Verse 149: “And say not of those who are slain in the road of God that they are dead, but rather that they are living.”
Verse 263: “Those who expend their wealth in the road of God.” [[JIHAD].]
SABT (سبت). [[SABBATH].]
SACRAMENTS, CHRISTIAN. [[EUCHARIST], [BAPTISM].]
SACRIFICE. There are six words used in the Muḥammadan religion to express the idea of sacrifice.
(1) ذبح ẕabḥ, Hebrew זֶבַח zebach. Like the Hebrew word ([Gen. xxxi. 54]), the Arabic is used generally for slaughtering animals, whether on the Great Festival of Sacrifice [[ʿIDU ʾL-AZHA]], or, at ordinary times, for food. In the Qāmūs, the word ẕabḥ is defined “to split or pierce; to cut the throat of any creature.” In the Qurʾān, the word is used for the slaughtering of the heifer by Moses ([Sūrah ii. 63]), for the slaying of the sons of Israel by Pharaoh ([Sūrah ii. 46]), for sacrificing to idols ([Sūrah v. 4]); and for the intention of Abraham to sacrifice his son ([Sūrah xxxvii. 101]).
(2) قربان qurbān, Hebrew קָרְבָּן korbān ([Lev. ii. 14]), Lit. “Approaching near.” It occurs twice in the Qurʾān, for the sacrifice to be devoured by fire from heaven, which the Jews demanded of Muḥammad ([Sūrah iii. 179]), and for the offering of the sons of Adam ([Sūrah v. 30]). It is a word frequently employed in Islām to express the ordinary sacrifice, and the great festival is called in Persia the ʿĪd-i-Qurbān, or “Feast of Sacrifice.”
(3) نحر naḥr. Lit. “To injure the jugular vein.” Used for stabbing the breast of a camel, as in sacrifice, hence the sacrifice itself. It occurs once in the Qurʾān, [Sūrah cviii. 1, 2]: “Verily we have given thee al-Kaus̤ar, so pray to thy Lord and sacrifice,” which al-Baiẓāwī says means to sacrifice a camel, the most costly victim of the Arabians. The ʿĪdu ʾl-Aẓḥā is called the Yaumu ʾn-Naḥr. [[ʿIDU ʾL-AZHA].]
(4) اضحية uẓḥīyah. A word which does not occur in the Qurʾān, but in the Traditions it is the subject of a Chapter in Mishkātu ʾl-Maṣābīḥ (book iv. ch. xlix.). According to the Qāmūs, it is derived from ẓaḥw, ẓuḥā, a word which expresses that time of the day when the sun has risen to a considerable height, about 10 A.M. (Ṣalātu ʾẓ-Ẓuḥā, being a voluntary prayer at that hour). Uẓḥīyah is therefore the sacrifice offered about 10 o’clock on the day of the Great Festival.
(5) هدى Hady, or, according to another reading, Hadī. Occurs four times in the Qurʾān, [Sūrahs ii. 193], [v. 2], [96], [98], for offering of an animal for sacrifice sent to the temple at Makkah, when the pilgrim is not able to reach in time. The Qāmūs defines it as that “which is presented.” Al-Baiẓāwī (Tafsīr, p. 100) gives Hady as the plural form of Hadyah and Hadī as that of Hadīyah. The latter occurs in the Qurʾān, [Sūrah xxvii. 35], for an offering or gift, and seems to have the same meaning as the Hebrew מִנְחָה minchah, which is used in the Old Testament for a gift or tribute ([Gen. iv. 3]), and also for the unbloody sacrifice or “meat offering” ([Lev. ii. 1]).