*Japan, Communications

Railroads:
27,327 km total; 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 25,315 km
predominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge; 5,724 km doubletrack and multitrack
sections, 9,038 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electrified, 2,012 km
1.435-meter standard-gauge electrified (1987)
Highways:
1,111,974 km total; 754,102 km paved, 357,872 km gravel, crushed stone, or
unpaved; 4,400 km national expressways; 46,805 km national highways; 128,539
km prefectural roads; and 930,230 km city, town, and village roads, 6,400 km
other
Inland waterways:
about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seas
Pipelines:
crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800 km
Ports:
Chiba, Muroran, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Tomakomai, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo,
Yokkaichi, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Niigata, Fushiki-Toyama, Shimizu, Himeji,
Wakayama-Shimozu, Shimonoseki, Tokuyama-Shimomatsu
Merchant marine:
950 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,080,149 GRT/32,334,270 DWT;
includes 10 passenger, 39 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 81 cargo,
43 container, 43 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 87 refrigerated cargo, 97 vehicle
carrier, 240 oil tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 39 liquefied gas, 9 combination
ore/oil, 2 specialized tanker, 247 bulk, 1 multi-function large load
carrier; note - Japan also owns a large flag of convenience fleet, including
up to 44% of the total number of ships under the Panamanian flag
Airports:
total:
162
usable:
159
with permanent-surface runways:
132
with runways over 3,659 m:
2
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
32
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
50
Telecommunications:
excellent domestic and international service; 64,000,000 telephones;
broadcast stations - 318 AM, 58 FM, 12,350 TV (196 major - 1 kw or greater);
satellite earth stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean
INTELSAT; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and Russia

*Japan, Defense Forces

Branches:
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
(Navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force), Maritime Safety Agency
(Coast Guard)
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 32,134,496; fit for military service 27,689,029; reach
military age (18) annually 1,002,998 (1993 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $37 billion, 0.94% of GDP (FY93/94 est.)

*Jarvis Island, Header

Affiliation: (territory of the US)

*Jarvis Island, Geography

Location:
in the South Pacific Ocean, 2,090 km south of Honolulu, just south of the
Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and the Cook Islands
Map references:
Oceania
Area:
total area:
4.5 km2
land area:
4.5 km2
comparative area:
about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
8 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
24 nm
continental shelf:
200 m or depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Terrain:
sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef
Natural resources:
guano (deposits worked until late 1800s)
Land use:
arable land:
0%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
0%
forest and woodland: 0%
other:
100%
Irrigated land:
0 km2
Environment:
sparse bunch grass, prostrate vines, and low-growing shrubs; lacks fresh
water; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds,
shorebirds, and marine wildlife; feral cats

*Jarvis Island, People

Population:
uninhabited; note - Millersville settlement on western side of island
occasionally used as a weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it
was abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year
by scientists who left in 1958; public entry is by special-use permit only
and generally restricted to scientists and educators