[CHAPTER I.]Departure from Vienna.—Frank's Letter.—A Farewell Promenade.—From Vienna to Cracow.—The Great Salt-mine of Wieliczka, and what was seen there.—Churches and Palaces Underground.—Voyage on a Subterranean Lake.
[CHAPTER II.]Leaving Cracow.—The Russian Frontier.—The Police and the Custom-house.—Russian Censorship of Books and Papers.—Catching a Smuggler.—From the Frontier to Warsaw.—Sights and Incidents in the Capital of Poland.—From Warsaw to St. Petersburg.
[CHAPTER III.]In the Streets of St. Petersburg.—Isvoshchiks and Droskies.—Counting in Russian.—Passports and their Uses.—On the Nevski Prospect.—Visiting the Church of Kazan.—The Russo-Greek Religion.—Unfavorable Position of St. Petersburg.—Danger of Destruction.—Great Inundation of 1824.—Statue of Peter the Great.—Admiralty Square.—The Sailors and the Statue.
[CHAPTER IV.]Dinner in a Russian Restaurant.—Cabbage Soup, Fish Pies, and other odd Dishes.—The "Samovar" and its Uses.—Russian Tea-drinkers.—"Joltai Chai."—Alexander's Column.—Fortress of Sts. Peter and Paul.—Imperial Assassinations.—Sketches of the People.—Russian Police and their Ways.
[CHAPTER V.]Number and Character of the Russian People.—Pan-Slavic Union.—St. Isaac's Church: its History and Description.—The Winter Palace and the Hermitage.—Sights in the Palace.—Catherine's Rules for her Receptions.—John Paul Jones in Russia.—The Crown Jewels and the Orloff Diamond.—Anecdotes of the Emperor Nicholas.—Relics of Peter the Great.—From Palace to Prison.—Tombs of Russia's Emperors.—A Monument and an Anecdote.
[CHAPTER VI.]The Gostinna Dvor: its Extent and Character.—Peculiarity of Russian Shopping.—Curious Customs.—Old-clothes Market.—Hay-market.—Pigeons in Russian Cities.—Frozen Animals.—Church and Monastery of St. Alexander Nevski.—A Persian Train.—A Coffin of Solid Silver.—The Summer Garden.—Speaking to the Emperor.—Kriloff and his Fables.—Visit to a Russian Theatre.—"A Life for the Czar."—A Russian Comedy.
[CHAPTER VII.]Newspapers in Russia: their Number, Character, and Influence.—Difficulties of Editorial Life.—The Censorship.—An Excursion to Peterhof, Oranienbaum, and Cronstadt.—Sights in the Summer Palace.—Cronstadt and the Naval Station.—The Russian Navy.—The Russian Army: its Composition and Numbers.—The Cossacks.—Anecdotes of Russian Military Life.
[CHAPTER VIII.]Visiting the University of St. Petersburg.—Education in Russia.—Primary and other Schools.—The System of Instruction.—Recent Progress in Educational Matters.—Universities in the Empire: their Number and Location.—Religious Liberty.—Treatment of the Jews.—The Islands of the Neva, and what was seen there.—In a "Traktir."—Bribery among Russian Officials.
[CHAPTER IX.]Studies of St. Petersburg.—Mujiks.—"The Imperial Nosegay."—A Short History of Russian Serfdom: its Origin, Growth, and Abuses.—Emancipation of the Serfs.—Present Condition of the Peasant Class.—Seeing the Emperor.—How the Czar appears in Public.—Public and Secret Police: their Extraordinary Powers.—Anecdotes of Police Severity.—Russian Courts of Law.
[CHAPTER X.]Winter in Russia.—Fashionable and other Furs.—Sleighs and Sledges.—No Sleigh-bells in Russian Cities.—Official Opening of the Neva.—Russian Ice-hills.—"Butter-week."—Kissing at Easter.—An Active Kissing-time.—Russian Stoves and Baths.—Effects of Severe Cold.—The Story of the Frozen Nose.—How Men are Frozen to Death.
[CHAPTER XI.]Leaving St. Petersburg.—Novgorod the Great: its History and Traditions.—Rurik and his Successors.—Barbarities of John the Terrible.—Early History of Russia.—An Imperial Bear-hunt.—Origin of the House of Romanoff.—"A Life for the Czar."—Railways in Russia from Novgorod to Moscow.
[CHAPTER XII.]First Impressions of Moscow.—Undulations of the Ground.—Irregularity of the Buildings, and the Cause thereof.—Napoleon's Campaign in Russia.—Disaster and Retreat.—The Burning of Moscow.—The Kremlin: its Churches, Treasures, and Historical Associations.—Anecdotes of Russian Life.—The Church of St. Basil.
[CHAPTER XIII.]The Great Theatre of Moscow.—Operatic Performances.—The Kitai Gorod and Gostinna Dvor.—Romanoff House and the Romanoff Family.—Sketch of the Rulers of Russia.—Anecdotes of Peter the Great and others.—Church of the Saviour.—Mosques and Pagodas.—The Museum.—Riding-school.—Suhareff Tower.—Traktirs.—Old Believers.—The Sparrow Hills and the Simonoff Monastery.
[CHAPTER XIV.]A Visit to the Troitska Monastery, and what was seen there.—Curious Legends.—Monks at Dinner.—European Fairs.—The Great Fair at Nijni Novgorod.—Sights and Scenes.—Minin's Tomb and Tower.—Down the Volga by Steamboat.—Steam Navigation on the great River.—Kazan, and what was seen there.—The Route to Siberia.
[CHAPTER XV.]Avatcha Bay, in Kamtchatka.—Attack upon Petropavlovsk by the Allied Fleet.—Dogs and Dog-driving.—Rapid Travelling with a Dog-team.—Population and Resources of Kamtchatka.—Reindeer and their Uses.—The Amoor River.—Native Tribes and Curious Customs.—Tigers in Siberia.—Navigation of the Amoor.—Overland Travelling in Siberia.—Riding in a Tarantasse.—A Rough Road.—An Amusing Mistake.—From Stratensk to Nertchinsk.—Gold-mining in Siberia.
[CHAPTER XVI.]The Exiles of Siberia.—The Decembrists and their Experience.—Social Position of Exiles.—Different Classes of Exiles and their Sentences.—Criminals and Politicals.—Degrees of Punishment.—Perpetual Colonists.—How Exiles Travel.—Lodging-houses and Prisons.—Convoys.—Thrilling Story of an Escape from Siberia.—Secret Roads.—How Peasants Treat the Exiles.—Prisoners in Chains.
[CHAPTER XVII.]Character of the Siberian Population.—Absence of Serfdom, and its Effect.—A Russian Fête.—Amusements of the Peasantry.—Courtship and Marriage.—Curious Customs.—Whipping a Wife.—Overland through Siberia again.—Chetah and the Bouriats.—In a Bouriat Village.—Verckne Udinsk.—Siberian Robbers.—Tea-trains and Tea-trade.—Kiachta.—Lodged by the Police.—Trade between Russia and China.
[CHAPTER XVIII.]General Aspects of Mai-mai-chin.—Dinner with a Chinese Governor.—A Theatrical Performance.—Lake Baikal: its Remarkable Features.—A Wonderful Ride.—Irkutsk: its Population, Size, and Peculiarities.—Social Gayeties.—Preparations for a long Sleigh-ride.—List of Garments.—Varieties of Sleighs.—Farewell to Irkutsk.—Sleighing Incidents.—Food on the Road.—Siberian Mails.—Advantages of Winter Travelling.—Sleighing on bare Ground.—A Snowless Region.—Krasnoyarsk.
[CHAPTER XIX.]Position and Character of Krasnoyarsk.—A Lesson in Russian Pronunciation.—Market Scene.—Siberian Trees.—The "Oukhaba."—A New Sensation.—Road-fever and its Cause.—An Exciting Adventure with Wolves.—How Wolves are Hunted.—From Krasnoyarsk to Tomsk.—Steam Navigation in Siberia.—Barnaool.—Mines of the Altai.—Tigers and Tiger Stories.—the "Bouran."—Across the Baraba Steppe.—Tumen and Ekaterineburg.—From Europe to Asia.—Perm, Kazan, and Nijni Novgorod.—End of the Sleigh-ride.
[CHAPTER XX.]Down the Volga again.—Russian Reception Ceremony.—Simbirsk, Samara, and Saratov.—German Settlers on the Volga.—Don Cossacks.—Astrachan.—Curious Population.—Voyage on the Caspian Sea.—The Caspian Petroleum Region.—Tank-steamers.—Interesting Facts and Figures of the New Petrolia.—Present Product of the Baku Oil-fields.—Excursion to Balakhani, and Visit to the Oil-wells.—Temples of the Fire-worshippers.—Antiquity of the Caspian Petroleum Region.—Marco Polo and other Authorities.
[CHAPTER XXI.]A Glance at Central Asia.—Russian Conquest in Turkestan.—War and Diplomacy among the Kirghese Tribes.—Russian Taxes and their Collection.—Turcoman and Kirghese Raids.—Prisoners sold into Slavery.—Fortified Villages and Towers of Refuge.—Commerce in Turkestan.—Jealousy of Foreigners.—Travels of Vámbéry and Others.—Vámbéry's Narrow Escape.—Turcoman Character.—Payments for Human Heads.—Marriage Customs among the Turcomans.—Extent and Population of Central Asia.
[CHAPTER XXII.]Frank and Fred in the Turcoman Country.—The Trans-Caspian Railway.—Skobeleff's Campaign, and the Capture of Geok Tepé.—English Jealousy of Russian Advances.—Rivers of Central Asia.—The Oxus and Jaxartes.—Agriculture by Irrigation.—Khiva, Samarcand, and Bokhara.—A Ride on the Trans-Caspian Railway.—Statistics of the Line.—Kizil Arvat, Askabad, and Sarakhs.—Route to Herat and India.—Turcoman Devastation.—The Afghan Boundary Question.—How Merv was Captured.—O'Donovan and MacGahan: their Remarkable Journeys.—Railway Route from England to India.—Return to Baku.
[CHAPTER XXIII.]Baku to Tiflis.—The Capital of the Caucasus.—Mountain Travelling.—Crossing the Range.—Petroleum Locomotives.—Batoum and its Importance.—Trebizond and Erzeroom.—Sebastopol and the Crimea.—Short History of the Crimean War.—Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78.—Battles in the Crimea and Siege of Sebastopol.—Visiting the Malakoff and Redan Forts.—View of the Battle-fields.—Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava.—Present Condition of Sebastopol.—Odessa.—Arrival at Constantinople.—Frank's Dream.—The End.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

[Winter Scene in Russia]
[Fred's Reminder]
[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna]
[View of the Palace of Cracow]
[Kosciusko, 1777]
[Kosciusko, 1817]
[Church of St Mary, Cracow]
[Polish Jew of high Rank]
[Polish Jews of the Middle Class]
[Our Guide in Costume]
[The Inspector-general]
[The Shaft]
[Descending the Shaft]
[Lamp-bearers]
[A Foot-path]
[An Underground Chapel]
[Men Cutting Salt in the Mine]
[Finishing the Columns]
[Subterranean Stables]
[A Mining Singer]
["Glück-auf!"]
[Fête in the Grand Saloon of Entertainment]
[A Retired Director]
[Outer Wall of Cracow]
[Custom-house Formalities]
[Passport not Correct]
[In the Passport Bureau]
[Way Station on the Railway]
[Before Examination]
[After Examination]
[Scene on the Railway]
[Shutes for loading Coal on the Railway]
[Polish National Costumes]
[Peasant's Farm-house]
[Royal Palace at Warsaw]
[Shrine at a Gate-way]
[Lake in the Park]
[A Business Man of Warsaw]
[In St. Petersburg]
[Isvoshchiks in Winter]
[Drosky Drivers]
[Sledge of a high Official]
[Russian Workmen on their way Home]
[Russian Officer with Decorations]
[A Russian Priest]
[Convent of Solovetsk in the Frozen Sea]
[The Inundation of 1824]
[Statue of Peter the Great]
[Improvising a Statue]
[Tea-sellers in the Streets]
[Russian Restaurant at the Paris Exposition]
[An Out-door Tea-party]
[Russian Mujiks drinking Tea]
[Plant from which Yellow Tea is made]
[Column in Memory of Alexander I.]
[Peter the Great]
[Assassination of Peter III.]
[Paul I.]
[Russian and Finn]
[Dvornik and Postman]
[Lodgings at the Frontier]
[Ordered to leave Russia]
[Finland Peasants in Holiday Costume]
[Inhabitants of Southern Russia]
[St. Isaac's Church and Admiralty Square]
[Priest of the Church of St. Isaac]
[Catherine II. of Russia]
[Reception of John Paul Jones by the Empress Catherine]
[Russian Attack on the Turkish Galley]
[The Orloff Diamond]
[Nicholas I.]
[Peter III.]
[Circassian Arms as Trophies of Battle]
[Statue of Nicholas I.]
[Politeness in the Market-place]
[Importuning a Visitor]
[Frozen Animals in the Market]
[Market for old Clothes]
[Pigeons in a Russian City]
[Persian Horses presented by the Shah]
[Russian Peasant Girl]
[Russian Nurse-maid and Children]
[Some of Kriloff's Friends]
[Kriloff's Characters in Convention]
[The Fox as a Law-giver]
[One of Kriloff's Characters]
[Closing Scene in a Russian Play]
[Kriloff's Statue in the Summer Garden, St. Petersburg]
[Press-room of a Daily Newspaper]
[Interviewing an Editor]
[Prince Gortchakoff]
[Cabinet and Chair in the Palace]
[Illumination in a Russian Park]
[Tapestry and Fire Utensils at Peterhof]
[Door-way of Peter's House at Zaandam, Holland]
[A Student of Navigation]
[Steam Frigate near Cronstadt]
[Frigate under Sail and Steam]
[The Dreadnought—type of the Peter the Great]
[The Russian Army—Regular Troops]
[Cossack Lancers and Russian Guard-house]
[The Russian Army—Irregular Troops]
[Grand-duke Michael]
[Iron-clad Steamer of the Baltic Fleet]
[Little Folks at School]
[Learning to Weave]
[Mineral Cabinet in the University]
[Parlor in a High-school for Women]
[Private Room of a wealthy Student]
[Lower Recitation-room]
[One of the Professors]
[Descending a Shaft]
[Galleries in a Mine]
[In the Library]
[A College Dormitory]
[Jewish Burial-ground]
[Clothes-dealer of Moscow]
[A Russian Troika]
[A Villa on the Island]
[A Russian Family]
[Culprit Street-sweepers]
[A Business Transaction]
[Peter the Great dressed for Battle]
[An Imperial Nosegay]
[Mujiks playing Cards]
[Peasant's House in Southern Russia]
[Peasants' Huts]
[Esthonian Peasants]
[Alexander II., the Liberator of the Serfs]
[Alexander III., Emperor of Russia]
[Battle between Russians and Circassians]
[Schamyl's Village in the Caucasus]
[The Empress Marie Féodorovna, Wife of Alexander III.]
[Russian Peasants at their Recreation]
["Who is the Spy?"]
[Officers sitting in Judgment]
[Russian Grand-duke and Grand-duchess]
[Fur-bearing Seals]
[Sea-otter]
[The Beaver]
[The Ermine]
[The Raccoon]
[Russian Ice-hills]
[Soldiers off Duty—Butter-week]
[The Easter Kiss—agreeable]
[The Easter Kiss—in the Family]
[The Easter Kiss—difficult]
[The Easter Kiss—disagreeable]
[The Emperor's Easter Kiss]
[Peasant Girl in Winter Dress]
[A Bath in the East]
[Russian Street Scene in Winter]
[Lost in a Snow-storm]
[Workmen of Novgorod—Glazier, Painter, and Carpenters]
[An Old Norse Chief]
[View on the Steppe]
[Ivan the Terrible]
[Alexis Michailovitch, Father of Peter the Great]
[Michael Feodorovitch, First Czar of the Romanoff Family]
[Too near to be pleasant]
[Wolf attacking its Hunters]
[Old Picture in the Church]
[A Bishop of the Greek Church]
[Millennial Monument at Novgorod]
[Russian Boats]
[Portrait of Catherine II. in the Kremlin Collection]
[Street Scene in Moscow]
[Bivouacking in the Snow]
[Battle between French and Russians]
[Napoleon Retreating from Moscow]
[Alexander I.]
[View in the Kremlin]
[A Prisoner ordered to Execution]
[The Kremlin of Moscow]
[The Great Bell underground]
[Visiting the Great Bell]
[Empress Anne]
[The Empress Elizabeth]
[Coronation of Alexander III.]
[Peter II.]
[Bishop in his Robes]
[Great Gun at Moscow]
[The Cathedral at Moscow]
[Napoleon's Retreat from Moscow]
[Dress of Peasants—Scene from a Russian Opera]
[A Dressing-room of the Opera-house]
[Working the Ship in "L'Africaine"]
[Minin-Pojarsky Monument]
[Peter's Escape from Assassination]
[Peter the Great as Executioner]
[Catherine I.]
[Catherine II.]
[Grand-duke Nicholas Alexandrovitch]
[Skinned and Stuffed Man]
[Russian Beggars]
[Tartar Coffee-house in Southern Russia]
[Gallery in the Palace]
[Copy of Picture in the Monastery]
[Window in Church of the Trinity]
[Pity the Poor]
[Curious Agate at Troitska]
[Paper-knife from Troitska—St. Sergius and the Bear]
[Specimens of Ecclesiastical Painting on Glass]
[Russian Cooper's Shop and Dwelling]
[Nijni Novgorod during the Fair]
[Nijni Novgorod after the Fair]
[Tartar Merchant]
[Returning from the Fair]
[Launching a Russian Barge]
[Tartar Village near the Volga]
[Tartar Baker's Shop]
[A Siberian Village]
[Petropavlovsk, Kamtchatka.—Mount Avatcha in Background]
[A Herd of Reindeer]
[Dog teams and Reindeer]
[Light-house at Ghijigha]
[Ermine-trap]
[Interior of a Native House]
[The Reindeer]
[Fish-market at Nicolayevsk]
[Scenery on the Amoor]
[Gilyak Woman]
[Gilyak Man]
[Native Boat—Amoor River]
[Goldee Children]
[A Goldee Man and Woman]
[Inauguration of Genghis Khan]
[Junction of the Argoon and Shilka to form the Amoor]
[Scene in a Posting Station]
[A Tarantasse]
[Changing Horses at a Siberian Station]
[The Right of Way in Russia]
[Getting out of Difficulty]
[Valley of the Amoor above Ouk-se-me]
[Interior of an Exile's Hut]
[Exiles passing through a Village]
[A Town built by Exiles]
[Banished for Five Years]
[Banished for Three Years]
[Colonist's Village in Winter]
[Exiles leaving Moscow]
[Tagilsk, centre of Iron-mines of Siberia]
[A Siberian Valley]
[Two Exiled Friends Meeting]
[Escaping Exiles crossing a Stream]
[Ivanoff's Cave]
[Exiles among the Mountains]
[Siberian Peasants]
[Siberian Milk-women]
[Siberia in Summer]
[An Exile Peasant and his Friends]
[A Siberian Landscape]
[Girls Playing at Skakiet]
[A Village Festival]
[Russian Peasant Women]
[Making Calls after a Wedding]
[Ceremony after a Peasant's Wedding]
[The Mountains near Chetah]
[A Bouriat Village]
[A Wandering Priest]
[Crossing the Selenga]
[Finding Lodgings at Kiachta]
[Chinese Cash from Mai-mai-chin]
[Articles of Russian Manufacture]
[Scene in a Chinese Temple]
[Theatre at Mai-mai-chin]
[The Tiger]
[A Natural Arch on Lake Baikal]
[Caverns on Lake Baikal]
[Part of Irkutsk]
[View of the Principal Square in Irkutsk]
[Dressed for the Road]
[A Vashok]
[My Kibitka]
[Farewell to Irkutsk]
[Work of the Frost-king]
[Interior of a Russian Inn]
[Mail-driver and Guard]
[Distant View of a Siberian Village]
[Soldiers in Siberian Ferry-boats]
[View of Krasnoyarsk from the opposite Bank of the Yenisei]
[A Dangerous Ride]
[Beggar at a Siberian Station]
[Policeman at Krasnoyarsk]
[Hills near a Siberian River]
[Jumping an "Oukhaba"]
[Wolves Attacking a Buffalo]
[A Siberian Wolf]
[Summer and Winter in Russia]
[Village on a Russian Estate]
[A Slight Mishap]
[Summer View near Barnaool]
[Attacked by a Tiger]
[Bearcoots and Wolves]
[The Steppe in Summer]
[Specimen of Rock-crystal]
[Monument at the Boundary]
[Western Slope of the Ural Mountains]
[Descending a Hill-side Road]
[Baptizing through the Ice]
[End of the Sleigh-ride]
[Offering of the Villagers]
[Shoeing an Ox]
[Knife-whip]
[Armenian Bishop of Astrachan]
[A Tartar Khan]
[Tartar Postilions]
[Tartar Palaces in Southern Russia]
[Gypsy Family at Astrachan]
[An Oil-steamer on the Caspian Sea]
[Tanks at a Storage Depot]
[View in an Oil Region]
[Bits for Drilling Wells]
[A Spouting Well]
[Derrick and Tanks in the American Oil Region]
[An Oil Refinery with Tank Cars]
[Tartar Camel-cart at Baku]
[Ancient Mound near the Caspian Sea]
[Curious Rock Formations]
[Modern Fire-worshippers—Parsee Lady and Daughter]
[A Burning Tank]
[A Fall in Oil]
[A Rise in Oil]
[Camp Scene near the Altai Mountains]
[A Kalmuck Priest]
[Scene on the Edge of the Kirghese Steppe]
[Kirghese Group]
[Kirghese Chief and Family]
[Caravan in Russian Territory]
[Kirghese Raid on a Hostile Tribe]
[Lasgird—A Fortified Village in Northern Persia]
[Tower of Refuge]
[Framework of Turcoman Tent]
[The Tent Covered]
[Interior of Tent]
[Vámbéry's Reception by Turcoman Chief on the Caspian Shore]
[Receiving Payment for Human Heads—Khiva]
[Turcoman Trophy—A Russian Head]
[Kökbüri—A Race for a Bride]
[View of the Citadel of Khiva]
[An Ozbek Head]
[Map showing the Relations of Russia and England in the East]
[Sand-storm in the Desert]
[Turcoman Court of Justice]
[Kirghese Tomb]
[Charge of Russian Cavalry against Turcomans]
[Russian Army on the Turcoman Steppes]
[Winter Camp in Turcomania]
[Turcoman Irrigating Wheel]
[Scene at a Ferry on the Oxus]
[Map of the Russo-Afghan Region]
[Turcoman Woman Spinning]
[Village of Turcoman Tents]
[The New Russo-Afghan Frontier]
[Old Sarakhs]
[Sarik Turcoman Woman]
[Pul-i-Khisti and Ak Tapa]
[Penjdeh]
[Colonel Alikhanoff]
[The Great Highway of Central Asia]
[Turcoman Farm-yard]
[Map of Turkestan, showing Route of Trans-Caspian Railway]
[Crossing a River in Central Asia]
[A Native Traveller]
[Looking down on the Steppe]
[View of Tiflis]
[The Pass of Dariel, Caucasus]
[Governor-general of the Caucasus]
[Ruined Fortress in the Caucasus]
[Ruined Church near Batoum]
[Quarantine Harbor, Trebizond]
[View of Erzeroom]
[Turkish Authority]
[View of Sebastopol]
[Ruins of the Malakoff, Sebastopol]
[Russian Carpenters at Work]
[Cossacks and Chasseurs]
[British Soldiers in Camp]
[Alfred Tennyson]
[A Broken Tarantasse]
[The Bosporus]
[Map to accompany the Boy Travellers in the Russian Empire]
[Map showing the Russian Empire Routes as Described by the Boy Travellers]

THE BOY TRAVELLERS

IN THE

RUSSIAN EMPIRE.