The evidence of two executors to the appointment of a third is not valid, unless he claim or admit it, and the evidence of orphans to the appointment of an executor is not admitted if he deny it.
The testimony of executors with respect to property on behalf of an infant or of an absent adult is not admitted.
The mutual evidence of parties on behalf of each other to debts due to each from an estate is valid, but not their evidence to legacies, unless each legacy respectively consists of a slave.
A mutual evidence of this nature is void where it involves a right of participation in the witnesses.
WINDS. Arabic riyāḥ (رياح), pl. of rīḥ. Heb. רוּחַ rūak͟h. There are four special winds mentioned in the Qurʾān: Ṣarṣar, a violent hurricane ([Sūrah lxix. 6]); ʿaqīm, a barren wind ([Sūrah li. 42]); lawāqīḥ, fertilizing winds ([Sūrah xv. 22]); mubashshirāt, harbingers of rain ([Sūrah xxx. 47]). And it is related that the Prophet said he was assisted by an east wind at the battle of the Ditch, and that the tribe of ʿĀd was destroyed by a west wind. A special chapter is devoted to the Prophet’s sayings with regard to the wind, as it appears that he had a superstition of it. ʿĀyishah said, that when the clouds appeared, the Prophet used to change colour, and come out of his house and walk to and fro, nor would his alarm cease until the storm had passed away. When she expressed her surprise at his excitement, he said, “O ʿĀyishah, peradventure these winds be like those which destroyed the tribe of ʿĀd.”
WINE. Heb. חֶמֶר k͟hemer, [Is. i. 22], “old wine.” Wine under the term k͟hamr (خمر), which is generally held to imply all things which intoxicate, is forbidden in the Qurʾān in the following verses:—
[Sūrah ii. 216]: “They will ask thee concerning wine and games of chance. Say: In both is great sin, and advantage also, to men; but their sin is greater than their advantage.”
[Sūrah v. 92]: “O believers! surely wine and games of chance, and statues, and the divining arrows, are an abomination of Satan’s work! Avoid them, that ye may prosper. Only would Satan sow hatred and strife among you, by wine, and games of chance, and turn you aside from the remembrance of God, and from prayer: will ye not, therefore, abstain from them? Obey God and obey the Apostle, and be on your guard: but if ye turn back, know that our Apostle is only bound to deliver a plain announcement.”
Al-Jalālān, the commentators, on these verses, say, “Only that wine is forbidden which intoxicates the brain and affects the steadiness of the body.” But all Muslim doctors hold that wine of any kind is forbidden.
Imām Abū Ḥanīfah says: “This doctrine is founded upon a precept of the Prophet, who said, ‘Whoever drinks wine, let him suffer correction by scourging as often as he drinks thereof.’” (Hamilton’s Hidāyah, vol. ii. 53.)