Plant Nutrition and Metabolism
Most studies of plant nutrition and metabolism pertain to the following questions. What do plants need for their best growth? How do they take in the materials they need? What things are absorbed by roots and what things by foliage? How does the plant turn water and other simple compounds into carbohydrates and proteins?
Specific problems that atomic energy has helped to solve are listed.
What Happens to Fertilizer in the Soil?
Early research indicated that only 10 to 12 per cent of phosphorus fertilizers was taken up by plants in the first year; the rest was “locked into” the soil or washed away. With radioactive phosphorus-32 scientists found that as much as 50 to 70 per cent of the phosphorus in a plant came from the fertilizer during the first two or three weeks of growth.
Do Plants Absorb Through Roots Only?
Fertilizer applied to soil is largely wasted because it is either bound by soil particles or is washed out of the root zone. If chemical elements could go directly into leaves and bypass the wastefulness of soils, a tremendous saving would result.
Botanists have learned in recent years that the foliage of plants can take in some nutrients much as roots can. With tracers they discovered that many nutrients are readily taken up by foliage, including bark of dormant trees, even at temperatures below freezing. As shown by isotopic tracers, elements such as phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium move both up and down from the point of application at rates similar to those following root absorption. Urea (a nitrogen compound) is now used as a nutrient foliar spray for many fruit and vegetable crops in this country.
Where Should Fertilizer Be Placed?
Even before the use of tracers, agronomists realized the inefficiency of spreading fertilizer uniformly over a seed-bed. They know the fertilizer should be placed somewhere near the seed, but where? Above? Below? Beside? Below and beside? How far away? They had conducted some research, but the methods were slow and tedious.