The Prophet and the believers must not ask forgiveness for the idolaters, however near of kin.
Abraham only asked pardon for his idolatrous father in fulfilment of a promise.
The three Anṣārs who refused to accompany Muḥammad to Tabūk are forgiven.
The people of al-Madīnah and the neighbouring Arabs blamed for holding back on the occasion.
All sacrifices for the sake of the religion are counted to them.
Exhortation to fight rigorously against the infidels.
Reproof to those who receive the revelation suspiciously.
God will stand by his Apostle.
V.—Sources of the Qurʾān.
Muḥammadanism owes more to Judaism (see a book by M. Geiger, entitled, Was hat Muhammed aus dem Judenthume aufgenommen, in which that learned Jew has traced all the leading features of Islām to Talmudic sources; also Literary Remains of Emanuel Deutsch, Essay on Islām; also article on [JUDAISM] in the present work) than it does to either Christianity or Sabeanism, for it is simply Talmudic Judaism adapted to Arabia, plus the Apostleship of Jesus and Muḥammad; and wherever Muḥammad departs from the monotheistic principles of Judaism, as in the idolatrous practices of the Pilgrimage to the Kaʿbah, it is evident that it is done as a necessary concession to the national feelings and sympathies of the people of Arabia, and it is absolutely impossible for Muḥammadan divines to reconcile the idolatrous rites of the Kaʿbah with that simple monotheism which it was evidently Muḥammad’s intention to establish in Arabia.