(a) Adultery, zināʾ (زناء), for which the adulterer must be stoned, rajm (رجم). (Mishkāt, book xv. ch. 1.)
(b) Fornication, zināʾ (زناء), for which the guilty persons must receive one hundred stripes. (Qurʾān, [Sūrah xxiv. 2].)
(c) The false accusation of a married person with adultery, qaẕf (قذف), for which the offender must receive eighty stripes (Qurʾān, [Sūrah xxiv. 4].)
(d) Apostacy, irtidād (ارتداد), which is punishable with death. (Mishkāt, book xiv. ch. v.)
(e) Drinking wine, shurb (شرب), for which the offender must receive eighty lashes. (Mishkāt, book xv. ch. iv.)
(f) Theft, sariqah (سرقة), which is punished by cutting off the right hand. (Qurʾān, [Sūrah v. 42].)
(g) Highway robbery, qat̤ʿu ʾt̤-t̤arīq (قطع الطريق): for robbery only, the loss of hands and feet, and for robbery with murder, death, either by the sword or crucifixion. (Qurʾān, [Sūrah v. 37].)
(2) Qiṣāṣ (قصاص), lit. “retaliation,” is that punishment which, although fixed by the law, can be remitted by the person offended against, or, in the case of a murdered person, by his heirs. It is applicable to cases of murder and of wounding. Qiṣāṣ is the lex talionis of Moses: “Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe” ([Exodus xxi. 24]); but in allowing a money compensation, Muḥammad departed from the Jewish Code. (Qurʾān, [Sūrah ii. 173].)
(3) Taʿẕīb (تعذيب), is the punishment which is left to the discretion of the Qāẓī or Judge. [[HADD], [QISAS], TAʿZIB.]
PUNISHMENTS OF THE GRAVE. [[AZABU ʾL-QABR].]