:Paraguay Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy (including Naval Air and Marines), Air Force
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 1,172,813; 853,129 fit for military service; 49,917 reach
military age (17) annually
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $84 million, 1.4% of GDP (1988 est.)
:Peru Geography
Total area:
1,285,220 km2
Land area:
1,280,000 km2
Comparative area:
slightly smaller than Alaska
Land boundaries:
6,940 km total; Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia
2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km
Coastline:
2,414 km
Maritime claims:
Territorial sea:
200 nm
Disputes:
three sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute
Climate:
varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west
Terrain:
western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra),
eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
Natural resources:
copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate,
potash
Land use:
arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 21%; forest and
woodland 55%; other 21%; includes irrigated 1%
Environment:
subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activity;
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in
Lima
Note:
shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with
Bolivia
:Peru People
Population:
22,767,543 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992)
Birth rate:
27 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
59 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
63 years male, 67 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
3.3 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Peruvian(s); adjective - Peruvian
Ethnic divisions:
Indian 45%; mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%; white 15%;
black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
Religions:
predominantly Roman Catholic
Languages:
Spanish and Quechua (both official), Aymara
Literacy:
85% (male 92%, female 29%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
Labor force:
6,800,000 (1986); government and other services 44%, agriculture 37%,
industry 19% (1988 est.)
Organized labor:
about 40% of salaried workers (1983 est.)
:Peru Government
Long-form name:
Republic of Peru
Type:
in transition, President FUJIMORI on 5 April 1992 suspended the constitution
and dissolved the legislative and judicial branches
Capital:
Lima
Administrative divisions:
24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional
province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa,
Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La
Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura,
Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali; note - the 1979 Constitution and
legislation enacted from 1987 to 1990 mandate the creation of regions
(regiones, singular - region) intended to function eventually as autonomous
economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have been
constituted from 23 existing departments - Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres
Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from Arequipa),
Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from Cusco, Madre de
Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los Libertadores-Huari
(from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from Moquegua, Tacna, Puno),
Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin
(from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another region has
been delayed by the reluctance of the constitutional province of Callao to
merge with the department of Lima; because of inadequate funding from the
central government, the regions have yet to assume their responsibilities
and at the moment coexist with the departmental structure
Independence:
28 July 1821 (from Spain)
Constitution:
28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution because the
Constituent Assembly met in 1979, but the Constitution actually took effect
the following year); suspended 5 April 1992
Legal system:
based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
Executive branch:
president, two vice presidents (vacant as of 19 May 1992), prime minister,
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch:
bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper chamber or Senate
(Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados);
note - dissolved on 5 April 1992; being reconstituted
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President Alberto FUJIMORI (since 28 July 1990); note - slots for first and
second Vice Presidents vacant as of 19 May 1992
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Oscar DE LA PUENTE Raygada (since 6 April 1992)
:Peru Government
Political parties and leaders:
Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis
BEDOYA Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Eduardo CALMELL del Solar; Liberty
Movement (ML), Luis BUSTAMANTE; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
(APRA), Luis ALVA Castro, Alan GARCIA; National Front of Workers and
Peasants (FNTC), Roger CACERES; United Left (IU), leader NA; Independent
Moralizing Front (FIM), Fernando OLIVERA Vega; Socialist Left (IS), leader
NA; note - Democratic Front (FREDEMO) was a loosely organized coalition of
the PPC, AP, and ML during the 8 April 1990 elections, but the parties no
longer maintain a formal alliance
Suffrage:
universal at age 18
Elections:
President:
last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held NA April 1995); results - Alberto
FUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other 9.55%
Senate:
last held on 8 April 1990; dissolved on 5 April 1992; because of suspension
of constitutional role, next election not yet scheduled; results - percent
of vote by party NA; seats - (62 total; 60 elected, 2 ex-presidents who are
senators for life) FREDEMO 20, APRA 16, Change 90 14, IU 6, IS 3, FNTC 1;
note - as a result of the dissolution of FREDEMO and defections and
expulsions from the various parties, the seats have been reallocated: APRA
17, Change 90 13, AP 8, IU 6, PPC 5, ML 4, IS 3, FNTC 1, independents 4,
other 1 (January 1992)
Chamber of Deputies:
last held 8 April 1990 dissolved on 5 April 1992; because of suspension of
constitutional role, next election not yet scheduled; results - percent of
vote by party NA; seats - (180 total) FREDEMO 62, APRA 53, Change 90 32, IU
16, IS 4, FNTC 3, other 10; note - as a result of the dissolution of FREDEMO
and defections and expulsions from the various parties, the seats have been
reallocated: APRA 53, AP 25, Change 90 25, PPC 23, IU 16, ML 7, FIM 3, IS 4,
FNTC 3, independents 15, other 4, and 2 currently nonvoting deputies
Communists:
Peruvian Communist Party-Unity (PCP-U), 2,000; other minor Communist parties
Other political or pressure groups:
leftist guerrilla groups:
Shining Path, Abimael GUZMAN; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor
SERPA and Victor POLAY
Member of:
AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador vacant; Chancery at 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC
20036; telephone (202) 833-9860 through 9869); Peruvian Consulates General
are located in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New
Jersey), San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)
US:
Ambassador Anthony C. E. QUAINTON; Embassy at the corner of Avenida Inca
Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima (mailing address is P. O. Box
1991, Lima 1, or APO AA 34031); telephone [51] (14) 33-8000; FAX [51] (14)
316682
Flag:
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the
coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield
bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow
cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath