LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
| Plate I.—The Block House, Norman Cross Barracks, 1809, where Prisoners of War were Confined Drawn by Captain George Lloyd, 2nd West York Militia, 1809 | Frontispiece |
| Plate II, Fig. 1.—The Washingley Plan of the Depot, 1797 to 1803, East Elevation | [18] |
| Fig. 2.—Mr. Hill’s Plan of the Depot, 1797 to 1803, West Elevation | [18] |
| Fig. 3.—Major Kelly’s Plan of the Depot, 1800 to 1805, (a) North Elevation, (b) Ground Plan, and (c) Pictorial Plan from the East | [18] |
| Fig. 4.—Bird’s-eye View of Norman Cross Barracks and Prison, East Elevation, Executed by Lieut. E. Macgregor, 1813 | [18] |
| Plate III.—The Block House which stood in the Centre of the Prison | [22] |
| Plate IV.—The Outer Side of the Wall | [24] |
| Plate V.—The Inner Side of the Prison Wall as it now Stands | [26] |
| Plate VI.—The House of the Barrack Master, Enlarged in 1816, now the Residence of J. A. Herbert, Esq., J.P. | [30] |
| Plate VII.—Lodge removed from the Prison in April, 1816, and re-erected as Cottages in St. Leonard Street, Peterborough | [37] |
| Plate VIII, Fig. 1.—Wooden Tea-caddy richly decorated with “Paper Mosaic,” the Work of the Prisoners of War at the Falmouth Depot. The Specimen is in the Collection of Miss Lilley Paull, of Truro. Fig. 2. Tea-caddy similarly decorated in the possession of the Countess of Lindsey, Uffington Park (v. p. 133) | [46] |
| Plate IX.—Emblematic Group of Seven Figures arranged in Three Tiers carved in Bone (Peterborough Museum) | [94] |
| Plate X.—Model of Guillotine: Bone Work (Peterborough Museum) | [102] |
| Plate XI.—Work-box made by the French Prisoners of War at Norman Cross (Peterborough Museum) | [126] |
| Plate XII.—Pair of Fire Screens decorated in Straw Marquetry (Peterborough Museum) | [128] |
| Plate XIII.—North-west View of Peterborough Cathedral, Executed in Straw Marquetry (Peterborough Museum) | [129] |
| Plate XIV.—Elaborately Carved Ornamental Design in Bone Work, representing a Theatre, with Figures in Carved Bone on the Stage, the Work of the Norman Cross Prisoners of War (Peterborough Museum) | [130] |
| Plate XV.—Desk made from the Bones obtained from the Cook-house by the French Prisoners of War at Norman Cross (Peterborough Museum) | [131] |
| Plate XVI, Fig. 1.—Mechanical Bone Work Group of Moving Figures on Platform and Pedestal. Figs. 2 and 3.—Groups of Flowers in Paper Work (Peterborough Museum) | [132] |
| Plate XVII.—Plait Merchants trading with the French Prisoners of War at Norman Cross, Hunts. Photogravure of painting by A. C. Cooke, Esq., and reproduced here by the kind permission of the artist. | [136] |
| Plate XVIII.—The Bell Inn, Stilton From a photograph by Mr. A. C. Taylor. | [141] |
| Plate XIX.—Facsimile of Order from Board of Transport, 9th April 1802, to Captain Holditch, Owner and Master of Cartel “Argo” | [241] |
| Plate XX.—Model of the Prison of Norman Cross, England, in the County of, and 4½ Leagues from, Huntingdon (In the Musée de l’Armée, Hôtel des Invalides, Paris) | [251] |
| Plate XXI.—Key Plan of M. Foulley’s Model of the Prison of Norman Cross, England | [251] |
| One of the Wells on the Site of the Prison From a photograph by the Rev. E. H. Brown, July 1910. | [254] |
FOREWORDS
In April 1894 an exhibition was held at the Grand Assembly Rooms, Peterborough, under the auspices of the Local Natural History and Antiquarian Society, the major portion of the exhibits being articles of various descriptions made by the French prisoners of war at the barracks built in 1796–97 for their confinement at Norman Cross. On that occasion, Dr. Walker drew up a short account of the buildings and their inmates, derived principally from recollections of old people and from old newspaper files. Now that most of the relics then exhibited, and many others collected from various quarters, have found a permanent home in the Society’s Museum, it has been thought that the lecture embodying that history, which exists to-day only as a newspaper report, should be expanded and reproduced in the more accessible and permanent form of a small volume.
The lecture was incomplete, and to produce an exhaustive history it has been necessary to carry out systematic researches in the British Museum Library, in the Public Record Office, and in other repositories of information.
The general reader of a book is not concerned with the method of its construction, the complete structure is the only thing regarded, yet a very amusing digression could be given describing the difficulties attending the search, especially in the Government stores, for the material which is incorporated in this volume. Many of the documents utilised had never been looked at since they were placed in sacks at the close of the war, when Red Tape was more rampant than to-day, and when the jurisdictions of several departments overlapped, causing obstructive friction and consequent confusion. The official calendars and indices afford little or no indication as to the nature of the contents of bundles and rolls; in several cases valuable information has been obtained from bundles giving no hint of the contents, and simply marked “Various” or “Miscellaneous.”
Under the cumbersome and complicated system in vogue in the various offices at the close of the eighteenth century, the very limited staff employed could not keep pace with the pressure of the war. At Woolwich, Sir William Congreve reported that in some branches of his department the accounts were three and four years in arrears, in one branch as many as seven years, and pleaded for an extra clerk, which request, after some correspondence, was granted. This pressure led to laxity of supervision, culminating in corruption even in high places, and at last in 1804 General De Lancey, the Barrack Master-General, the head of the department responsible for the buildings at Norman Cross and other depots, was dismissed for defalcations, and the report of a Commission appointed to investigate his accounts from 1792 to that date, affirms that he had “made the most extravagant bargains both for land and buildings, and actually entrusted the contract for the fittings of barracks to a single individual, upon the easiest and most insecure of agreements. . . . The Commissioners of Audit were ignored, and the authority of the Treasury set aside on the most ridiculous pretexts; and when inquiry was at last made in 1804, it was found that over nine million pounds of public money had been issued to the Barrack Master-General’s department, and that no accurate account could be produced either of the public or private expenditure of the same.” [0a] This Report led to an inquiry by an eminent firm of accountants as to the method of keeping the accounts, and the following extract from their long and detailed report may be of interest, as showing the confused nature of the materials through which we have had to search for facts throwing light on our subject:
“The Variety, extent and importance of the Business conducted by the Barrack Department, seems to require perhaps more than any other, that all the Accounts should be entered in the Books in such order, and with such precision as that a true Statement of the whole, or of any particular branch of the business may be produced whenever required without constant recurrence to the Vouchers and papers from which these Books are formed. This cannot be effected in any way so well as by regular Books kept in a manner that has been in use for many hundred years, is familiar to Men of Business in all Countries, is equally applicable to the finances of a Kingdom as to the Accounts of a private family, and upon which the best Accomptants have not been able to make much improvement: but in the Barrack Office, so far from adopting this method, they have no Waste Book or Day Book, nor have they any Journal which is the most essential of all Books, where there is a number of Entries to make, and without which they cannot record any transfer of property, nor any transaction whatever which does not come through the Cash Book. Their Ledgers are posted chiefly from Vouchers and accounts, and resemble more what is commonly called a Check Ledger, than one which has a regular reference to a Journal and Cash Book, from which only every Entry in the Ledger should be made. Their Ledgers can never be regularly balanced, nor can an error that may be made, by placing a sum of money to a wrong account, be easily detected—indeed no Examination of any Account in the Ledger can be made without referring to the Vouchers. Much time and labour is often uselessly spent in searching for them, and replacing them.”
This report led to an immediate reform, and research through the documents bearing dates later than 1806 was far easier than that through those of the previous decade, at the commencement of which the Norman Cross Prison came into existence.
It is needless to say that the documents of the various Government departments now concentrated in the Public Record Office are numbered by millions, and of those relating to Prisoners of War there are over 700 volumes, besides hundreds of rolls, bundles, and packets, pertaining to the Admiralty and War Office departments; these include various branches now completely transformed, such as Transport Board, Commission for Sick and Hurt, etc. Huge Ledgers are not indexed, nor are the accounts entered consecutively. Rough minute books and letter books on all conceivable subjects are in the same chaotic condition, so that whole days have been wasted on a fruitless search, while on the other hand important results have been unexpectedly obtained in unlikely and unlooked-for quarters.