New York, April, 1900.
The Study of Elementary Electricity and
Magnetism by Experiment
Part I—Magnetism
Part II—Static Electricity
Part III—Current Electricity
The Study of Elementary Electricity and Magnetism by Experiment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
| PART I.—Magnetism. | |
| Page. | |
| CHAPTER I. Iron and Steel | [3] |
| Introduction.—Kinds of iron and steel.—[Exp. 1], Tostudy steel.—Discussion.—[Exp. 2], To find whether apiece of hard steel can be made softer.—Annealing.—[Exp.3], To find whether a piece of annealed steel can behardened.—Hardening; Tempering.—[Exp. 4], To test thehardening properties of soft iron.—Discussion. | |
| CHAPTER II. Magnets | [7] |
| Kinds of magnets.—[Exp. 5], To study the horseshoemagnet.—Poles; Equator.—[Exp. 6], To ascertain thenature of substances attracted by a magnet.—MagneticBodies; Diamagnetic Bodies.—Practical Uses of Magnets.—[Exp.7], To study the action of magnetism throughvarious substances.—Magnetic Transparency; MagneticScreens.—[Exp. 8], To find whether a magnet can givemagnetism to a piece of steel.—Discussion; Bar Magnets.—[Exp.9], To make small magnets.—[Exp. 10], To findwhether a freely-swinging bar magnet tends to point inany particular direction.—North-seeking Poles; South-seekingPoles; Pointing Power.—The Magnetic Needle;The Compass.—[Exp. 11], To study the action of magnetsupon each other.—[Exp. 12], To study the action of a magnetupon soft iron.—Laws of Attraction and Repulsion.—[Exp.13], To learn how to produce a desired pole at agiven end of a piece of steel.—Rule for Poles.—OurCompass.—Review; Magnetic Problems.—[Exp. 14], Tofind whether the poles of a magnet can be reversed.—Discussion;Reversal of Poles.—[Exp. 15], To find whetherwe can make a magnet with two N poles.—[Exp. 16], Tostudy the bar magnet with two N poles.—Discussion;Consequent Poles.—[Exp. 17], To study consequent poles.[Exp. 18], To study the theory of magnetism.—Theory ofMagnetism; Magnetic Saturation.—[Exp. 19], To findwhether soft iron will permanently retain magnetism.—Retentivityor Coercive Force; Residual Magnetism.—[Exp.20], To test the retentivity of soft steel.—Discussion.—[Exp.21], To test the retentivity of hard steel.—[Exp. 22],To test the effect of heat upon a magnet.—Discussion.—[Exp.23], To test the effect of breaking a magnet.—Discussion. | |
| CHAPTER III. Induced Magnetism | [20] |
| [Exp. 24], To find whether we can magnetize a piece ofiron without touching it with a magnet.—TemporaryMagnetism; Induced Magnetism.—[Exp. 25], To findwhether a piece of steel can be permanently magnetizedby induction.—[Exp. 26], To study the inductive action ofa magnet upon a piece of soft iron.—Polarization; PolePieces.—[Exps. 27–30], To study pole pieces. | |
| CHAPTER IV. The Magnetic Field | [23] |
| [Exp. 31], To study the space around the magnet, inwhich pieces of iron become temporary magnets by induction.—Discussion;The Magnetic Field.—[Exp. 32], Tostudy the magnetic field of a bar magnet.—Magnetic Figures;Lines of Magnetic Force.—[Exps. 33–37], To studythe magnetic fields of various combinations of bar magnets.—[Exps.38–39], To study the lifting power of combinationsof bar magnets.—Discussion; Compound Magnets.—[Exps.40–42], To study the magnetic field of thehorseshoe magnet.—Discussion; Resistance to Lines ofForce.—[Exp. 43], To show that lines of force are on allsides of a magnet.—Discussion.—[Exp. 44], To study ahorseshoe magnet with movable poles.—Discussion; Advantagesof Horseshoe Magnets. | |
| CHAPTER V. Terrestrial Magnetism | [31] |
| The Magnetism of the Earth.—Declination.—[Exp. 45],To study the lines of force above and below a bar magnetplaced horizontally.—The Dip or Inclination of theMagnetic Needle.—[Exp. 46], To study the dip or inclinationof the magnetic needle due to the action of the earth.—Discussion;Balancing Magnetic Needles.—[Exps. 47–48],To study the inductive influence of the earth.—Discussion.—NaturalMagnets.—[Exp. 49], To test the effectof twisting a wire held north and south in the earth'smagnetic field.—[Exp. 50], To test for magnetism in barsof iron, tools, etc. | |
| PART II.—Static Electricity. | |
| CHAPTER VI. Electrification | [39] |
| Some Varieties of Electricity.—[Exp. 51–52], To studyelectrification by friction.—Discussion.—Electrified andNeutral bodies.—Force; Resistance; Work; PotentialEnergy; Electrification.—Heat and Electrification.—[Exps.53–54], To study electrical attraction.—Discussion.—[Exp.55], To study mutual attractions.—Mutual Attractions.—[Exps.56]–[58], To study electrical repulsions.—TheCarbon Electroscope.—Discussion of Experiments 56, 57,58.—[Exp. 59], To study the electrification of glass.—Questions.—[Exp.60], To compare the electrification producedby ebonite and flannel with that produced by glass andsilk.—Discussion.—Laws. | |
| CHAPTER VII. Insulators and Conductors | [47] |
| [Exps. 61]–[63], To study insulators.—Conductors.—[Exp.64], To study conduction.—Discussion.—[Exp. 65], Tostudy conduction.—Telegraph line using static electricity.—Discussion.—Relationbetween conductors andinsulators.—Electrics and Non-electrics.—[Exp. 66], Tostudy the effect of moisture upon an insulator.—Discussion.—[Exp.67], To test the effects of moisture uponbodies to be electrified. | |
| CHAPTER VIII. Charging and Discharging Conductors | [52] |
| The Electrophorus.—[Exp. 68], To learn how to use theelectrophorus.—[Exp. 69], To study "charging by conduction."—[Exp.70], To study potential; Electromotive force.—Pressure;Potential; Electromotive force; Current,Spark.—Theories about Electrifications.—[Exp. 71], Tostudy some methods of discharging an electrified body.—Disruptive,Conductive and Convective Discharges.—[Exp.72], To study intermittent or step-by-step discharges.—Discussion.—[Exp.73], To ascertain the locationof the charge upon an electrified conductor.—Discussion.—Hollowand Solid Conductors.—[Exp. 74], To study theeffect of points upon a charged conductor.—ElectricDensity.—Electric Wind. | |
| CHAPTER IX. Induced Electrification | [60] |
| Electric Fields; Lines of Force.—[Exp. 75], To studyelectric induction.—Electric Polarization; Theory of Induction.—[Exp.76], To learn how to charge a body byinduction.—Free and Bound Electrifications.—[Exp. 77],To show that a neutral body is polarized before it isattracted by a charged one.—Polarization PrecedesAttraction.—[Exp. 78], To find whether electric inductionwill act through an insulator.—Dielectrics.—[Exp. 79], Tofind whether a polarized conductor can act inductivelyupon another conductor.—Successive Induction.—InductiveCapacity.—[Exp. 80], To study the action of the electrophorus.—Discussion.—Detailsof action.—[Exp. 81], Tosee, hear, and feel the results of inductive influence andpolarization.—Discussion. | |
| CHAPTER X. Condensation of Electrification | [68] |
| [Exp. 82], To find whether a large surface will hold moreelectrification than a small one.—Electrical Capacity.—[Exp.83], To find whether the capacity of a given conductorcan be increased without increasing its size.—Condensation;Condensers.—The Leyden Jar.—FulminatingPanes.—Induction Coil Condensers.—Submarine Cables.—[Exp.84], To study the condensation of electrification.—Discussion.—[Exp.85], To study the action of the condenser.—Discussion.—[Exp.86], To study the effect ofelectrical discharges upon the human body.—Shocks;Dischargers.—[Exps. 87–88], To show the strong attractionbetween opposite electrifications in the condenser.—Discussion.—[Exp.89], To show how the condenser may beslowly discharged.—The Electric Chime.—[Exp. 90], Toascertain the location of a charge in a condenser.—Discussion.—[Exp.91], To find whether any electrificationremains in the condenser after it has once been discharged.—ResidualCharge.—[Exp. 92], To study successivecondensation; the chime cascade.—Discussion. | |
| CHAPTER XI. Electroscopes | [77] |
| Electroscopes.—Our leaf electroscope.—[Exp. 93], Tostudy the leaf electroscope; charging by conduction.—Discussion.—[Exp.95], To learn some uses of the electroscope.—Discussion.—TheProof-plane. | |
| CHAPTER XII. Miscellaneous Experiments | [81] |
| [Exp. 96], To show that friction always produces twokinds of electrification.—Discussion.—[Exp. 97], To show"successive sparks."—[Exp. 98], To show to the eye thestrong attraction between a charged and a neutral body.—[Exp.99], To feel the strong attraction between a chargedand a neutral body.—[Exp. 100], The human body a frictionalelectric machine.—Static Electric Machines. | |
| CHAPTER XIII. Atmospheric Electricity | [84] |
| Atmospheric Electricity.—Lightning.—Thunder.—LightningRods.—Causes of Atmospheric Electricity.—St. Elmo's Fire.—Aurora Borealis. | |