[1]. As there appears a strong coincidence between this opinion and one expressed in the preface to the “Rules for the Government of Gaols,” I beg leave to add an extract from that excellent publication, which appeared in 1820, but had not been seen by me until long after the above was written. “It must be apparent to all who have directed their attention to this subject, that the system of Prison Discipline too generally prevalent in England was confined to a single object, the safe custody of the prisoner; and to one method of accomplishing that object, severe and sometimes unnecessary coercion: if the prisoner could be retained within the walls of a gaol by bars, by chains, or by subterraneous and unventilated dungeons, by the use of any rigour or privation, this plan, aiming only at his personal security, was deemed sufficient: the possibility of reforming the criminal seems never to have been contemplated; no rule was in force, no arrangement existed, which could be referred to such a purpose: the attempt to disengage the culprit from long formed habits of vice, and to rekindle in his breast the latent sparks of virtue, were schemes known indeed by the writings of Howard, but generally regarded as the visionary efforts of an excessive philanthropy.”
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
ON TRANSPORTATION.
Capital punishment, [1]. Royal mercy, [2]. Origin of transportation, [3]. Convicts become settlers in America,—American Revolution, [4]. Hulks and houses of correction instituted, [5]. First expedition to New South Wales, [6]. Colony established, [7]. Progressive arrangements, [8]. Judicious regulations, [9]. Encouragement to convicts,—crimes often committed for the purpose of getting transported, [10]. Convicts liberally fed and clothed during the voyage, [11]. Victualling scheme, [12]. Prison sufficiently roomy, [13]. Extra stores, [14]. Hospital furniture, [15]. Articles of comfort in female ships, [16]. Clothing and books provided for children, [17]. Military guard allowed too much spirits, [18]. Scheme for victualling guard, [19]. Convicts’ regret on leaving the ship, [20]. Arrangements for juvenile offenders, [21]. Efforts to reform them, [22]. Many of them grossly ignorant, [23]. Effects of previous idleness, [24]. Employment considered, [25]. Probability of mutiny among convicts considered, [26]. Their gratitude and attachment, [27]. Ladies’ Committee, [28]. Their humane attention to prisoners, [29]. School established, [30].
CHAPTER II.
VOYAGE IN THE NEPTUNE.
Influence of moral principle, [31]. Abstract view of the Convicts’ crimes and characters, [33]. Convicts considered irreclaimable, [34]. Mutiny in a male convict ship, [35]. Insubordination among females, [36]. Repentance and reformation, how and when to be aimed at, [37]. Regulations, [39]. System of management commenced, [40]. False alarm of the convicts rising, [41]. Religious worship, its apparent effects, [42]. Punishment inflicted, [43]. Prisoners reconciled to their banishment, [44]. A school formed for young offenders, [45]. Their progress in learning, [47]. Inherent love of liberty, [48]. Refractory conduct of a sailor, [49]. Laws respecting seamen, [51]. Relative situation of the guards and prisoners, [52]. Soldiers intoxicated, [53]. Conduct of their wives, [54]. Quarrel between the guards and sailors, [56]. Bad behaviour of a convict, [59]. Allowance of spirits to the guard recommended to be reduced, [60]. Women and children to have none, [61]. Improvement among the boys, [62]. The convicts generally behave well, [63]. Their letter to Lord Sidmouth, [64]. Two mutinous seamen discharged, [67]. Interview with Lord Charles Somerset, [68]. Interview with the Deputy Colonial Secretary, [69]. Agent for Transports visits the Neptune, [70]. Sixteen convicts are embarked, [71]. Apprehensions of disease from this increased number, [72]. Official application not noticed, [74]. Precautions to prevent communication between the new and old prisoners, [75]. The latter generously share their wine with the former, [76]. Prisoners express their gratitude for being kindly treated, [77]. Neptune’s arrival at Sydney; the convicts write a letter, [79]. Governor Macquarie’s opinion of the voyage, [80]. Observations in the colony, [81]. Departure with dispatches, [82]. Loss sustained by a hurricane, [83]. Return to England,—letter to Navy Board, [84].
CHAPTER III.
VOYAGE IN THE MORLEY.