:Singapore Economy
Overview:
Singapore has an open entrepreneurial economy with strong service and
manufacturing sectors and excellent international trading links derived from
its entrepot history. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the economy expanded
rapidly, achieving an average annual growth rate of 9%. Per capita GDP is
among the highest in Asia. The economy grew at a respectable 6.5% in 1991,
down from 8.3% in 1990, in part because of a slowdown in overseas demand and
lower growth in the financial and business services sector.
GDP:
exchange rate conversion - $38.3 billion, per capita $13,900; real growth
rate 6.5% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.4% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
1.5% (1991 est.)
Budget:
revenues $9.8 billion; expenditures $9.0 billion, including capital
expenditures of $2.8 billion (FY91 est.)
Exports:
$57.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
commodities:
includes transshipments to Malaysia - petroleum products, rubber,
electronics, manufactured goods
partners:
US 20%, Malaysia 15%, Japan 9%, Hong Kong 7%, Thailand 6%
Imports:
$65.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
commodities:
includes transshipments from Malaysia - capital equipment, petroleum,
chemicals, manufactured goods, foodstuffs
partners:
Japan 21%, US 16%, Malaysia 15%, Taiwan 4%
External debt:
$3.8 billion (1991 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 9% (1991 est.); accounts for 29% of GDP (1990)
Electricity:
4,000,000 kW capacity; 14,400 million kWh produced, 5,300 kWh per capita
(1990)
Industries:
petroleum refining, electronics, oil drilling equipment, rubber processing
and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot
trade, financial services, biotechnology
Agriculture:
occupies a position of minor importance in the economy; self-sufficient in
poultry and eggs; must import much of other food; major crops - rubber,
copra, fruit, vegetables
Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $590 million; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.0 billion
Currency:
Singapore dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
Singapore dollars (S$) per US$1 - 1.6596 (March 1992), 1.7276 (1991), 1.8125
(1990), 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988), 2.1060 (1987)
Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March
:Singapore Communications
Railroads:
38 km of 1.000-meter gauge
Highways:
2,597 km total (1984)
Ports:
Singapore
Merchant marine:
468 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,751,619 GRT/14,195,718 DWT;
includes 1 passenger-cargo, 126 cargo, 74 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off
cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 18 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 144
petroleum tanker, 5 chemical tanker, 4 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized
tanker, 5 liquefied gas, 74 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 short-sea passenger;
note - many Singapore flag ships are foreign owned
Civil air:
38 major transport aircraft (est.)
Airports:
10 total, 10 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
good domestic facilities; good international service; good radio and
television broadcast coverage; 1,110,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13
AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; submarine cables extend to Malaysia (Sabah and peninsular
Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations - 1
Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
:Singapore Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police Force
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 847,435; 626,914 fit for military service
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 4% of GDP (1990 est.)
:Slovenia Geography
Total area:
20,296 km2
Land area:
20,296 km2
Comparative area:
slightly larger than New Jersey
Land boundaries:
998 km total; Austria 262 km, Croatia 455 km, Italy 199 km, Hungary 83 km
Coastline:
32 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone:
NA nm
Continental shelf:
200 m or to depth of exploitation
Exclusive economic zone:
NA nm
Exclusive fishing zone:
NA nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
dispute with Croatia over fishing rights in the Adriatic; small vocal
minority in northern Italy seeks the return of parts of southwestern
Slovenia
Climate:
Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot
summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east
Terrain:
a short coastal strip on the Adriatic, an alpine mountain region adjacent to
Italy, mixed mountain and valleys with numerous rivers to the east
Natural resources:
lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silver
Land use:
arable land 10%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and
woodland 45%; other 23%; includes irrigated 1%
Environment:
Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; heavy metals and
toxic chemicals along coastal waters; near Koper, forest damage from air
pollutants originating at metallurgical and chemical plants; subject to
flooding and earthquakes
:Slovenia People
Population:
1,963,000 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992)
Birth rate:
NA births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
70 years male, 78 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
NA children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Slovene(s); adjective - Slovenia
Ethnic divisions:
Slovene 91%, Croat 3%, Serb 2%, Muslim 1%, other 3%
Religions:
Roman Catholic 94%, Orthodox Catholic 2%, Muslim 1%, other 3%
Languages:
Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 7%, other 2%
Literacy:
99.2% (male 99.3%, female 99.1%) age 10 and over can read and write
Labor force:
786,036; 2% agriculture, manufacturing and mining 46%
Organized labor:
NA