The structure of the bark is an important distinguishing character for some species; in particular as to whether it peels off and whether in large flakes or in narrow strips or shreds. So, too, the color of the bark is often of taxonomic importance. The form and color of the leaves are often considered, but these characters are variable and may be misleading. The lobing of leaves is a fairly uniform character in most species, some having lobed and others having entire leaves. As to color and texture, the upper surface of the leaf in some species is smooth, glossy and shining and in others rough and dull with varying shades of green. The lower surfaces show similar variations with the addition of varying conditions of pubescence and down or even of cobwebs. In young seedlings the shape and surfaces of the leaves are apt to be quite different from those on the old plants, a character of systematic importance with some species. The flower, as compared with this organ in other genera, is of little importance in distinguishing the species of Vitis, there being an unusual similarity in the structure and appearance of the flowers of the several species.

The number of species of Vitis is very uncertain; as, indeed, is their habitat, except that they are generally confined to the temperate or subtropical regions. Some writers give the number as less than fifty but in all territories the number seems to depend on the thoroughness with which the region has been worked over botanically, and also on the judgment of the botanist doing the work. Gray recognized four species as being indigenous to America. Engelmann in his latest publication (Bushberg Catalogue, 1883), thirteen, while Munson gives twenty-five. Bailey in Gray’s Synoptical Flora, gives twenty-three species. Planchon (in 1887) gives twenty-eight species for the world. Seventeen of these are credited to America, ten to Asia, and one, the Vinifera, of unknown nativity. All of these lists, however, are known to be incomplete. Bessey[124] says that the grape is not native to the southern hemisphere, and Planchon credits none to any section south of the equator. Bailey credits two to Australia in a work not intended to cover more than those of American interest. And a correspondent[125] from that continent writes us giving a list of nineteen named and botanically described species indigenous to Australia. The number of species of grapes in the world depends upon the arbitrary limits set for a species and our knowledge of the genus is yet too meager to set these limits with certainty.

SPECIES OF AMERICAN GRAPES.
CONSPECTUS OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF VITIS.

A. Skin of mature berry separating freely from the pulp.
B. Nodes without diaphragms; tendrils simple 1. V. rotundifolia.
2. V. munsoniana.
B.B. Nodes with diaphragms; tendrils forked.
C. Leaves and shoots glabrous at maturity and without bloom.
Tendrils intermittent (V. cinerea and V. arizonica are partial
exceptions and might be looked for under C.C.).
D. Leaves thin, light, bright green, generally glabrous
below at maturity except perhaps in the axils of the
veins (V. champini an exception) with a long or at
least a prominent point and usually long and sharp
teeth or the edge even jagged. (V. bicolor might be
looked for here.)
E. Leaves broader than long; petiolar sinus usually
wide and shallow. (V. treleasei might be
sought here.) 		3. V. rupestris.
E.E. Leaves ovate in outline; petiolar sinus
usually medium to narrow.
F. Diaphragms thin; young shoots not red. 4. V. monticola.
5. V. riparia.
6. V. treleasei.
7. V. longii.
8. V. champini.
F.F. Diaphragms thick; young shoots
bright red 		9. V. rubra.
D.D. Leaves thickish, dull colored or grayish green, often
holding some close dull pubescence below at maturity,
shoots and leaves nearly always more or less pubescent
when young; the teeth mostly short; the point mostly
rectangular and conspicuous.
E. Plants strong, climbing, with stout persistent
tendrils.
F. Young shoots cylindrical, glabrous or
very soon becoming so 		10. V. cordifolia.
F.F. Young shoots angled, covered the
first year with tomentum or wool 		11. V. baileyana.
12. V. berlandieri.
13. V. cinerea.
E.E. Plants scarcely climbing, tendrils perishing
when without support 		14. V. arizonica.
D.D.D. Leaves orbicular, scallop shaped; species of the
Pacific Coast 		15. V. californica.
C.C. Leaves rusty or white tomentose or glaucous blue below,
thick or at least firm. (V. cinerea, V. arizonica and possibly
V. californica might be sought here.)
D. Leaves flocculent or cobwebby or glaucous below
when fully grown (i. e. not covered with a thick dense
felt-like tomentum except sometimes in V. doaniana).
E. Shoots white tipped; ends of the growing
shoots and the under surface of the leaves
whitish or gray 		16. V. girdiana.
17. V. doaniana.
E.E. Shoots rusty tipped; the unfolding leaves
and (except in V. bicolor) the young shoots distinctly
ferrugineous; mature leaves either rusty
or bluish below or sometimes becoming green
in V. bicolor 		18. V. aestivalis.
19. V. bicolor.
20. V. caribæa.
D.D. Leaves densely tomentose or felt-like beneath
throughout the season; covering white or rusty white.
E. Tendrils intermittent 21. V. candicans.
22. V. simpsoni.
E.E. Tendrils mostly continuous 23. V. labrusca.
A.A. Skin and pulp of mature berry cohering. (Old World) 24. V. vinifera.



1. VITIS ROTUNDIFOLIA Michx.[126]

1. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1771:339. 2. Michaux, 2:231. 1803. Muscadine grape. 3. Bartram, Dom. Enc., 5:289, 290. 1804. V. Taurina; V. vulpina; Bull grape. 4. Muhlenberg, 1813:27. V. Verrucosa; V. rotundifolia; Fox grape; Bull grape. 5. Pursh, 1:169. 1814. Bull grape; Bullet grape. 6. Nuttall, 1:143. 1818. 7. Elliott, 2:687. 1824. V. vulpina; Fox grape. 8. Rafinesque, 1830:16. V. vulpina; V. muscadina; V. rotundifolia; V. incisa. 9. (?) Ib., 1830:17. V. angulata; Arkansas; Bushy grape; Currant grape; False Scuppernong. 10. Ib., 1830:17. V. verrucosa; Warty grape. 11. (?) Ib., 1830:17. V. peltata; V. Floridana. 12. Le Conte, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 6:273. 1853. V. vulpina; V. acerifolia; V. angulata; V. verrucosa; Bullace grape; Bull grape; Muscadine; Scuppernong. 13. Weller, U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt., 1853:306. Scuppernong. 14. Le Conte, Ib., 1857:231. V. vulpina; V. acerifolia; V. angulata; V. verrucosa; Bullace grape; Bull grape; Muscadine; Skuppernong. 15. White, Horticulturist, 12:457. 1857. V. vulpina. 16. Ravenel, U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt., 1859:538. V. vulpina; V. rotundifolia; Mustang; Bullace grape; Bullet grape; Bull grape. 17. Buckley, U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt., 1861:484. Muscadine; Bullace. 18. Koch, Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1868:81. V. vulpina; Muscadine; Southern Fox grape. 19. Saunders, U. S. D. A. Rpt., 1869:83, 85. fig. V. vulpina; Bullace grape. 20. Wylie, Jour. of Hort., 7:164. 1870. Scuppernong; Bullace. 21. Ib., Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1871:116. Scuppernong. 22. Engelmann, Mo. Ent. Rpt., 1872:62. V. vulpina; Southern Fox grape; Bullace grape; Bullit grape; Muscadine. 23. Ib., Bush. Cat., 1883:10, 11, 13, 14, 19. V. vulpina; V. rotundifolia; Southern Fox grape; Bullace grape; Bullit grape; Muscadine. 24. Bush, Ib., 1883:26. V. vulpina. 25. Munson, Am. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1885:138. V. vulpina; Scuppernong; Muscadine. 26. Ib., Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1885:97. Scuppernong; Muscadine. 27. Ib., Gar. Mon., 28:140. 1886. 28. Planchon, De Candolle’s Mon. Phan., 5:362. 1887. Fox grape; Muscadine; Bullace; Bullet grape; V. angulata; V. vulpina?. 29. Munson, Soc. Prom. Ag. Sci. Rpt., 1887:59. Muscadine. 30. Ib., U. S. D. A. Pom. Bul., 3:14. 1890. 31. Ib., Gar. and For., 3:474, 475. 1890. Muscadine. 32. Woodworth, Ark. Sta. An. Rpt., 3:93. 1890. V. vulpina. 33. Munson, Am. Gard., 12:661. 1891. 34. Bailey, Ib., 14:353. 1893. Scuppernong. 35. Munson, Bush. Cat., 1894:20, 22, 29. V. vulpina; Muscadine; Southern Fox grape. 36. Bailey, Gray’s Syn. Fl., 1:420. 1897. Muscadine; Southern Fox grape; Bullace; Bullit; Bull grape. 37. Britton and Brown, 2:411. 1897. V. vulpina; Southern Fox grape; Bullace grape. 38. Munson, Am. Gard., 20:688. 1899. 39. Ib., Tex. Sta. Bul., 56:219, 232, 234, 241, 272. 1900. fig. Southern Muscadine. 40. Earle, Ala. Sta. Bul., 110:74. 1900. 41. Viala and Ravaz, Am. Vines, 1903:42, 43, 45. 42. Newman, S. C. Sta. Bul., 132:1. 1907. Bullis.