If an oath be administered to a Jew, he should say, “I swear by God who revealed the Taurāt to Moses.”
If to a Christian, he should say, “I swear by God who revealed the Injīl to Jesus.”
If to a Majūsī or fire-worshipper, he should say, “I swear by God who created fire.”
An oath cannot be administered to an idolater otherwise than in the name of God, in accordance with this verse in the Qurʾān, “If ye ask of them who hath created you, verily they will say God Almighty.” ([Sūrah xxxix. 39].)
An oath cannot be administered to infidels in their places of worship, because the Qāẓī is not allowed to enter such a place. This applies to the places of worship of the Jews and Christians as well as of idolaters. (Hidāyah, vol. ii. p. 77.)
Women are not in Muslim law (as in Jewish, Mishna Sheb. iv. 1), forbidden to bear witness on oath.
OBSEQUIES OF THE DEAD. [[JANAZAH].]
OFFENCE AGAINST THE PERSON. [[JINAYAH].]
OFFERINGS. The Arabic word naẕr (نذر) is often used for an offering, but in its strict theological meaning it expresses a vow. K͟hairāt (خيرات), pl. of K͟hair, is used for ordinary acts of charity. Ṣadaqah (صدقة) also expresses the same meaning. Niyāz (نياز) is an offering to a saint. Zakāt (زكوة), the legal alms.
[For an account of these offerings refer to the words.]