:Russia Communications
Railroads:
87,180 km all 1.520-meter broad gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not
include industrial lines (1990)
Highways:
879,100 km total (1990); 652,500 km hard-surfaced, 226,600 km earth
Inland waterways:
NA km perennially navigable
Pipelines:
crude oil and petroleum products 68,400 km, natural gas NA km
Ports:
maritime - St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk,
Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Kholmsk, Korsakov, Magadan, Tiksi,
Tuapse, Vanino, Vostochnyy, Vyborg; inland - Astrakhan', Nizhniy Novgorod
(Gor'kiy), Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara (Kuybyshev), Moscow,
Rostov, Volgograd
Merchant marine:
842 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,151,393 GRT/11,308,812 DWT;
includes 494 cargo, 39 container, 2 barge carrier, 3 roll-on/float-off, 69
roll-on/roll-off, 131 petroleum tanker, 53 bulk cargo, 9 chemical tanker, 2
specialized liquid carriers, 17 combination ore/oil, 23 passenger
Civil air:
NA major transport aircraft
Airports:
NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over
3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
the telephone system is inadequate for a large industrial country,
consisting of about 36 million lines of which only about 3% are switched
automatically; as of 31 January 1990, 10.8 million applications for
telephones for household use could not be satisfied; telephone density is 11
per 100 persons; international connections are made via satellite, land
line, microwave, and outdated submarine cables, and are generally
unsatisfactory; the international gateway switch in Moscow handles
international traffic for the other former Soviet republics as well as for
Russia; broadcast stations - 1,050 AM/FM/SW (reach 98.6% of population), 310
TV (580 repeaters) (reach 98% of population); satellite ground stations -
INTELSAT, Intersputnik, INMARSAT, Orbita
:Russia Defense Forces
Branches:
Russian defence forces will be comprised of those ground-, air-, and
sea-based conventional assets currently on Russian soil and those scheduled
to be withdrawn from other countries; strategic forces will remain under CIS
control
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 36,288,000; 27,216,000 fit for military service; 1,020,341
reach military age (18) annually
Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP
:Rwanda Geography
Total area:
26,340 km2
Land area:
24,950 km2
Comparative area:
slightly smaller than Maryland
Land boundaries:
893 km total; Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km
Coastline:
none - landlocked
Maritime claims:
none - landlocked
Disputes:
none
Climate:
temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild
in mountains with frost and snow possible
Terrain:
mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west
Natural resources:
gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas,
hydropower
Land use:
arable land 29%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and
woodland 10%; other 32%; includes irrigated NEGL%
Environment:
deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic droughts
Note:
landlocked
:Rwanda People
Population:
8,206,446 (July 1992), growth rate 3.8% (1992)
Birth rate:
52 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
14 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
108 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
51 years male, 55 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
8.3 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Rwandan(s); adjective - Rwandan
Ethnic divisions:
Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
Religions:
Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other
25%
Languages:
Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in commercial centers
Literacy:
50% (male 64%, female 37%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
Labor force:
3,600,000; agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and
commerce 2%; 49% of population of working age (1985)
Organized labor:
NA
:Rwanda Government
Long-form name:
Republic of Rwanda
Type:
republic; presidential system in which military leaders hold key offices; on
31 December 1990, the government announced a National Political Charter to
serve as a basis for transition to a presidential/parliamentary political
system; the 1978 constitution was replaced in June 1991 via popular
referendum by a new constitution creating a multiparty system with a
president and prime minister
Capital:
Kigali
Administrative divisions:
10 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture in French; plural - NA,
singular - prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro,
Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Rigali, Ruhengeri
Independence:
1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)
Constitution:
18 June 1991
Legal system:
based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
Executive branch:
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch:
unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement)
Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of
State in joint session)
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Sylvestre NSANZIMANA (since NA October 1991)
Political parties and leaders:
Republican Revolutionary Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND), Maj.
Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA; formerly a one-party state, Rwanda legalized
independent parties in mid-1991; since then, at least 10 new political
parties have registered; President HABYARIMANA's political movement - the
National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND) - reorganized itself
as a political party and changed its name to the Republican National
Movement for Democracy and Development (but kept the same initials - MRND);
significant independent parties include: Democratic Republican Movement
(MDR), leader NA; Liberal Party (PL), leader NA; Democratic and Socialist
Party (PSD), leader NA; note - since October 1990, Rwanda has been involved
in a low-intensity conflict with the Rwandan Patriotic Front/Rwandan
Patriotic Army (RPF/RPA); the RPF/RPA is primarily an ethnically based
organization
Suffrage:
universal adult, exact age NA
Elections:
President:
last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results -
President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected