Manual of American grape-growing

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES

PLATE		PAGE
I.	Two views of vineyards in California; a vineyard in the orchard region of central California, and a vineyard in southern California	[14]
II.	Fitting the land for planting	[34]
III.	Cover-crop; cow-horn turnips, and rye	[48]
IV.	A well-tilled vineyard of Concords	[60]
V.	Vinifera grapes grown out of doors in New York; Malvasia and Chasselas Golden	[72]
VI.	Black Hamburg	[82]
VII.	Barry. Delaware	[96]
VIII.	Brighton	[106]
IX.	Campbell Early	[114]
X.	Clinton	[122]
XI.	Concord	[138]
XII.	Diana	[148]
XIII.	Dutchess	[164]
XIV.	Eaton	[182]
XV.	Eclipse	[190]
XVI.	Elvira	[202]
XVII.	Empire State	[218]
XVIII.	Herbert	[228]
XIX.	Iona	[248]
XX.	Isabella	[272]
XXI.	Jefferson	[282]
XXII.	Lindley. Lucile	[298]
XXIII.	Lutie. Pocklington	[328]
XXIV.	Moore Early	[340]
XXV.	Muscat Hamburg	[350]
XXVI.	Niagara	[360]
XXVII.	Salem	[370]
XXVIII.	Triumph	[380]
XXIX.	Vergennes	[390]
XXX.	Winchell	[400]
XXXI.	Worden	[416]
XXXII.	Wyoming	[432]

FIGURES IN THE TEXT

FIGURE		PAGE
1.	A shoot of Vitis vinifera	[3]
2.	A shoot of Vitis Labrusca	[6]
3.	A shoot of Vitis rotundifolia	[10]
4.	A shoot of Vitis æstivalis	[12]
5.	A shoot of Vitis vulpina	[14]
6.	Planting cuttings	[40]
7.	A cutting beginning growth	[40]
8.	Cutting off the trunk	[46]
9.	Cutting the cleft	[47]
10.	Inserting the cion	[47]
11.	The completed graft	[47]
12.	Bench-grafted cuttings of grape, showing the cleft-graft and the whip-graft. (Adapted from Husmann)	[51]
13.	Vine ready for pruning	[113]
14.	A "go-devil" for collecting prunings	[119]
15.	A trellis and a common method of bracing end posts	[120]
16.	Chautauqua training; vine ready to prune	[127]
17.	Keuka method of training	[130]
18.	Single-stem four-cane Kniffin training	[133]
19.	Umbrella method of training	[134]
20.	Two-trunk Kniffin training	[135]
21.	Rotundifolia vines trained by the overhead method	[144]
22.	A Rotundifolia vine trained by the 6-arm renewal method	[145]
23.	Forms of head pruning	[154]
24.	Forms of head pruning	[155]
25.	Head pruning: fan-shaped head; fruit canes tied to horizontal trellis	[156]
26.	Single vertical cordon with fruit-spurs	[157]
27.	Unilateral horizontal cordon with fruit-spurs	[158]
28.	Three-year-old vine ready for pruning	[169]
29.	Vine of [Fig. 28] after pruning for vase-formed head	[169]
30.	Three-year-old vines: A, pruned for a vase-formed, and B, for a fan-shaped head	[170]
31.	Four-year-old vine pruned for vase-formed head	[171]
32.	Four-year-old vine pruned for high vase-formed head	[172]
33.	Fan-shaped vines: A, before pruning; B, after pruning	[173]
34.	Vertical cordon, young vine pruned	[176]
35.	Unilateral horizontal cordon with half-long pruning	[177]
36.	Leaf-galls of the phylloxera	[205]
37.	The grape root-worm	[207]
38.	Root-worm beetle	[207]
39.	Injuries caused by beetles of the grape root-worm	[207]
40.	Eggs of grape-vine flea-beetle	[209]
41.	First four stages of the grape leaf-hopper	[212]
42.	The fifth and the mature stages of the grape leaf-hopper	[212]
43.	A bunch of grapes despoiled by the grape-berry moth	[214]
44.	Work of black-rot of the grape	[219]
45.	Grapes attacked by downy-mildew	[221]
46.	Packing grapes on a packing-table	[234]
47.	Climax baskets in two sizes	[236]
48.	William Robert Prince	[274]
49.	E. S. Rogers	[275]
50.	T. V. Munson	[277]
51.	Staminate and perfect flower clusters on one vine	[285]
52.	Ringing grape-vines; showing tools for ringing and ringed vines	[292]
53.	A grape flower; showing the opening cap and stamens	[305]
54.	Grape flowers; showing upright and depressed stamens	[306]

CHAPTER I

THE DOMESTICATION OF THE GRAPE

The domestication of an animal or a plant is a milestone in the advance of agriculture and so becomes of interest to every human being. But, more particularly, the materials, the events and the men who direct the work of domestication are of interest to those who breed and care for animals and plants; the grape-grower should find much profit in the story of the domestication of the grape. What was the raw material of a fruit known since the beginning of agriculture and wherever temperate fruits are grown? How has this material been fashioned into use? Who were the originative and who the directive agents? These are fundamental questions in the improvement of the grape, answers to which will also throw much light on the culture of it.