[2] An English translation of vol. i. by Messrs. Moore and Aveling has appeared, Engels being editor. There are translations also of vols. ii. and iii.
[3] This book of Engels, Eugen Dühring’s Revolutionising of Science, is better known in its much shorter form, Entwickelung des Sozialismus von der Utopie zur Wissenschaft. Eng. tr. Socialism: Utopian and Scientific.
[4] See Fr. Engels’ Umwälzung der Wissenschaft, p. 253, and passim.
[5] Das Kapital, i. 48.
[6] Umwälzung der Wissenschaft, pp. 267, 268.
[7] See Preface to second edition of the Kapital, p. xix.
[8] This, however, must be a mistake for T. Hodgskin, who in 1825 published a pamphlet, Labour defended against the Claims of Capital, in which such views are set forth.

CHAPTER VIII
THE INTERNATIONAL

It is an inevitable outcome of the prevalent historic forces that the labour question has become international.

From the dawn of history there has been a widening circle of communities with international relations. Civilisation had its earliest seats on the banks of the Nile and the Euphrates. The Greeks and Phœnicians carried it round the shores of the Mediterranean. The Romans received it from the Greeks, and, after adding to it a valuable contribution of their own, handed it on to the nations of Western and Central Europe. The Christian Church spread over the countries in which the Roman peace prevailed, but did not confine itself to the limits of the empire.