[PREFACE]
Some years ago the writer of these pages, when on his way to what is called a general congregation of the Society of Jesus, was asked by a fellow-passenger on an Atlantic liner, if he knew anything about the Jesuits. He answered in the affirmative and proceeded to give an account of the character and purpose of the Order. After a few moments, he was interrupted by the inquirer with, "You know nothing at all about them, Sir; good day." Possibly the Jesuits themselves are responsible for this attitude of mind, which is not peculiar to people at sea, but is to be met everywhere.
As a matter of fact, no Jesuit has thus far ever written a complete or adequate history of the Society; Orlandini, Jouvancy and Cordara attempted it a couple of centuries ago, but their work never got beyond the first one hundred years. Two very small compendiums by Jesuits have been recently published, one in Italian by Rosa, the other in French by Brucker, but they are too congested to be satisfactory to the average reader, and Brucker's stops at the Suppression of the Society by Clement XIV in 1773. Crétineau-Joly's history was written in great haste; he is often a special pleader, and even Jesuits find him too eulogistic. At present he is hopelessly antiquated, his last volume bearing the date of 1833. B. N. (Barbara Neave) published in English a history of the Society based largely on Crétineau-Joly. The consequence of this lack of authoritative works is that the general public gets its information about the Jesuits from writers who are prejudiced or ill-informed or, who, perhaps, have been hired to defame the Society for political purposes. Other authors, again, have found the Jesuits a romantic theme, and have drawn largely on their imagination for their statements.
Attention was called to this condition of things by the Congregation of the Society which elected Father Martin to the post of General of the Jesuits in 1892. As a result he appointed a corps of distinguished writers to co-operate in the production of a universal history of the Society, which was to be colossal in size, based on the most authentic documents, and in line with the latest and most exacting requirements of recent scientific historiography. On the completion of the various parts, they are to be co-ordinated and then translated into several languages, so as to supply material for minor histories within the reach of the general public. Such a scheme necessarily supposes a very considerable time before the completion of the entire work, and, as matter of fact, although several volumes have already appeared in English, French, German, Spanish and Italian, the authors are still discussing events that occurred two centuries ago. Happily their researches have thrown much light on the early history of the Order; an immense number of documents inédits, published by Carayon and others, have given us a more intimate knowledge of the intermediate period; many biographies have been written, and the huge volume of the "Liber sæcularis" by Albers brings the record down to our own days. Thus, though much valuable information has already been made available for the general reader the great collaborative work is far from completion. Hence the present history of the Jesuits.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| CHAPTER I | |
| PAGE | |
| Origin | |
| The Name — Opprobrious meanings — Caricatures of theFounder — Purpose of the Order — Early life of Ignatius — Pampeluna — Conversion — Manresa — TheExercises — Authorship — Journeyto Palestine — TheUniversities — Life in Paris — First Companions — MontmartreFirst Vows — Assembly at Venice. Failureto reach Palestine — First Journey to Rome — Ordinationto the Priesthood — Labors in Italy — Submits theConstitutions for Papal Approval — Guidiccioni's opposition — Issueof the Bull Regimini — Sketch of theInstitute — Crypto-Jesuits | [1-35] |
| CHAPTER II | |
| Initial Activities | |
| Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, Italy — Election ofIgnatius — Jesuits in Ireland — "The Scotch Doctor" — Faberand Melanchthon — Le Jay — Bobadilla — Councilof Trent — Laínez, Salmerón, Canisius — TheCatechism — Opposition in Spain — Cano — Pius V — FirstMissions to America — The French Parliaments — Postel — Foundationof the Collegium Germanicumat Rome — Similar Establishments in Germany — Clermontand other Colleges in France — Colloque de Poissy. | [36-71] |
| CHAPTER III | |
| Ends of the Earth | |
| Xavier departs for the East — Goa — Around Hindostan — Malacca — TheMoluccas — Return to Goa — The ValiantBelgian — Troubles in Goa — Enters Japan — Returnsto Goa — Starts for China — Dies off the Coast — Remainsbrought to Goa — Africa — Congo, Angola,Caffreria, Abyssinia — Brazil, Nobrega, Anchieta,Azevedo — Failure of Rodriguez in Portugal | [72-95] |
| CHAPTER IV | |
| Conspicuous Personages | |
| Ignatius — Laínez — Borgia — Bellarmine — Toletus — Lessius — Maldonado — Suárez — Lugo — Valencia — Petavius — Warsewicz — Nicolai — Possevin — Vieira — Mercurian | [96-133] |
| CHAPTER V | |
| The English Mission | |
| Conditions after Henry VIII — Allen — Persons — Campion — Entranceinto England — Kingsley's Caricature — ThomasPounde — Stephens — Capture and death ofCampion — Other Martyrs — Southwell, Walpole — Jesuitsin Ireland and Scotland — The English Succession — Dissensions — TheArchpriest Blackwell — TheAppellants — The Bye-Plot — Accession of James I — TheGunpowder Plot — Garnet, Gerard | [134-165] |
| CHAPTER VI | |
| Japan 1555-1645 | |
| After Xavier's time — Torres and Fernandes — Civandono — Nunhesand Pinto — The King of Hirando — First Persecution — Gagoand Vilela — Almeida — Uprisingagainst the Emperor — Justus Ucondono and Nobunaga — Valignani — Foundingof Nangasaki — Fervor andFidelity of the Converts — Embassy to Europe — Journeythrough Portugal, Spain and Italy — Receptionby Gregory XIII and Sixtus V — Return to Japan — TheGreat Persecutions by Taicosama, Daifusama, ShogunI and Shogun II — Spinola and other Martyrs — Arrivalof Franciscans and Dominicans — Popular eagernessfor death — Mastrilli — Attempts to establish a Hierarchy — Closingthe Ports — Discovery of the Christians. | [166-196] |
| CHAPTER VII | |
| The Great Storms 1580-1597 | |
| Manares suspected of ambition — Election of Aquaviva — Beginningof Spanish discontent — Dionisio Vásquez — The"Ratio Studiorum" — Society's action against Confessorsof Kings and Political Embassies — Trouble with theSpanish Inquisition and Philip II — Attempts at a SpanishSchism — The Ormanetto papers — Ribadeneira suspected — Imprisonmentof Jesuits by the SpanishInquisition — Action of Toletus — Extraordinary Congregationcalled — Exculpation of Aquaviva — The dispute"de Auxiliis" — Antoine Arnauld's attack — HenryIV and Jean Chastel — Reconciliation of Henry IV tothe Church — Royal protection — Saint CharlesBorromeo — Troubles in Venice — Sarpi — Palafox | [197-227] |
| CHAPTER VIII | |
| The Asiatic Continent | |
| The Great Mogul — Rudolph Aquaviva — Jerome Xavier — deNobili — de Britto — Beschi — The Pariahs — EnteringThibet — From Pekin to Europe — Mingrelia,Paphlagonia and Chaldea — The Maronites — Alexanderde Rhodes — Ricci enters China — From Agra to Pekin — AdamSchall — Arrival of the Tatars — Persecutions — Schallcondemned to Death — Verbiest — de Tournon'sVisit — The French Royal Mathematicians — Avril'sJourney | [228-267] |
| CHAPTER IX | |
| Battle of the Books | |
| Aquaviva and the Spanish Opposition — Vitelleschi — The"Monita Secreta"; Morlin — Roding — "HistoriaJesuitici Ordinis" — "Jesuiticum Jejunium" — "SpeculumJesuiticum" — Pasquier — Mariana — "Mysteriesof the Jesuits" — "The Jesuit Cabinet" — "JesuitWolves" — "Teatro Jesuítico" — "MoralePratique des Jésuites" — "Conjuratio Sulphurea" — "LettresProvinciales" — "Causeries du Lundi" andBourdaloue — Prohibition of publication by Louis XIV — Pastoralof the Bishops of Sens — Santarelli — Escobar — Anti-Coton — Margry's"Descouvertes" — Norbert | [268-295] |
| CHAPTER X | |
| The Two Americas 1567-1673 | |
| Chile and Peru — Valdivia — Peruvian Bark — ParaguayReductions — Father Fields — Emigration from Brazil — Socialand religious prosperity of the Reductions — Martyrdomof twenty-nine missionaries — Reductionsin Colombia — Peter Claver — French West Indies — St.Kitts — Irish Exiles — Father Bath or Destriches — Montserrat — Emigrationto Guadeloupe — OtherIslands — Guiana — Mexico — Lower California — ThePious Fund — The Philippines — Canada Missions — Brébeuf,Jogues, Le Moyne, Marquette — Maryland — White — Lewger | [296-342] |
| CHAPTER XI | |
| Culture | |
| Colleges — Their Popularity — Revenues — Character ofeducation: Classics; Science; Philosophy; Art — DistinguishedPupils — Poets: Southwell; Balde; Sarbievius;Strada; Von Spee; Gresset; Beschi. — Orators: Vieira;Segneri; Bourdaloue. — Writers: Isla; Ribadeneira;Skarga; Bouhours etc. — Historians — Publications — Scientistsand Explorers — Philosophers — Theologians — Saints | [343-386] |
| CHAPTER XII | |
| From Vitelleschi to Ricci 1615-1773 | |
| Pupils in the Thirty Years War — Caraffa; Piccolomini;Gottifredi — Mary Ward — Alleged decline of theSociety — John Paul Oliva — Jesuits in the Courts ofKings — John Casimir — English Persecutions. Luzancyand Titus Oates — Jesuit Cardinals — Gallicanism inFrance — Maimbourg — Dez — Troubles in Holland.De Noyelle and Innocent XI — Attempted Schism inFrance — González and Probabilism — Don Pedro ofPortugal — New assaults of Jansenists — Administrationof Retz — Election of Ricci — The Coming Storm | [387-423] |
| CHAPTER XIII | |
| Conditions before the Crash | |
| State of the Society — The Seven Years War — PoliticalChanges — Rulers of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Franceand Austria — Febronius — Sentiments of the Hierarchy — PopesBenedict XIV; Clement XIII; Clement XIV | [424-441] |
| CHAPTER XIV | |
| Pombal | |
| Early life — Ambitions — Portuguese Missions — Seizure ofthe Spanish Reductions. Expulsion of the Missionaries — Endof the Missions in Brazil — War against theSociety in Portugal — The Jesuit Republic — CardinalSaldanha — Seizure of Churches and Colleges — TheAssassination Plot — The Prisons — Exiles — Executionof Malagrida | [442-477] |
| CHAPTER XV | |
| Choiseul | |
| The French Method — Purpose of the Enemy — PreliminaryAccusations — Voltaire's testimony — La Vallette — LaChalotais — Seizure of Property — Auto da fé of theWorks of Lessius, Suárez, Valentia, etc. — Appeal of theFrench Episcopacy — Christophe de Beaumont — Demandfor a French Vicar — "Sint ut sunt aut non sint" — Protestof Clement XIII — Action of Father La Croixand the Jesuits of Paris — Louis XV signs the Act ofSuppression — Occupations of dispersed Jesuits — Undisturbedin Canada — Expelled from Louisiana — Choiseul'sColonization of Guiana | [478-503] |
| CHAPTER XVI | |
| Charles III | |
| The Bourbon Kings of Spain — Character of Charles III — SpanishMinistries — O'Reilly — The Hat and Cloak Riot — Cowardiceof Charles — Tricking the monarch — TheDecree of Suppression — Grief of the Pope — His death — Disapprovalin France by the Encyclopedists — TheRoyal Secret — Simultaneousness of the Suppression — Wanderingsof the Exiles — Pignatelli — Expulsion byTanucci | [504-529] |
| CHAPTER XVII | |
| The Final Blow | |
| Ganganelli — Political plotting at the Election — Bernis,Aranda, Aubeterre — The Zelanti — Election of ClementXIV — Renewal of Jesuit Privileges by the new Pope — Demandof the Bourbons for a universal Suppression — TheThree Years' Struggle — Fanaticism of Charles III — Menacesof Schism — Moñino — Maria Theresa — Spoliationsin Italy — Signing the Brief — Imprisonmentof Father Ricci and the Assistants — Silence andSubmission of the Jesuits to the Pope's Decree | [530-554] |
| CHAPTER XVIII | |
| The Instrument | |
| Summary of the Brief of Suppression and its SupplementaryDocument | [555-576] |
| CHAPTER XIX | |
| The Execution | |
| Seizure of the Gesù in Rome — Suspension of the Priests — JuridicalTrial of Father Ricci continued during TwoYears — The Victim's Death-bed Statement — Admissionof his Innocence by the Inquisitors — Obsequies — Reasonof his Protracted Imprisonment — Liberation ofthe Assistants by Pius VI — Receipt of the Brief outsideof Rome — Refused by Switzerland, Poland, Russia andPrussia — Read to the Prisoners in Portugal by Pombal — Denunciationof it by the Archbishop of Paris — Suppressionof the Document by the Bishop of Quebec — Acceptanceby Austria — Its Enforcement in Belgium — Carrollat Bruges — Defective Promulgation in Maryland. | [577-603] |
| CHAPTER XX | |
| The Sequel to the Suppression | |
| Failure of the Papal Brief to give peace to the Church — Liguoriand Tanucci — Joseph II destroying the Churchin Austria — Voltaireanism in Portugal — Illness ofClement XIV — Death — Accusations of poisoning — Electionof Pius VI — The Synod of Pistoia — Febronianismin Austria — Visit of Pius VI to Joseph II — ThePunctation of Ems — Spain, Sardinia, Venice, Sicily inopposition to the Pope — Political collapse in Spain — Fallof Pombal — Liberation of his Victims — Protest ofde Guzman — Death of Joseph II — Occupations of thedispersed Jesuits — The Theologia Wiceburgensis — Feller — Beauregard'sProphecy — Zaccaria — Tiraboschi — Boscovich — Missionaries — Denunciationof the Suppressionin the French Assembly — Slain in the FrenchRevolution — Destitute Jesuits in Poland — Shelter inRussia | [604-635] |
| CHAPTER XXI | |
| The Russian Contingent | |
| Frederick the Great and the "Philosophes" — Protection ofthe Jesuits — Death of Voltaire — Catherine of Russia — TheFour Colleges — The Empress at Polotsk — JosephII at Mohilew — Archetti — Baron Grimm — Czerniewiczand the Novitiate — Assent of Pius VI — Potemkin — Siestrzencewicz — GeneralCongregation — Benislawski — "Approbo;Approbo" — Accession of formerJesuits. Gruber and the Emperor Paul — Alexander I — Missionsin Russia | [636-664] |
| CHAPTER XXII | |
| The Rallying | |
| Fathers of the Sacred Heart — Fathers of the Faith — Fusion — Paccanari — TheRupture — Exodus to Russia — Varinin Paris — Clorivière — Carroll's doubts — Pignatelli — Poirotin China — Grassi's Odyssey | [665-684] |
| CHAPTER XXIII | |
| The Restoration | |
| Tragic death of Father Gruber — Fall of Napoleon — Releaseof the Pope — The Society Re-established — Opening ofColleges — Clorivière — Welcome of the Society in Spain — Repulsedin Portugal — Opposed by Catholics inEngland — Announced in America — Carroll — Fenwick — Neale | [685-715] |
| CHAPTER XXIV | |
| The First Congregation | |
| Expulsion from Russia — Petrucci, Vicar — Attempt to wreckthe Society — Saved by Consalvi and Rozaven | [716-733] |
| CHAPTER XXV | |
| A Century of Disaster | |
| Expulsion from Holland — Trouble at Freiburg — Expulsionand recall in Spain — Petits Séminaires — Berryer — Montlosier — TheMen's Sodalities — St. Acheulmobbed — Fourteen Jesuits murdered in Madrid — Intermentof Pombal — de Ravignan's pamphlet — Veuillot — Montalembert — deBonald — ArchbishopAffre — Michelet, Quinet and Cousin — Gioberti — Expulsionfrom Austria — Kulturkampf — Slaughter ofthe Hostages in the Commune — South America andMexico — Flourishing Condition before the Outbreak ofthe World War | [734-764] |
| CHAPTER XXVI | |
| Modern Missions | |
| During the Suppression — Roothaan's appeal — SouthAmerica — The Philippines — United States Indians — DeSmet — Canadian Reservations — Alaska — BritishHonduras — China — India — Syria — Algeria — Guinea — Egypt — Madagascar — Mashonaland — Congo — Missionsdepleted by World War — Actual number ofmissionaries | [765-824] |
| CHAPTER XXVII | |
| Colleges | |
| Responsibility of the Society for loss of Faith in Europe — TheLoi Falloux — Bombay — Calcutta — Beirut — AmericanColleges — Scientists, Archæologists, Meteorologists,Seismologists, Astronomers — Ethnologists | [825-854] |
| CHAPTER XXVIII | |
| Literature | |
| Grammars and Lexicons of every tongue — Dramas — Historiesof Literature — Cartography — Sinology — Egyptology — Sanscrit — CatholicEncyclopedia — Cataloguesof Jesuit Writers — Acta Sanctorum — Jesuit Relations — Nomenclator — Periodicals — Philosophy — Dogmatic,Moral and Ascetic Theology — Canon Law — Exegesis | [855-890] |
| CHAPTER XXIX | |
| The Sovereign Pontiffs and the Society | |
| Devotion, Trust and Affection of each Pope of the Nineteenthand Twentieth Centuries manifested in his Official andPersonal Relations with the Society | [891-916] |
| CHAPTER XXX | |
| Conclusion | |
| Successive Generals in the Restored Society — PresentMembership, Missions and Provinces | [917-930] |