ʿARĪYAH (عرية). A kind of sale permitted in Islām, namely, when a person computes what quantity of fruit there is on a tree and sells it before it is plucked. (Mishkāt, xii. c. v.)
ʿĀRĪYAH (عارية) (1) A loan for the use of anything of which Qarẓ cannot be made: e.g. the loan of a horse is ʿĀrīyah; the loan of money is Qarẓ. (2) A gift, of which the following is an example:—A person makes a gift to another of the dates of a palm-tree in his garden; but having afterwards some doubt of the propriety of that person coming daily to his garden where his family usually are, and being at the same time unwilling to depart from his promise, or to retract his gift, he gives some of the dates that have already been pulled in lieu of those upon the tree. (Baillie’s Law of Sale, p. 300.)
ARK, NOAH’S (فلك نوح). It is mentioned in the history of the Deluge, as recorded in the Qurʾān, in two places—[Sūrah xi. 39], “Build the ark under our eye and after our revelation,” and [Sūrah xxiii. 27]. There is also supposed to be an allusion to the ark in [Sūrah xxxvi. 41], “And a sign to them is that we bare their offspring in the laden ship.”
Al-Baiẓāwī says that Noah was two years building the ark, which was 300 cubits long, 50 wide, and 30 broad, and which was made of Indian plane-tree; that it consisted of three storeys, the lowest for beasts, the middle for men and women (who were separated from each other), and the highest for birds.
The ark is said to have rested on the mountain al-Jūdī. [[NOAH].]
ARK OF THE COVENANT. The Hebrew word for “Ark” is תֵּבָה (i.e. a chest, a coffer), Chald. תֵּיבוּתָא, Arabic تابوت, تابوة. See Qurʾān, [Sūrah ii. 249], “The sign of his (Saul’s) kingdom is that there shall come unto you the ark (Tābūt); in it shall be security (or the Shechinah, sakīnah, Heb. שְׁכִינָה) from your Lord, and the relics of what the family of Moses and the family of Aaron left; the angels shall bear it.” Jalālu ʾd-dīn says this ark contained the images of the prophets, and was sent down from heaven to Adam, and at length came to the Israelites, who put great confidence therein, and continually carried it in front of their army, till it was taken by the Amalekites. But on this occasion the angels brought it back in the sight of all the people, and placed it at the feet of Saul (T̤ālūt), who was thereupon unanimously received as king.
ARMS, The Sale of. The sale of armour or warlike stores to rebels, or in their camp, is forbidden, because selling arms into the hands of rebels is an assistance to defection. But it is not forbidden to sell the materials for making arms to such persons. (Hamilton’s Hidāyah, vol. ii. 225.)
ARSH (ارش). (1.) A legal term for compensation. (2.) A mulct; a fine; particularly that which is paid for shedding of blood. (3.) A gift for conciliating the favour of a judge; a bribe. (4.) Whatever a purchaser receives from a seller after discovering a fault in the article bought.
ʿARSH (عرش). The term used in the Qurʾān for the throne of God. [Sūrah ix. 131], “He is the Lord of the mighty throne.” Husainī, the commentator, says the throne has 8,000 pillars, and the distance between each pillar is 3,000,000 miles.
ʿAṢABAH (عصبة). A legal term for male relatives by the father’s side, agnates.