HYPOCRISY. Arabic riyā (رياء), nifāq (نفاق), makr (مكر), mudāhanat (مداهنة). When there is an allusion to hypocrisy in the Qurʾān, it refers to that class of people known as al-Munāfiqūn, or the hypocrites of al-Madīnah, who in the days of the Prophet professed to follow him, whilst secretly they opposed him [[MUNAFIQUN]], vide [Sūrahs ii. 7]; [xxxiii. 47]; [lvii. 13]. But in the Traditions we have the following with reference to this sin, Mishkāt, book i. ch. iii. pt. 3:—
“The signs of hypocrisy are three: speaking falsely, promising and not performing, and being perfidious when trusted.”
“There are four qualities, which being possessed by anyone, constitute a complete hypocrite; and whoever has one of the four has one hypocritical quality till he discards it: perfidy when trusted, the breaking of agreements, speaking falsely, and prosecuting hostility by treachery.”
HYPOCRITES. Arabic munāfiqūn (منافقون). A term applied by Muḥammad to those residents of al-Madīnah who during his first stay in that city ostensibly joined Islām, but in secret were disaffected.
I.
IBĀḤĪYAH (اباحية). A sect of libertines who consider all things lawful.
IBĀQ (اباق). The absconding of slaves. The fugitive slave being termed ābiq, or, if he be an infant, zāll, or the strayed one. The restorer of a fugitive slave is entitled to a reward of forty dirhams, but no reward is given for the restoration of a strayed infant slave. [[SLAVERY].]
IBĀẒĪYAH (اباضية). A sect of Muslims founded by ʿAbdu ʾllāh ibn Ibāẓ, who said that if a man commit a kabīrah or great sin, he is an infidel, and not a believer. (Kitābu ʾt-Taʿrīfāt, in loco.)
IBLĪS (ابليس). [[DEVIL].]
IBN ʿABBĀS (ابن عباس). ʿAbdu ʾllāh, the eldest son of ʿAbbās, and a cousin of Muḥammad. One of the most celebrated of the Companions, and the relator of numerous traditions. It is said that the angel Gabriel appeared to him, when he was only ten years old, and revealed to him the meaning of the Qurʾān, which accounted for his intimate acquaintance with the letter and meaning of the book. He was called Tarjumānu ʾl-Qurʾān, or “the interpreter of the Qurʾān.” He was appointed Governor of al-Baṣrah by the K͟halīfah ʿAlī, which office he held for some time. He returned to the Ḥijāz and died at at̤-T̤āʾif A.H. 68 (A.D. 687), aged 72 years.