. GALS. | FILTER BEDS. | ENGINE POWER. | |||
| NO. | AREA IN ACRES. | NO. | HORSE POWER. | GREATEST LIFT IN FEET. | ||
| Kent Water Co. | — | — | — | 16 | 1,291 | 314 |
| New River Co. | 169 | 13 | 11¼ | 22 | 1,804 | 270 |
| East London Co. | 605 | 25 | 23 | 18 | 2,475 | 335 |
| Southwark & Vauxhall Co. | 66 | 9 | 14½ | 11 | 2,000 | 360 |
| West Middlesex Co. | 57 | 5 | 8 | 17 | 1,461 | 195 |
| Grand Junction Co. | 19½ | 4 | 7¾ | 11 | 1,820 | 180 |
| Lambeth Water Co. | 125 | 7 | 4 | 17 | 1,460 | 380 |
| Chelsea Water Co. | — | 7 | 6¾ | 8 | 1,025 | 175 |
The East London Company has its intakes further up the Thames than the other works, where pumping engines, of 750 horse-power, are capable of delivering ten million gallons daily, through a stand-pipe 240 feet high and three feet in diameter, into its subsiding reservoirs. It also takes its supply partly from the Lea River.
The West Middlesex Company is above Hampton, and two miles below the East London Company’s works. The water is drawn from the river every day, whatever its state may be; but, in times of exceptionally foul water, the intake is reduced as much as possible.
Close to the West Middlesex Company is the Grand Junction works. Near the latter are the works of the Southwark & Vauxhall Company. And at Thames Ditton, two miles further down, are the Lambeth and Chelsea works.
The Kent Water Company takes its supply, exclusively, from deep wells in the chalk. The New River Company takes its supply chiefly from the Lea River. It has supplied a large portion of London, for two hundred and seventy years, through a conduit originally forty miles in length, which has been shortened by various cuts.
The statistics, as per monthly report for July, 1875, were: Population, 3,713,108; miles of pipe, 3,074; daily average consumption from Thames, 64,791,000 gallons; daily average consumption from other sources, 57,528,000 gallons. Total daily average, 122,319,000 gallons.