33. Maḥmūd II., A.D. 1808.
34. ʿAbdu ʾl-Majīd, A.D. 1839.
35. ʿAbdu ʾl-ʿAzīz, A.D. 1861.
36. Murād V., A.D. 1876.
37. ʿAbdu ʾl-Ḥamīd, A.D. 1876.
II.—The Shīʿahs only regard those as rightful Imāms (they do not use the word K͟halīfah) who are descended from ʿAlī (the son-in-law of the Prophet) and his wife Fāt̤imah, the Prophet’s daughter. According to their traditions, Muḥammad distinctly nominated ʿAlī as his successor when he was returning from his farewell pilgrimage. They say, that on his way to al-Madīnah, the Prophet, with ʿAlī and certain other of the Companions stayed at a place called G͟hadiri-i-K͟hūm. And that it was here revealed by Gabriel that he should nominate ʿAlī as his successor. He is related to have said, “O ye people, I am your Prophet and ʿAlī is my successor. From us (i.e. ʿAlī and my daughter) shall descend al-Mahdī, the seal of the Imāms.” (See Ḥayātu ʾl-Qulūb, p. 334.)
According to the Shīʿahs, there have only been twelve lawful Imāms:—
1. ʿAlī, son-in-law of Muḥammad.
2. Al-Ḥasan, eldest son of ʿAlī and Fāt̤imah.
3. Al-Ḥusain, the second son of ʿAlī and Fāt̤imah.