TANFĪL (تنفيل). “Plundering in religious warfare.” Commended in the Qurʾān, [Sūrah viii. 1]: “They will question thee about the spoils. Say: The spoils are God’s and the Apostle’s.”
TAQARRUB (تقرب). Lit. “Seeking admittance or striving to draw near.” A term used to express the desire of propitiating the Deity by prayer, almsgiving, or sacrifice.
TAQDĪR (تقدير). Lit. “To measure.” The doctrine of Fate or Predestination, al-Qadr. [[PREDESTINATION].]
TAQĪYAH (تقية). Lit. “Guarding oneself.” A Shīʿah doctrine. A pious fraud whereby the Shīʿah Muslim believes he is justified in either smoothing down or in denying the peculiarities of his religious belief, in order to save himself from religious persecution. A Shīʿah can, therefore, pass himself off as a Sunnī to escape persecution.
The Shīʿah traditionists relate that certain persons inquired of the Imām Ṣādiq if the Prophet had ever practised taqīyah, or “religious dissimulation,” and the Imām replied, “Not after this verse was sent down to the Prophet, namely, [Sūrah v. 71]: ‘O thou Apostle! publish the whole of what has been revealed to thee from thy Lord; if thou do it not, thou hast not preached His message, and God will not defend thee from wicked men; for God guides not the unbelieving people.’ When the Most High became surety for the Prophet against harm, then he no longer dissimulated, although before this revelation appeared he had occasionally done so.” (The Ḥayātu ʾl-Qulūb, Merrick’s ed., p. 96.) [[SHIʿAH].]
TAQLĪD (تقليد). Lit. “Winding round.” (1) Putting a wreath round a victim destined to be slain at Makkah. (2) Girding with a sword, as a sign of investiture of a high dignitary. (3) A term used in Muḥammadan law for the following of a religious leader without due inquiry.
TAQWĀ (تقوى). [[ABSTINENCE].]
TARĀWĪH (تراويح). The plural of tarwīḥ, “Rest.” The prayers, of usually twenty rakʿahs, recited at night during the month of Ramaẓān; so called because the congregation sit down and rest after every fourth rakʿah and every second “Salām.” [[RAMAZAN].]
TARIKAH (تركة). A legacy, a bequest, an inheritance.
AT-T̤ĀRIQ (الطارق). “The night-comer.” The title of the LXXXVIth Sūrah of the Qurʾān, beginning thus: