I. Shoots upright:
- 1. Chautauqua Arm.
- 2. Keuka High Renewal.
- 3. Fan.
II. Shoots drooping:
- 1. Single-stem, Four-cane Kniffin.
- 2. Two-stem, Four-cane Kniffin.
- 3. Umbrella Kniffin.
- 4. Y-stem Kniffin.
- 5. Munson.
III. Shoots horizontal:
- 1. Hudson Horizontal.
I. Shoots upright
Systematic training of the grape in America began toward the middle of the nineteenth century with a method in which the shoots were trained upright from two permanent horizontal arms. These arms are laid to right and left on a low wire and bear more or less permanent spurs, from each of which two shoots are produced each season to bear the crop. The number of spurs left on each arm depends on the vigor of the vine and the space between vines. As the shoots grow upward, they are tied to upper wires, there being three wires on the trellis for this method. This method is now known as the Horizontal Arm Spur. It has a serious fault in its troublesome spurs and has almost entirely given way to a modification called the Chautauqua Arm method, much used in the great Chautauqua grape-belt. As one of the chief methods of training the grape in eastern America, this must be described in detail.
The Chautauqua Arm method.
The trellis for this method has two wires, although occasionally three are used. The lower wire is eighteen or twenty inches above the ground and the second thirty-four inches above the lower. If three are used, the wires are twenty inches apart. F. E. Gladwin, in charge of the vineyard laboratory of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station at Fredonia, in the heart of the Chautauqua belt, describes this method of training as follows: