(1) The word malik is now merely used in Arabia and in Central Asia for a petty chief.
(2) Sult̤ān occurs in the Qurʾān for “authority,” or “power,” and not for a king. [Sūrah lxix. 29], “My authority has perished from me.” But it is now the title assumed by the Emperor of Turkey.
(3) Pādshāh and Shāh are Persian words, the ruler of Persia having assumed the title of Shāh or King. The word Pādshāh is derived from pād, “a throne,” and shāh, “a lord or possessor,” i.e. “the lord of the throne.” In Hindustani it is Bādshāh.
(4) Wālī, is a title assumed by Muḥammadan rulers, the title being held by the Barakzai rulers of Afg͟hānistān in all legal documents. The word simply means a possessor, or one in authority.
(5) Amīr has a similar meaning to Wālī, and is a title which is assumed by Muslim rulers, as the Amīrs of Buk͟harah and of Kabūl. It is derived from ʿamr, “to rule.”
(6) Saiyid, “a lord,” is a title given to the descendants of Muḥammad, and is a regal title assumed by the ruler of Zanzibār.
(7) Imām, “a leader,” is the legal title of the head of the Muslims, and it is that given to the successors of Muḥammad, who are so called in the Traditions and in Muḥammadan works of law. [[IMAM].]
(8) K͟halīfah, “a vicegerent.” K͟halīfah, or Caliph, is used for the same regal personage as Imām. [[KHALIFAH], [RULERS].]
KIRĀMAH (كرامة). The miracles of any saint other than a Prophet, as distinguished from muʿjizah, which is always used for the miracles of an apostle or prophet. [[MIRACLES].]
KIRĀMĪYAH (كرامية). A sect of Muslims founded by Muḥammad ibn Karīm, and called also the Mujassīyah, or Corporealists, because they admitted not only a resemblance between God and created beings, but declared him to be corporeal in substance.