[Introduction] 5 [Paleo-Indians] 9 [Archaic Man] 12 [Cultures and Cultural Change] 19 [Initial Woodland] 20 [Food Storers (Advanced Phase)] 23 [The Hopewellian Civilization (Classic Phase)] 26 [Final Woodland] 30 [Middle Mississippi] 34 [Upper Mississippi] 42 [The Illini] 45 [The Indians Leave Illinois] 54 [Summary of Illinois Prehistory] 54 [Glossary] 59 [Bibliography] 67 [Diagram: Stream of Culture] 57 [Table I: Stages and Archaeological Units] 4 [Table II: Radiocarbon Dates] 8 [Table III: Cultural Characteristics of Archaeological Units] 70

TABLE I. STAGES AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL UNITS

[STAGE] [SUBSTAGE] ARCHAEOLOGICAL UNITS [PATTERN] [PHASE] [SUBCULTURE] [TYPE STATIONS] IV. MACHINE AGE Lacking in the Americas III. FARMING DOMESTIC PLANTS AND FOOD-DRAFT ANIMALS Lacking in the Americas [PLANT-RAISING] [MISSISSIPPI] Historic Illini: 1673-1833 [Illini Tribes] Brandt II (Rav1) Upper: 1100 (?)-1600 A.D. Langford Fisher II and III Middle: 1000-1500 A.D. [Cumberland] Kincaid Site Cahokia [Dickson Mound] (Fo34) and Fout’s Village (Fv664) [Protomiss] Dillinger Village Site [WOODLAND] (Hoe-culture) Final: 200 (?)-1000 A.D. [Effigy Mound] Tampico Maples Mills Site [Stone] Vault Spencer [Mound] Group Jersey Bluff Otter Creek Sites Raymond Raymond Site Lewis Lewis (Ppv1A) [Classic]: 500 B.C-500 A.D. Hopewell (South) Hubele Village (Whv30)
Wilson Mound (Who6) Hopewell (North) Clear Lake Village (Tv1)
Liverpool Mound (Fo77-II) II. [SELF-DOMESTICATION] FOOD-STORING WOODLAND (Ceramic) Advanced: 1000 (?)-100 (?) B.C. [Crab Orchard] Sugar Camp Hill Village (Wmv1) Baumer Baumer [Hamlet] (Mxv30) HUNTING-COLLECTING Initial: 2500-500 B.C. Morton Fo14-II and Fv35 Red Ochre Hilltop Mound (Fo11) Black Sand Liverpool Hamlet and Cemetery (Fv88 and Fo77-I) [LITHIC] [Archaic]: 8000-2500 B.C. Terminal Ferry Site (Hnv251) and Godar Cemetery Medial Modoc II Simple Modoc I [Paleo-Indian]: 50,000 (?)-8,000 (?) B.C. [Folsom] Fluted points as isolated finds only. [Clovis] I. NATURAL MAN PROTO-CULTURAL None found in America

INTRODUCTION

This paper is primarily planned for the layman, the beginning student of prehistory and others interested in acquiring a general understanding of how primitive man lived during his successive occupations of Illinois and neighboring areas in the more important archaeological periods. Most of the archaeological data for the [chief] cultures or ways of life are given in references in the accompanying bibliography of technical publications selected as those from which (in the opinion of the writer) the information can be most easily gleaned.

The reconstructions given of the cultural features, where not those ordinarily inferred from archaeological findings, are based on a study of the practices commonly found among [primitive people] now, or until recently, living in the same [stage] or [substage]. These are tentative conclusions resulting from a study of fifty tribes in the [Self-Domestication] (pre-farming) stage and forty in the [Plant-Raising] substage. Because primitive tribes which are under pressure from [people] with advanced food-draft-animal agriculture or with machine industry or which are in a transitional condition between two adjacent stages are disorganized or drastically changing a formerly stabilized mode of life, great care has been exercised in drawing general conclusions from their cultural features.

The reconstructions of the perishable objects shown in the drawings are generally in keeping with the [culture] in which they are exhibited but cannot be vouched for as to their detailed form. The handle of an adze, the shape of a cabin roof, the headdress of a tribal [chief] each served the purpose for which they were made and their exact form was and is of no more consequence in the culture than the fashions in women’s hats or the fins on an automobile are in our own. The details in cultures serve to set them apart from each other; it is the basic and significant features and subfeatures that determine relationships and permit the most useful classification.

The study mentioned above is still incomplete, but results so far obtained indicate:

1. That man in the same [stage] (and [substage]) of cultural development tends to invent and employ the same broad social and spiritual features, regardless of surroundings.