:Mongolia Government
Long-form name:
Mongolia
Type:
in transition from Communist state to republic
Capital:
Ulaanbaatar
Administrative divisions:
18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud,
singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*,
Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd,
Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
Independence:
13 March 1921 (from China; formerly Outer Mongolia)
Constitution:
12 February 1992
Legal system:
blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional
provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
Mongolian People's Revolution (NAADAM) 11-13 July; observed 13 July
Executive branch:
premier, deputy premiers, Cabinet, president, vice president
Legislative branch:
State Great Hural
Judicial branch:
High Court; serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but
to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); Vice President
Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since 7 September 1990)
Head of Government:
Premier Dashiyn BYAMBASUREN (since 11 September 1990)
Political parties and leaders:
ruling party:
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON,
general secretary
opposition:
Social Democratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR; Mongolian Democratic Association,
Ts. ELBEGDORJ, chief coordinator; Mongolian Party of National Progress,
GANBOLD
other:
Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), BATUUL; Free Labor Party, C. DUL; note -
opposition parties were legalized in May 1990; additional parties exist: The
Green Party, The Buddhist Party, The Republican Party, Mongolian People's
Party, and Mongolian Revival Party; these were formed but may not be
officially registered because of low rates of membership
Suffrage:
universal at age 18
Elections:
President:
last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held NA July 1994); results -
Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural
State Great Hural:
first time held June 1992; note - according to the new present Constitution,
the two parliamentary bodies are to be combined into a single popularly
elected house consisting of 76 members; results - NA
:Mongolia Government
People's Small Hural:
last held on 29 July 1990 (next to be held June 1992); results - MPRP 62.3%,
MDP 24.5%, SDP 7. 5%, PNP 5.7%; seats - (50 total) MPRP 33, other 17; note -
People's Small Hural will not exist after State Great Hural is assembled
Communists:
MPRP membership 90,000 (1990 est.)
Member of:
AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, G-77, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, IOC, ISO,
ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIV; Chancery, (202) 983-1962
US:
Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE; Deputy Chief of Mission Thomas E. DOWLING;
Embassy at Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO
AP 06521-0002; telephone (800) 29095 and 29639
Flag:
a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted
:Mongolia Economy
Overview:
Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of
unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity
traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock -
Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world. In
recent years extensive mineral resources have been developed with Soviet
support. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin,
tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber
and fishing are also important sectors. In 1991-92 Mongolian leadership is
struggling with severe economic dislocations, mainly attributable to the
economic crumbling of the USSR, by far Mongolia's leading trade and
development partner. Moscow almost certainly cut aid in 1991, and the
dissolution of the USSR at yearend 1991 makes prospects for aid quite bleak
for 1992. Industry in 1991-92 has been hit hard by energy shortages, mainly
due to disruptions in coal production and shortfalls in petroleum imports.
The government is moving away from the Soviet-style centrally planned
economy through privatization and price reform.
GDP:
exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, per capita $900; real growth rate
-3% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
100% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
15% (1991 est.)
Budget:
deficit of $67 million (1991)
Exports:
$279 million (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other
nonferrous metals
partners:
USSR 75%, China 10%, Japan 4%
Imports:
$360 million (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods,
chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
partners:
USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5%
External debt:
$16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSR
Industrial production:
growth rate -12% (1991 est.)
Electricity:
1,238,000 kW capacity; 3,700 million kWh produced, 1,692 kWh per capita
(1990)
Industries:
copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and
beverage, mining (particularly coal)
Agriculture:
accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the
population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but
also cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage
:Mongolia Economy
Economic aid:
about $300 million in trade credits and $34 million in grant aid from USSR
and other CEMA countries, plus $7.4 million from UNDP (1990); in 1991, $170
million in grants and technical assistance from Western donor countries,
including $30 million from World Bank and $30 million from the IMF; over
$200 million from donor countries projected in 1992
Currency:
tughrik (plural - tughriks); 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos
Exchange rates:
tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
:Mongolia Communications
Railroads:
1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988)
Highways:
46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other surfaces (1988)
Inland waterways:
397 km of principal routes (1988)
Civil air:
25 major transport aircraft
Airports:
81 total, 31 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; fewer than 5 with
runways over 3,659 m; fewer than 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
63,000 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18
provincial repeaters); repeat of Russian TV; 120,000 TVs; 220,000 radios; at
least 1 earth station