The Planters of Colonial Virginia

by Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker

INDEX

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

[E]

[F]

[G]

[H]

[I]

[J]

[K]

[L]

[M]

[N]

O

[P]

[Q]

[R]

[S]

[T]

[U]

[V]

[W]

X

[Y]

Z

• Accomac,
  • farms and tithables of, [58]; [79].
• Allen, Arthur,
  • six tithables, [57].
• Allen, William,
  • Burgess in 1629, [73].
• Allerton, Isaac,
  • deals in servants, [48].
• Ambrose, Robert,
  • deals in servants, [49].
• Anbury, Major,
  • describes Virginia upper class, [158].
• Andros, Sir Edmund, [29]; [35]; [52];
  • hesitates to deprive wealthy of land holdings, [143]-[144].
• Archer, George,
  • deals in servants, [49];
  • extensive landowner, [79].
• Armetrading, Henry, [79].
• Artisans,
  • became planters in Virginia, [27];
  • called for in broadside of 1610, [28];
  • on the plantations, [156]-[157].
• Ashton, Peter,
  • deals in servants, [48].
• Austin, James,
  • deals in servants, [48].
• Avery, Richard,
  • his cattle, [101];
  • inventory of, [106].

• Bacon Nathaniel, Sr., [109]; [110].
• Bacon, Nathaniel, Jr.,
  • describes poverty in Virginia, [91];
  • rebellion of and Navigation Acts, [92]-[93];
  • says peoples hoped in Burgesses, [109]; [113].
• Baker, John,
  • buys Button's Ridge, [49].
• Baldwin, William,
  • landowner, [79].
• Ballard, Thomas, [109].
• Ball, William,
  • has 22 slaves.
• Baltic,
  • English trade of, [8];
  • Denmark controls entrance to, [9];
  • wars endanger trade to, [9];
  • cheap labor of, [16]; [17];
  • tobacco trade to, [118]-[119];
  • trade to injured by wars, [131], [148].
• Banister, John,
  • has 88 slaves, [158].
• Barbadoes,
  • complain of Navigation Acts, [94].
• Barnett, Thomas,
  • servant, Burgess in 1629, [74].
• Bassett, William,
  • deals in servants, [48].
• Beer, George Lewis,
  • defends Navigation Acts, [86]-[87];
  • says trade restrictions did not cause Bacon's Rebellion, [92];
  • statement of concerning county grievances, [93];
  • denies that serious opposition existed to Navigation Acts, [93]-[94].
• Bell, Richard,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Bennett, Richard,
  • estate of described, [108].
• Bennett, Samuel,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Berkeley, John,
  • conducts iron works in Virginia, [18].
• Berkeley, Lord John, [90].
• Berkeley, Sir William,
  • describes servants, [34];
  • describes early mortality among servants, [39];
  • estimates servants at 6,000 in 1671, [41];
  • instructed to prohibit foreign trade, [69];
  • permits foreign trade during Civil War, [69];
  • calls Virginia land of opportunity, [75];
  • proclaims Charles II, [84], [111]; [89];
  • describes poverty of Virginia, [90], [91], [92], [93];
  • controls Assembly, [94];
  • goes to England to combat Navigation Acts, [94]-[95];
  • plans to establish manufactures, [95];
  • denounces Navigation Acts, [95]-[96]; [98];
  • secures body guard, [111];
  • elected Governor prior to Restoration, [112];
  • fears King's resentment, [113];
  • small planters turn against in Bacon's Rebellion, [113];
  • estimates slaves at 2,000 in 1670, [124]; [125]; [160].
• Beverley, Robert, Sr.,
  • extensive dealer in servants, [48], [109]; [113].
• Beverley, Robert, Jr., [61];
  • imports slaves, [130];
  • describes pride of poor whites, [155].
• Bibbie, Edmund,
  • deals in servants, [49].
• Binns, Thomas,
  • eight tithables, [57].
• Bishop, John,
  • Burgess and landowner, [78].
• Blackstone, John,
  • patents land, [74].
• Bland, John,
  • remonstrates against Navigation Acts, [88]-[89]; [93].
• Blair, Rev. John,
  • asks funds for college, [50], [136].
• Blewit, Capt.,
  • sets up iron works in Virginia, dies, [181].
• Board of Trade,
  • arrears of quit rents reported to, [51];
  • Nicholson writes to concerning rent roll, [52];
  • says servants not slaves, [60];
  • Berkeley protests to, [95], [119];
  • asks reasons for emigration of Virginia whites, [140];
  • seeks to limit size of land grants, [143];
  • again alarmed at emigration from Virginia, [145], [147], [157].
• Bolling, Mrs. Mary,
  • has 51 slaves, [158].
• Brent, Giles,
  • deals in servants, [48]; [109]; [113].
• Bridger, Joseph,
  • deals in servants, [48]; [109].
• Briggs, Gray,
  • has 43 slaves, [158].
• British Empire,
  • beginnings of misunderstood, [14];
  • begun, [19];
  • important rôle of tobacco in, [27].
• Broadnat, John, [128].
• Broadside,
  • in 1610 calls for settlers for Virginia, [28].
• Browne, Robert,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Browne, William,
  • nine tithables, [57].
• Bruce, Philip Alexander,
  • describes small planters, [54].
• Brunswick,
  • land patents in small, [145].
• Bullock, William,
  • denies that servants are slaves, [60].
• Burgesses, [54],
  • petition King, [65];
  • complain of high freight rates, [72];
  • freedmen among, [73]-[75];
  • Navigation Acts and, [94]-[95];
  • represent interest of small planters, [109];
  • defy the king, [110];
  • petition of, [110];
  • rule Virginia, 1652-1660, [112];
  • growing influence of, [109].
• Burwell, Francis,
  • patents land in James City, [77].
• Burwell, John,
  • has 42 slaves, [158].
• Burwell, Lewis,
  • deals in servants, [48]; [109].
• Burcher, William,
  • patents land, [79].
• Bushood, John,
  • sells land, [49].
• Butt, Thomas,
  • deals in servants, [48].
• Button, Robert,
  • receives estate, [49].
• Button, Thomas,
  • owner of Button's Ridge, [49].
• Byrd, William I,
  • says rent rolls inaccurate, [52]; [109];
  • uses slaves, [130].
• Byrd, William II,
  • gives reasons for emigration to Carolina, [146].

• Carter, John, [109].
• Carter, Robert,
  • has 126 slaves, [153].
• Carleill, Capt. Christopher,
  • urges trade with America, [11].
• Carolina,
  • emigration to from Virginia, [99]-[100]; [139]-[146].
• Cattle,
  • plentiful in Virginia, [101].
• Chambers, William,
  • servants and slaves of, [59].
• Chandler, John,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Charles I,
  • considers smoking harmful, [26];
  • tries to limit tobacco planting in Virginia, [27];
  • tries to limit English tobacco crop, [63];
  • limits price of tobacco, [65];
  • regulates tobacco trade, [67]-[69]; [70];
  • defied by Assembly, [110]; [111].
• Charles II, [33];
  • proclaimed in Virginia, [84]; [111]; [93]; [96];
  • not restored in Virginia before Restoration in England, [112];
  • tyranny of, [114].
• Charles City,
  • plantations small, [53]; [54];
  • farms and tithables of, [58]; [79]; [81].
• Chastellux,
  • describes poor whites of Virginia, [152];
  • notes indolence of poor whites, [155].
• Chew, Larkin,
  • dealer in Spotsylvania land, [154].
• Claiborne, William,
  • deals in servants, [48].
• Clayton, Thomas, [80].
• Clergy,
  • many plant tobacco, [28].
• Clothing,
  • want of felt in Virginia, [103].
• Cloyse, Pettyplace,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Cole, Edward,
  • patents land in James City, [77].
• Colonial expansion,
  • sought as remedy for British economic dependence, [10];
  • urged by economists, [11]; [12]; [13].
• Colonial system, [68];
  • imperfectly enforced prior to 1660, [67]-[69]; [85]-[86];
  • embodied in Navigation Acts, [85];
  • colonies to supplement England, [86];
  • workings of at end of 17th century, [120];
  • British conception of, [136].
• Commerce,
  • of England with Baltic, [8];
  • principles of long known, [11];
  • of England with Europe and East, [12];
  • of England with France declines, [13];
  • affords key to history, [22];
  • in reëxported tobacco, [70];
  • in tobacco revives after 1683, [114]-[115];
  • in reëxported tobacco, [116]-[120];
  • importance of in tobacco for England, [119], [122].
• Commonwealth,
  • tobacco high under, [66];
  • Virginians trade abroad under, [69]; [98];
  • attitude of Virginia under, [110]-[11].
• Constable, John,
  • trades illegally, [69].
• Cooke, John,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Cornell, Samuel,
  • servants and slaves of, [59].
• Council, [65];
  • complains of high freight rates, [72]; [90];
  • describes poverty in Virginia, [91];
  • says Virginia ready to revolt to Dutch, [96]; [109]; [110];
  • members of hold land illegally, [143];
  • gives reasons for immigration out of Virginia, [145];
  • describes misery in Virginia, [150];
  • declining influence of, [159].
• Creighton, Henry,
  • sells 100 acres, [50].
• Criminals,
  • few sent to Virginia, [32], [33];
  • make no imprint on social fabric, [33].
• Crocker, Wm.,
  • servants and slaves of, [59].
• Cromwell, Oliver,
  • sends Irish servants to Virginia, [33].
• Crump, Thomas,
  • servant, Burgess in 1632, [74];
  • landowner, [75].
• Culpeper, Lord,
  • fears ruin of Virginia, [91], [114].
• Custis, John, [109].

• Daingerfield, William,
  • has 61 slaves, [157].
• Dawson, William,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Day, John, [80].
• Delaware,
  • manufactures of lure poor Virginia whites, [141];
  • ration to, [139]-[146].
• Delk, Roger,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Dicks, John,
  • purchases land, [49].
• Digges, Dudley, [109].
• Diggs, William,
  • has 72 slaves, [158].
• Dinwiddie county,
  • poor whites in, [151];
  • small slave holders of, [153];
  • large slave holders of, [158].
• Dodman, John,
  • landowner, [79].
• Dorch, Walter,
  • inventory of, [106].
• Duties,
  • French put on English woolens, [13];
  • on reëxported tobacco partly refunded, [70];
  • on reëxported tobacco, [117];
  • on tobacco yield grown large revenue, [120].

• Edwards, John,
  • slaves of in plot, [128].
• Edwards, William,
  • has six tithables, [57];
  • slaves of in plot, [128].
• Effingham, Lord,
  • tyranny of in Virginia, [114].
• Elizabeth City,
  • plantations of small, [53];
  • farms and tithables of, [58];
  • servants and slaves in, [59].
• Emigration,
  • from Virginia in years from 1660 to 1725, [40], [62], [139]-[146];
  • not caused by large land grants, [144]-[145];
  • extent of, [146].
• England,
  • colonial expansion necessary for, [7];
  • forests depleted, [7];
  • industry declining, [8];
  • Baltic trade of, [8];
  • future depends on colonies, [13]; [14];
  • joy of at founding of Virginia, [15];
  • disappointed in Virginia, [19];
  • tobacco bill of, [26];
  • supplies Virginia with labor, [31];
  • poverty in, [31];
  • cannot consume entire colonial tobacco crop, [86];
  • tobacco planting in prohibited, [87];
  • glut of tobacco in, [68]-[89];
  • adheres to colonial policy, [95].
• Epes, Francis, [79], [127].
• Essex,
  • land transfers in, [46];
  • plantations of small, [53];
  • farms and tithables of, [58].

• Falling Creek,
  • iron works at, [17];
  • destroyed in 1622, [18].
• Fane, Francis,
  • says slave labor cheapens tobacco, [132].
• Fish,
  • plentiful in Virginia, [15].
• Fithian, Philip,
  • describes poor whites of Virginia, [152], [155].
• Fitzhugh, William, [109];
  • refers to slave imports, [130].
• Flax,
  • in Virginia, [15].
• Fleet, tobacco,
  • brings servants, [35];
  • size of in 1690 and 1706, [122].
• Foster, Armstrong, [79], [80].
• Foster, Robert,
  • buys 200 acres, [50].
• Fowl, wild,
  • abundant in colonial Virginia, [102].
• Fox, William,
  • has 25 slaves, [153].
• France,
  • exports wine and silk, [12];
  • British trade with declines, [13];
  • tobacco trade to, [119];
  • trade to injured by war, [131].
• Freedmen,
  • 80 per cent of servants become, [40];
  • prior to 1660 remained in Virginia, [40];
  • form large part of population, [41];
  • annual recruits of, [41];
  • usually young, [42];
  • might acquire property, [43];
  • perform bulk of work, [43];
  • what became of, [43];
  • become small planters, [60];
  • outfit of, [61];
  • not entitled to land, [61];
  • prosperity of hinges on tobacco, [62];
  • Virginia land of opportunity for, [71];
  • profits of from tobacco, [71]-[72];
  • in Burgesses, [73]-[74];
  • prosperous, [74]-[80];
  • little hope of advancement for after 1660, [97]-[100];
  • few in rent roll of 1704, [122]-[123].
• Freemen,
  • entitled to headrights, [35];
  • many come to Virginia, [36];
  • become small planters, [60]-[75];
  • many pay own passage, [81]-[82].
• Freight rates,
  • high from England, [71]-[72];
  • excessive, [90].
• Fruit, [12],
  • abundant in Virginia, [102].
• Fuel,
  • abundant in Virginia, [105].

• Gardens,
  • common in Virginia, [102], [105].
• Garnet, John,
  • buys 600 acres, [50].
• George, The,
  • takes cargo of tobacco to England, [25]; [64].
• Gilbert, George,
  • patents land in James City, [77], [79].
• Gilbert, Sir Humphrey,
  • voyage to America, [11].
• Glass,
  • possibilities for in Virginia, [15];
  • beginning made of in Virginia, [17];
  • early history of in Virginia, [18]-[19].
• Gloucester,
  • average plantation in, [54];
  • farms and tithables of, [58]; [80]; [113];
  • poor whites of, [151];
  • small slave holders in, [154];
  • large slave holders in, [157]; [159].
• Good, John,
  • describes poverty in Virginia, [91].
• Gooch, Governor,
  • says large holdings no impediment to settlement, [145];
  • says poor whites make best tobacco, [147].
• Governor,
  • plants tobacco, [28];
  • appoints sheriffs, [51];
  • makes efforts to collect quit rents, [51]; [65];
  • neglects servants, [73]; [90]; [109];
  • elected by burgesses, 1652-1660, [112].
• Goring, John,
  • servants and slaves of, [59].
• Grain,
  • abundance of in Virginia, [102].
• Graves, Ralph,
  • his servant valued at £10, [127].
• Grey, James,
  • buys 200 acres, [49].
• Grey, John,
  • his cattle, [101];
  • inventory of, [106].
• Grey, Francis,
  • Burgess and landowner, [78]-[79].
• Grey, Thomas, [78].

• Hakluyt, Richard,
  • advises colonial expansion, [11];
  • shows British dependence on Spain, [12];
  • expects surplus of population in England to emigrate to America, [16]; [19].
• Hammond, John,
  • advice to servants, [61];
  • describes Virginia residences, [104].
• Harmar, Charles,
  • imports slaves, [124].
• Harris, John,
  • Burgess in 1629, [73].
• Harrison, Benjamin, [109].
• Hart, Henry,
  • his slave in plot, [128].
• Hartwell, Henry,
  • deals in servants, [48].
• Harvey, Sir John,
  • complains of low prices for tobacco, [65];
  • asks freedom of trade for Virginia, [68];
  • testifies to illegal foreign trade, [68]-[69];
  • complains of high freight rates, [72];
  • ejected by people, [110].
• Hatfield, James,
  • landowning freedman, [75].
• Headrights,
  • described, [34]; [35];
  • averaged about 1750 a year, [41];
  • determine size of land grants, [47];
  • brought in by well known planters, [48];
  • do not belong to servant, [61];
  • appear in wills, [76];
  • transfer of by sale, [76];
  • become landowners, [77];
  • not all servants, [77];
  • compared with rent roll, [97]-[99].
• Hemp,
  • in Virginia, [15].
• Henrico,
  • false returns in, [55];
  • farms and tithables of, [58];
  • servants and slaves in, [59]; [79].
• Hill, Edward, [109].
• Hill, John,
  • landowning freedman, [75];
  • book binder at Oxford, [75].
• Hodge, John,
  • servants and slaves of, [59].
• Holding, John,
  • landowner, [79].
• Holland,
  • exports fish, [12];
  • trade of declines, [13];
  • controls slave trade, [31]; [125];
  • tobacco exports to, [86]-[89];
  • Navigation Acts cut exports to, [87];
  • distributor of English colonial tobacco, [88];
  • plants own tobacco, [88];
  • wars with, [89];
  • Virginians threaten to revolt to, [91], [96]; [116];
  • tobacco exports to, [120];
  • fights to preserve her monopoly of slave trade, [126];
  • seeks to control tobacco trade on continent, [149]-[150].
• Honey,
  • produced in Virginia, [102].
• Hotten's Emigrants to America,
  • gives lists of servants, [42]; [73].
• Houses,
  • comfortable in Virginia, [103]-[104].
• Howlett, William,
  • buy 200 acres, [50].