See also W. G. Sollas, Ancient Hunters and their Modern Representatives.
[37] These improved races are commonly, if not always, a product of hybridisation, though it is conceivable that such a race might arise as a “sport,” a Mendelian mutant. To establish such a race or “composite pure line” of hybrids and to propagate and improve it in the course of further breeding demands a degree of patient attention and consistent aim.
[38] The late neolithic, or “æneolithic,” culture brought to light by Pumpelly at Anau in Transcaspia shows the synchronism of advance between the technology of the mechanic arts on the one hand and of tillage and cattle-breeding on the other hand in a remarkably lucid way. The site is held to date back to some 8000 B. C. or earlier and shows continuous occupation through a period of several thousand years. The settlers at Anau brought cereals (barley and wheat) when the settlement was made; so that the cultivation of these grains must date back some considerable distance farther into the stone age of Asia. In succeeding ages the people of Anau made some further advance in the use of crop plants; whether by improvement and innovation at home or by borrowing has not been determined. Presently, in the course of the next few thousand years, they brought into domestication and adapted to domestic use by selective breeding the greater number of those species of animals that have since made up the complement of live stock in the Western culture. In the mechanic arts the visible advance is slight as compared with the work in cattle-breeding, though it cannot be called insignificant taken by itself. The more notable improvements in this direction are believed to be due to borrowing. Perhaps the most characteristic trait of the mechanic technology at Anau is the total absence of weapons in the lower half of the deposits.—Raphael Pumpelly, Explorations in Turkestan: Prehistoric Civilizations of Anau. (Carnegie Publication No. 73.) Washington, 1908.
[39] Cf. O. F. Cook, “Food Plants of Ancient America.” Report of Smithsonian Institution, 1903. E. J. Payne, History of the New World Called America, vol. i, (1892), pp. 336–427.
[40] Cf. E. J. Payne, as above.
[41] Cf., e. g., Lumholtz, Unknown Mexico, vol. i, ch. vi.
[42] Cf., e. g., J. W. Powell, “Mythology of the North American Indians,” Report, Bureau of Eth., 1879–1880 (vol. i); F. H. Cushing, “Outlines of Zuñi Creation Myths,” ibid, 1891–1892; J. O. Dorsey, “A Study of Siouan Cults,” ibid, 1889–1890.
[43] Witness, again, the tales collected under the caption of The Day’s Work, where the anthropomorphic romance of mechanics is made the most of by the same master who told the tales of the Jungle Book and of “The Cat that Walked.”
[44] Cf. Presidential Address by Francis Darwin at the Dublin meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; cf. also H. Bergson, Évolution créatrice, and particularly passages that deal with the élan de la vie.
[45] Cf. G. J. Romanes, Animal Intelligence, especially the Introduction.